豆科

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豆科File:Infobox info icon2.svg
化石时期:56–0 Ma
古新世现代[1]
File:Flowering kudzu.jpg
山葛 Pueraria montana
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 豆目 Fabales
科: 豆科 Fabaceae
Lindl., 1836[2]
Leguminosae
Juss., 1789 nom. alt.
Papilionaceae
Giseke, 1792 nom. alt.[3]
模式属
蚕豆属
Faba
Mill., 1754(=Vicia L., 1753)
亚科[4]
多样性
730属,19,400种
The biomes occupied by Fabaceae
豆科成员分布图,主要分布于四类生物群系之中:热带雨林温带草原,以及沙地[5]
异名
列表

豆科学名Fabaceae替换名LeguminosaePapilionaceae[6])又名蝶形花科苏木科含羞草科,属于真双子叶植物豆目,有805[7],逾两万[8][9],为目前已知陆生植物中第三大科,仅次于兰科菊科,占被子植物已知物种数的7%[10][11]。豆科中最大的五属分别为黄芪属Astragalus,逾3,000种[12])、相思树属Acacia,逾1000种[13])、木蓝属Indigofera,逾700种[14])、猪屎豆属Crotalaria,逾700种[15])、含羞草属Mimosa,逾600种[16]),这五大属占了该科物种的约30%。豆科成员分布广泛,是非洲美洲热带雨林沙漠生物群系中最常见的科之一[17][18][19][20]中国大陆有约172属,逾1400种。台湾原生及归化的有约79属246种。

豆科成员形态上包含乔木灌木,也有多年生一年生草本植物,最显著的形态特征是会结豆荚多为复叶且具托叶

分子系统发生学分析显示,豆科最接近同属于豆目远志科海人树科,以及皂皮树科[21]

人类利用豆科植物已经有数千年的历史,且与人类演化具有密切关联[22],其中部分物种是重要的经济作物,包含大豆Glycine max)、菜豆Phaseolus )、豌豆Pisum sativum)、花生Arachis hypogaea)、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa)等等。

语源[编辑]

豆科的学名“Fabaceae”来自其模式属蚕豆属Vicia)(模式种救荒野豌豆 Vicia sativa L.)的异名“Faba”(模式种蚕豆 Vicia faba L.)。“Faba”于源自拉丁文,意指“豆”。“Leguminosae”是该科更早的学名,但并未以模式属的名字来命名,目前被视作仍然有效的保留名[6]

分类[编辑]

本科可分为六个亚科[4]

系统发生关系[编辑]

豆目各科的亲缘关系如下[23][24]

蔷薇目 Rosales

豆目 Fabales

远志科 Polygalaceae

海人树科 Surianaceae

皂皮树科 Quillajaceae

豆科 Fabaceae

豆科各亚科关系如下:[25]

豆科 Fabaceae

紫荆亚科 Cercidoideae

甘豆亚科 Detarioideae

山姜豆亚科 Duparquetioideae

酸榄豆亚科 Dialioideae

苏木亚科 Caesalpinioideae

蝶形花亚科 Faboideae

描述[编辑]

豆科成员形态多样,生活型涵盖高大乔木(如大甘巴豆英语Koompassia excelsa)、灌木藤本以及一年生多年生草本,其中以多年生草本最为常见。其花序类型丰富,通常为两性花,具明显花托萼片花瓣多为5枚,雄蕊通常10枚,可彼此分离,或花丝部分联合;子房上位,由单一心皮构成。不同类群的花部形态差异较大,蝶形花亚科常具有典型蝶形花冠英语Papilionaceous flower

豆科最具代表性的果实类型为荚果。荚果由单一心皮发育而成,成熟时通常沿背缝线与腹缝线开裂。果实形态变化极大,可呈膜质、革质或木质,如草木犀属的荚果直径仅3至4毫米,而热带中藤本鸭腱藤的木质荚果可长达1米。部分类群的荚果可能具有翅、节或膨大结构,以利种子传播,如老虎刺属果实顶端具长圆形薄翅,紫檀属荚果外围具一圈宽翅。鱼鳔豆的膜质荚瓣可膨胀呈泡囊状,借风力传播;猪腰豆则具有厚达2公分以上的木质果瓣。部分苜蓿属猴耳环属的荚果呈螺旋状盘卷,而阿勃勒的荚果则呈长棍状。

除荚果形态外,豆科植物的种子形态也十分多样,例如相思子的荚果内含鲜红与黑色相间的种子,种皮坚硬有光泽。

生态[编辑]

许多豆科植物的根部可与根瘤菌形成共生关系。根瘤菌能够将大气中的固定为植物可利用的含氮化合物,从而提高土壤肥力,因此豆科植物在自然生态系统与人类农业中都具有重要作用。

多数豆科植物为虫媒花,主要由蜜蜂传粉,部分种类亦可由蛾类蝴蝶甲虫鸟类等传粉。

决明属植物通常具有适应蜂振传粉英语Buzz pollination的特化花部结构,其花药多为孔裂型,花粉经顶端小孔释放,需由蜜蜂等昆虫振动花药方可散出。此外,许多决明属物种具有异型雄蕊现象,即同一花中的雄蕊在大小、形态与功能上出现分化。不同物种之间在花药孔位置、药室融合方式及柱头结构上亦具有显著差异。这些花部特征与分子系统学所支持的演化关系大致一致,显示该类花部特征在分类学演化生物学研究中的重要性[26]

美洲云实属云实属植物花丝基部被毛,遮盖雌蕊和花托口部,仅有体型较大的木蜂能进入,从而实现了对传粉者的筛选,并在结构上限制了自花授粉[27]

含羞草亚科苏木亚科的一些种类会与蚂蚁形成互利共生关系。例如金合欢属Vachellia)植物具有中空的托叶刺、花外蜜腺英语Nectar#Extrafloral nectaries及富含脂质和蛋白质的贝氏体(Beltian bodies),可为蚂蚁(常为伪切叶蚁属)提供食物与栖所,而蚂蚁则协助植物抵御食草动物与其他竞争植物。含羞草属[28]山扁豆属(原阿勒勃属[29]刺槐属菜豆族(tribe Phaseoleae)部分属(如豇豆属菜豆属)等其它豆科类群也可通过分泌花外蜜汁吸引蚂蚁为其巡逻,但与蚂蚁的共生关系较松散或有待进一步研究。

参见[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ Wojciechowski, M. F.; Lavin, M.; Sanderson, M. J. A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family. American Journal of Botany. 2004, 91 (11): 1846–62. PMID 21652332. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846. 
  2. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009, 161 (2): 105–121 [4 February 2014]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. (原始内容存档于2017-05-25). 
  3. ^ Watson L.; Dallwitz, M. J. The families of flowering plants: Leguminosae. 2007-06-01 [9 February 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-15). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Legume Phylogeny Working Group 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66(1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3
  5. ^ Schrire, B. D.; Lewis, G. P.; Lavin, M. Biogeography of the Leguminosae. Lewis, G; Schrire, G.; Mackinder, B.; Lock, M. (编). Legumes of the world. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens. 2005: 21–54 [2021-01-22]. ISBN 978-1-900347-80-8. (原始内容存档于2014-02-02). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published: ....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill. [= Vicia L.]); ... When the Papilionaceae are regarded as a family distinct from the remainder of the Leguminosae, the name Papilionaceae is conserved against Leguminosae." English pronunciations are as follows: 英语 /fəˈbsi, -siˌ, -siˌ, -siˌi/; 英语 /ləˌɡjuːməˈnsi/; and 英语 /pəˌpɪliˈnsiˌi/.
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  12. ^ Astragalus L.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. [2026-05-04] (English). 
  13. ^ Acacia Mill.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science (English). 
  14. ^ Indigofera L.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science (English). 
  15. ^ Crotalaria L.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. [2026-05-04] (English). 
  16. ^ Mimosa L.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. [2026-05-04] (English). 
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  20. ^ Wojciechowski, M. F., M. Lavin and M. J. Sanderson; Lavin; Sanderson. A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family. American Journal of Botany. 2004, 91 (11): 1846–1862 [2018-03-10]. PMID 21652332. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846. (原始内容存档于2010-06-21). 
  21. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [APG]. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003, 141: 399–436 [2018-03-10]. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-03-10). 
  22. ^ Burkart, A. Leguminosas. In: Dimitri, M. 1987. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas. Editorial ACME S.A.C.I., Buenos Aires. pages: 467-538.
  23. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 105-121.(英文)
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  26. ^ Marazzi, Brigitte; Conti, Elena; Endress, Peter K. Diversity in Anthers and Stigmas in the Buzz‐Pollinated Genus Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 2007-05, 168 (4): 371–391. doi:10.1086/512105. 
  27. ^ LI Shi-Jin; ZHANG Dian-Xiang; LI Lin; CHEN Zhong-Yi. Pollination Ecology of Caesalpinia crista(Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). J Integr Plant Biol. 2004, 46 (3): 271–278 [2026-05-04]. 
  28. ^ Novais, Samuel; Matías‐Ferrer, Noemí; Ruíz‐Guerra, Betsabé; Pereira, Cássio Cardoso; Negreiros, Daniel; Aguirre‐Jaimes, Armando. Ants and extrafloral nectary‐bearing plants: A dataset of interactions and outcomes. Ecology. 2025-09, 106 (9). doi:10.1002/ecy.70186. 
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外部链接[编辑]

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