晚餐
此条目论述以部分区域为主，未必有普世通用的观点。 (2015年12月17日) |
| 餐食系列 |
| 餐 |
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| File:Floris Claesz. van Dyck 001.jpg |
| 餐 |
| 组成及菜 |
| 相关条目 |
晚餐在不少西方文化中是指一天之中最丰富，亦是最正式的一餐，而部分西方人于傍晚时份吃晚饭。传统上，一个人会于中午左右吃最丰富的一顿饭，而该顿饭被称之为“大餐”。[1]在西方文化中（尤其精英份子），于16至19世纪渐渐将该词演变成一天较后时间才吃的饭餐。[2][3]；在某些情况下，该词可特指于特别时节中吃的饭餐，如圣诞晚餐。[2]在气候较热的地方，人们通常于气温下降后的黄昏时间吃晚饭。
晚餐是最常与宴会、娱乐或亲友聚会结合的餐。西式晚餐常附以饭后甜品或水果。吃时，有时会喝酒。
晚餐如果吃得过量，引致肥胖的机会最大，因为晚饭后人们通常不会再进行激烈的活动，有些人更会很快便睡觉，积聚脂肪。
词源[编辑]
晚餐的英文“Dinner”源自古法语约1300的单词“disner”，解作“吃正餐”，出自高卢-罗曼语支的“desjunare”（解作“中断一个人的断食期”），而该词乃组自拉丁语字首“dis-”（代表一件事情的相反）及晚拉丁语的“ieiunare”（绝食，出自拉丁语“ieiunus”，有“绝食”、“饥饿”之解）。[4][5]罗马尼亚语的“dejun”及法语的“déjeuner”仍保留此词源及一定程度上的意义（纵然西班牙语的“desayuno”及葡萄牙语的“desjejum”与该词源相关，但该两词专门用于早餐上）。时移世易，该词的定义亦变成一天之中最丰盛的一顿正餐，即使一个人在吃晚餐之前已经吃毕早餐（又或早、午餐）。
晚餐时间[编辑]
Pre-Modern 近代[编辑]
Reflecting the typical custom of the 17th century, Louis XIV dined at noon, and had supper at 10:00 pm. But in Europe, dinner began to move later in the day during the 1700s, due to developments in work practices, lighting, financial status, and cultural changes. The fashionable hour for dinner continued to be incrementally postponed during the 18th century, to two and three in the afternoon, and, in 1765, King George III dined at 4:00 pm, though his infant sons had theirs with their governess at 2:00 pm, leaving time to visit the queen as she dressed for dinner with the king. But in France Marie Antoinette, when still Dauphine of France in 1770, wrote that when at the Château de Choisy the court still dined at 2:00 pm, with a supper after the theatre at around 10:00 pm, before bed at 1:00 or 1:30 am.
法国国王路尔斯十四按照一般十七世纪的传统，通常在中午享用正式晚餐餐，并在晚上10点吃晚餐。但在1700年代欧洲，鉴于工作的发展、灯光的出现、财富阶级以及文化转移，晚餐开始移至越来越迟的时间。受到追捧的。
At the time of the First French Empire an English traveler to Paris remarked upon the "abominable habit of dining as late as seven in the evening". By about 1850 English middle-class dinners were around 5:00 or 6:00 pm, allowing men to arrive back from work, but there was a continuing pressure for the hour to drift later, led by the elite who did not have to work set hours, and as commutes got longer as cities expanded. In the mid-19th century the issue was something of a social minefield, with a generational element. John Ruskin, once he married in 1848, dined at 6:00 pm, which his parents thought "unhealthy". Mrs Gaskell dined between 4:00 and 5:00 pm. The fictional Mr Pooter, a lower middle-class Londoner in 1888–89 and a diner at 5:00 pm, was invited by his son to dine at 8:00 pm, but "[he] said we did not pretend to be fashionable people, and would like the dinner earlier".
The satirical novel Living for Appearances (1855) by Henry Mayhew and his brother Augustus begins with the views of the hero on the matter. He dines at 7:00 pm, and often complains of "the disgusting and tradesman-like custom of early dining", say at 2:00 pm. The "Royal hour" he regards as 8:00 pm, but he does not aspire to that. He tells people "Tell me when you dine, and I will tell you what you are", in apparent reference to Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin's famous, "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are."
中国大陆[编辑]
中国大陆大学生的晚饭会在下午五时后开始，七时前后结束。这是因为大陆学生的午餐时间通常在中午11至12点，所以5-6点需要开始吃晚餐，之后可能会有副修和选修的科目要上课。因为晚餐时间较早，不少学生睡前有夜宵的习惯。也可能跟大学所处的城市的发展程度相关，发展度较低城市晚上活动很少，所以晚饭会比较早。[来源请求]
一般劳动者在6点下班，约七点开始晚饭。[原创研究？]
港澳地区[编辑]
大部分人都会在晚上七时半后开始晚饭。[原创研究？]
晚餐聚会[编辑]
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晚餐聚会（英语：Dinner party）是指人们聚集一起吃晚饭的社交聚会。在这种场合中，晚餐的种类可以多元化，由简单的一顿饭至一场国宴也可。[6]
古罗马[编辑]
在古罗马时期，晚餐聚会被称作“convivia”，是一种罗马君王及元老院议员聚首一堂及讨论他们关系的重要活动。[7]在相关聚会上，罗马人对一种名叫“liquamen”（又称“Garum”）的鱼酱情有独钟，亦经常食用这款鱼酱。[8]
英格兰[编辑]
在伦敦（约1875 —约1900），晚餐聚会是一种包括印刷邀请函及正式回复请柬的正式场合。[9]于该等聚会上款待的菜肴，大至多而豪华的食品展陈及多道菜式，小至仅提供简单的菜肴及餐饮服务，可谓应有尽有。[9]聚会上的活动有时候包括在众人面前演唱及背诵诗歌。[9]
正式晚宴[编辑]
一场正式晚宴有数项规定。首先，活动要求参加者需穿着如附有黑色或白色领带的黑色领结之晚装；第二，晚宴上的所有菜肴均由厨房制作；第三，任何盘子或餐具均不可放予桌上，而管家及其他服务职员负责所有服务及清桌工作；第四，一场晚宴会设有多道菜式；最后，晚宴在服务及座位上均设有规定。[6]
晚餐图集[编辑]
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另见[编辑]
注释[编辑]
参考资料[编辑]
- ^ dinner. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 （English）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 McMillan, Sherrie. What Time is Dinner?. History Magazine. 2001 [2017-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-08） （English）.
- ^ Olver, Lynne. Meal Times. The Food Timeline. [2014-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-17） （English）.
- ^ Etymology of "dinner". Online Etymology Dictionary. [2009-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-11） （English）.
- ^ Etymology of "wine". Online Etymology Dictionary. [2009-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-29） （English）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Sennett, Jay. Rules of Civility: Dinner Etiquette - Formal Dinning. Gentleman's Gazette. 2013-09-23 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30） （English）.
- ^ Edwards 2007，第161-162页
- ^ Oksman, Olga. Garum sauce: ancient Rome's 'ketchup' becomes a modern-day secret ingredient. The Guardian. 2015-08-26 [2018-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-02） （British English）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Draznin 2001，第134-136页
参考文献[编辑]
- Draznin, Y. Victorian London's Middle-class Housewife: What She Did All Day. ABC-Clio ebook. Greenwood Press. 2001 [2021-06-06]. ISBN 978-0-313-31399-8. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30）.
- Edwards, C. Death in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press. 2007 [2021-06-06]. ISBN 978-0-300-11208-5. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30）.
- Flanders, Judith. The Victorian House: Domestic Life from Childbirth to Deathbed. Harper Perennial. 2003. ISBN 0007131895.
- McMillan, Sherrie. "What time is dinner?". History Magazine. 2001 [2015-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-08）.
- Strong, Roy. Feast: A History of Grand Eating. Jonathan Cape. 2002. ISBN 0224061380.
延伸阅读[编辑]
- Nunn, J.J. Mrs. Montague Jones' dinner party: or, Reminiscences of Cheltenham life and manners. J. C. Hotten. 1872.
- Inness, S.A. Dinner Roles: American Women and Culinary Culture. NONE Series. University of Iowa Press. 2001 [2021-06-06]. ISBN 978-1-58729-332-0. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30）.
- Meiselman, H.L. Meals in Science and Practice: Interdisciplinary Research and Business Applications. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Elsevier Science. 2009: 97-98 [2021-06-06]. ISBN 978-1-84569-571-2. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30）.
外部链接[编辑]
- 剑桥大学出版社网站上对于“Dinner”的释义 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Wikibooks Cookbook （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- BBC网站上一篇关于晚餐历史的文章 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）