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F#
File:F Sharp logo.svg
编程范型多范型: 函数式, 指令式, 面向对象, 元编程, 并发计算
设计者微软研究院, Don Syme英语Don Syme
实现者微软, F♯软件基金会英语F Sharp Software Foundation
发行时间2005年 (2005) (version 1.0)
当前版本
    Module:EditAtWikidata第29行Lua错误:attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value)
    类型系统静态类型, 强类型, 类型推论
    操作系统跨平台 (.NET, .NET框架, Mono, JavaScript)
    许可证Apache许可证
    文件扩展名.fs, .fsi, .fsx, .fsscript
    网站fsharp.org
    受影响于
    ML, OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell,[1] Scala, Erlang
    影响语言
    F*, LiveScript

    F#是由微软发展的为.NET语言提供运行环境的程序设计语言,是函数编程语言FP,Functional Programming),函数编程语言最重要的基础是Lambda Calculus。它是基于OCaml的,而OCaml是基于ML函数编程语言。有时F#和OCaml的程序是可以交互编译的。

    F#支持高阶函数柯里化惰性求值续体模式匹配闭包列表推导式元编程。这是一个用于显示.NET在不同编程语言间互通的程序设计,可以被.NET中的任意其它代码编译和调用。

    2002年微软开始由Don Syme带领研发F#,从C#,LINQHaskell中获取了经验,2005年推出第一个版本,2007年7月31日释出1.9.2.9版。2007年底,微软宣布F#进入产品化的阶段。

    F#已被集成在Visual Studio 2010中,版本是2.0,含有对.Net Framework的完全支持。

    F#现在在Visual Studio 2015中,版本是4.0。

    F#现在在Visual Studio 2017中,版本是4.1。

    范例[编辑]

    一些小小范例如下:

    // This is a comment for a sample hello world program.
    printfn "Hello World!"
    

    具有构造函数的Person类,该构造函数具有名称和年龄以及两个不可变的属性。

    /// This is a documentation comment for a type definition.
    type Person(name : string, age : int) =
        member x.Name = name
        member x.Age = age
        
    /// class instantiation
    let mrSmith = Person("Smith", 42)
    

    一个经常用于演示函数式语言语法的简单示例。此处以32位非负整数的阶乘函数为例,使用F#。

    /// Using pattern matching expression
    let rec factorial n =
        match n with
        | 0 -> 1
        | _ -> n * factorial (n - 1)
    
    /// For a single-argument functions there is syntactic sugar (pattern matching function):
    let rec factorial = function 
        | 0 -> 1 
        | n -> n * factorial (n - 1)
        
    /// Using fold and range operator
    let factorial n = [1..n] |> Seq.fold (*) 1
    

    迭代示例:

    /// Iteration using a 'for' loop
    let printList lst = 
        for x in lst do
            printfn "%d" x
    
    /// Iteration using a higher-order function
    let printList2 lst = 
        List.iter (printfn "%d") lst
    
    /// Iteration using a recursive function and pattern matching
    let rec printList3 lst =
        match lst with
        | [] -> ()
        | h :: t ->
            printfn "%d" h
            printList3 t
    

    斐波那契数列数列示例:

    /// Fibonacci Number formula
    let fib n =
        let rec g n f0 f1 =
            match n with
            | 0 -> f0
            | 1 -> f1
            | _ -> g (n - 1) f1 (f0 + f1)
        g n 0 1
    
    /// Another approach - a lazy infinite sequence of Fibonacci numbers
    let fibSeq = Seq.unfold (fun (a,b) -> Some(a+b, (b, a+b))) (0,1)
    
    // Print even fibs
    [1 .. 10]
    |> List.map     fib
    |> List.filter  (fun n -> (n % 2) = 0)
    |> printList
    
    // Same thing, using a list expression
    [ for i in 1..10 do
        let r = fib i
        if r % 2 = 0 then yield r ]
    |> printList
    

    一个Windows程序样本示例:

    // Open the Windows Forms library
    open System.Windows.Forms
    
    // Create a window and set a few properties
    let form = new Form(Visible=true, TopMost=true, Text="Welcome to F#")
    
    // Create a label to show some text in the form
    let label =
        let x = 3 + (4 * 5)
        new Label(Text = sprintf "x = %d" x)
    
    // Add the label to the form
    form.Controls.Add(label)
    
    // Finally, run the form
    [<System.STAThread>]
    Application.Run(form)
    

    多线程编程示例(此处为CPU和I/O任务同时进行):

    /// A simple prime number detector
    let isPrime (n:int) =
       let bound = int (sqrt (float n))
       seq {2 .. bound} |> Seq.forall (fun x -> n % x <> 0)
    
    // We are using async workflows
    let primeAsync n =
        async { return (n, isPrime n) }
    
    /// Return primes between m and n using multiple threads
    let primes m n =
        seq {m .. n}
            |> Seq.map primeAsync
            |> Async.Parallel
            |> Async.RunSynchronously
            |> Array.filter snd
            |> Array.map fst
    
    // Run a test
    primes 1000000 1002000
        |> Array.iter (printfn "%d")
    

    参考文献[编辑]

    1. ^ Syme, Granicz & Cisternino (2007:2页) "F# also draws from Haskell particularly with regard to two advanced language features called sequence expressions and workflows."

    外部链接[编辑]