星流
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星流(英语:stellar streams)是沿着一条狭长轨道围绕星系运动,由众多恒星组成的链状结构,是球状星团或者矮星系受到较大星系引力的巨大潮汐作用而逐渐变形、瓦解、撕裂形成的。截至2007年,已经在银河系中发现了十余个星流,由几千到几亿颗恒星组成,跨度从数万光年到数百万光年不等。一个典型的星流是1994年发现的人马座星流,包含了大约1亿颗恒星,跨度超过100万光年,发源于人马座矮椭圆星系。对星流中恒星的速度、位置的分析能够给出其起源的信息。随着时间的推移,这些星流会逐渐被银河系吸收。对星流的研究表明银河系在形成过程中吸积和吞并了众多矮星系,改变了对传统星系形成理论的认识。星流还为研究星系中暗物质的分布提供了有效的途径。
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这是一份星流列表。星流是指绕着星系运行的恒星群体。它曾经是一个球状星团或矮星系,但现在已被潮汐力撕裂并沿着轨道拉长[1]。下文银河星流列表中的一个例外是麦哲伦流,由气体(主要是氢)组成,然而2023年已有描述其内有一群恒星[2]。
本星系群的星流[编辑]
银河系的星流[编辑]
| 名称 | 起源 | 质量 (太阳质量) |
长度 (光年) |
组成 | 发现年度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 大角星流 | 已溃散的矮星系 | 未知 | 未知 | 缺乏重元素的老恒星 | 1971[5] |
| 麦哲伦星流 | 大和小麦哲伦云 | 2亿 | 1百万 | 氢气体 | 1972 |
| 人马座星流 | 人马座矮椭圆星系 | 1亿 | 1百万 | 各种恒星 | 1994 |
| 珍珠星流 (Helmi stream) |
已溃散的矮星系 | 1千万—1亿 | 已完整环绕银河系数次 | 缺乏重元素的老恒星 | 1999 |
| 帕罗马5星流 (巨蛇星流) |
球状星团帕罗马5 | 5,000 | 30,000 | 老年恒星 | 2001 |
| 室女座星流 | 已溃散的矮星系 | 30,000 | 2001 | ||
| 麒麟座环 | 大犬座矮星系 | 1亿 | 200,000 | 中等年龄的恒星 | 2002 |
| 反银心星流 | 已溃散的矮星系 | 未知 | 30,000 | 老年恒星 | 2006 |
| GD-1 | 球状星团 | 贫金属星 | 2006[6] | ||
| NGC5466星流 45度潮汐流 |
球状星团NGC 5466 | 10,000 | 60,000 | 非常老的恒星 | 2006[7][8] |
| 孤儿星流 | 未知(因此得名) | 未知[9] | 20,000 | 老年恒星 | 2006 |
| 阿格隆星流 (Acheron stream) |
球状星团/ | 2007[7][10] | |||
| 牧夫座III星流 | 嵌入于冥河星流中,且可能是其前身 | 2007[7][10] | |||
| 海狸星流 | 球状星团 | 2007[7][10] | |||
| 莱特星流 | 球状星团 | 10,000 | 18,000 | 老年、贫金属星 | 2007[10] |
| 冥河星流 | 已溃散的矮星系 (可能是牧夫座III星流) | 2007[7][10] | |||
| 鲸鱼座极地星流 | 已溃散的矮星系 | 未知 | 未知 | 老年恒星 | 2009[11] |
| 宝瓶座星流 | 已溃散的矮星系 | 未知 | 30,000 | Old stars | 2010 |
| Lamost 1 | 被扰乱的球状星团 | 21,000 | 中年星 | 2015[12] | |
| 凤凰座星流 | 被扰乱的球状星团 | 未知 | 8,000 | “非常”老的恒星[13][14] | 2016[15] |
| S1星流 | 被扰乱的矮星系 | 94 | 2017[16][17] | ||
| 芬布尔图尔星流 (Fimbulthul stream) |
球状星团 半人马座ω | 318 | 2019[18] | ||
| 双鱼-波江星流 | 被破坏的星团或星协 | 2,000 | 1,300 | 非常年轻的(~1.20亿年)且邻近(260 - 870 光年)的星流[19]。 | 2019 [20] |
| Nyx stream | 一个溃散的矮星系残余 — 很久以前与银河系合并 | 大约200颗恒星 | 2020[21][22] | ||
| 幽灵星流 (Specter stream) |
以溃散的超微弱矮星系 | 2,000 | 18,000 | 2022[23]。 |
仙女座星系的星流[编辑]
| 名称 | 起源 | 质量 (太阳质量) |
长度 (光年) |
成员 | 发现年度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M31巨星流[来源请求] | |||||
| 仙女座东北方的星流[24] | 2004 | ||||
| 西北潮汐星流 (潮汐星流E与F)[25] |
以溃散的矮星系 | 2009 | |||
| 西南潮汐星流[25] | 2009 | ||||
| 东侧的云气[来源请求] | |||||
| 北支线星流[来源请求] | |||||
| A星流[来源请求] | |||||
| B星流[来源请求] | |||||
| C星流[来源请求] | |||||
| D星流[来源请求] |
本星系群以外的星流[编辑]
由于新的深空巡天,例如DESI遗留影像调查,预计未来将发现大量星流。Martínez-Delgado 等人于2023年进行初步搜寻,搜寻了389个星系,找到 89 个拥有星流的候选星系(占 22.9%)。他们计划搜寻约3,100个星系,可能会找到数百个候选星系。过去较不灵敏的巡天,如SDSS只能侦测到最明亮的星流[26]。
| 名称 | 位置 | 起源 | 质量 (太阳质量) |
长度 (光年) |
成员 | 特征 | 发现年度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 年轻的蓝色潮汐星流[27] | NGC 5128 | 气体碎片或 矮星系 |
2002 | ||||
| 947-4966星流 | NGC 4013[28] | 低轨道倾角 前矮卫星星系 |
大型环形结构 | 2008 | |||
| 9477-J0949.4-STO 749988 (SMS J 4977449 tI947) | NGC 5907[29] | 低质量卫星星系吸积 | 多个环状环 | 2009 | |||
| NGC 4651[30] | 卫星星系吸积 | 狭窄的喷射状结构与周围的碎屑壳层 | 2010 | ||||
| NGC 3521[30] | 卫星星系吸积 | 喷射状结构与周围碎屑壳 | 2010 | ||||
| NGC 7531[30] | 卫星星系吸积 | 周围的碎屑壳 | 2010 | ||||
| NGC 1084[30] | 卫星星系吸积 | 三个宽度相近的巨大分离烟柱 | 2010 | ||||
| NGC 4216[30] | 卫星星系吸积 | 卫星星系持续的潮汐扰动 被视为从前身卫星星系延伸出的长尾 |
2010 | ||||
| NGC 1055[30] | 卫星星系吸积 | 清晰盒子形状的内光环点缀著无数连贯的尖刺 | 2010 | ||||
| NGC 5291[31] | 星系交互作用 | 南北两侧分别有两个独立的潮汐尾 | ? | ||||
| 向日葵花瓣 | M 63(NGC 5055)[32] | 矮卫星星系吸积 | 4×108 | 1979/2011 | |||
| NGC 5387[33] | 卫星星系吸积 | 6×108 | 11.7 kpc | 年轻的恒星 | 强恒星形成,贫金属星 | 2014 | |
| 帽子上的羽毛 | M 104(NGC 4594)[34] | 重大合并 | 极度富含金属 | 2021 | |||
| NGC 4303[35] | 是被M61重力撕裂的矮星系遗留物 | 2×108 | 50 kpc | 薇拉·鲁宾天文台首次发现的星流 | 2025 |
相关条目[编辑]
参考文献[编辑]
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- ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Martinez-Delgado, David; Gabany, R. Jay; Crawford, Ken; Zibetti, Stefano; Majewski, Steven R.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Fliri, Jurgen; Carballo-Bello, Julio A.; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Penarrubia, Jorge; Chonis, Taylor S.; Madore, Barry; Trujillo, Ignacio; Schirmer, Mischa; McDavid, David A. Stellar Tidal Streams in Spiral Galaxies of the Local Volume: A Pilot Survey with Modest Aperture Telescopes. The Astronomical Journal. 7 September 2010, 140 (4): 962–967. Bibcode:2010AJ....140..962M. S2CID 43034946. arXiv:1003.4860 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/962.
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- ^ Chonis, Taylor S.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Gabany, R. Jay; Majewski, Steven R.; Hill, Gary J.; Gralak, Ray; Trujillo, Ignacio. A Petal of the Sunflower: Photometry of the Stellar Tidal Stream in the Halo of Messier 63 (NGC 5055). The Astronomical Journal. 2011-11-01, 142 (5): 166. Bibcode:2011AJ....142..166C. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:1109.0019 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/166. hdl:2152/34376 可免费查阅.
- ^ Beaton, Rachael L.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Majewski, Steven R.; D'Onghia, Elena; Zibetti, Stefano; Gabany, R. Jay; Johnson, Kelsey E.; Blanton, Michael; Verbiscer, Anne. Cannibalization and Rebirth in the NGC 5387 System. I. The Stellar Stream and Star-forming Region. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014-08-01, 790 (2): 117. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790..117B. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1312.0585 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/117.
- ^ Martínez-Delgado, David; Román, Javier; Erkal, Denis; Schirmer, Mischa; Roca-Fàbrega, Santi; Laine, Seppo; Donatiello, Giuseppe; Jimenez, Manuel; Malin, David; Carballo-Bello, Julio A. A feather on the hat: tracing the giant stellar stream around the Sombrero galaxy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021-10-01, 506 (4): 5030–5038. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.506.5030M. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:2106.04548 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1874 可免费查阅.
- ^ {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24836}
延伸阅读[编辑]
- McConnachie, Alan W.; Ibata, Rodrigo; Martin, Nicolas; et al. The Large-scale Structure of the Halo of the Andromeda Galaxy. II. Hierarchical Structure in the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. 20 November 2018, 868 (1): 55. Bibcode:2018ApJ...868...55M. arXiv:1810.08234 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae8e7 可免费查阅.
- Mateu, Cecilia. galstreams: A Library of Milky Way Stellar Stream Footprints and Tracks. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2023, 520 (4): 5225–5258. arXiv:2204.10326 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad321 可免费查阅.
外部链接[编辑]
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 5907 (19 June 2008)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 4013 (7 February 2008)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 4651 (15 April 2010)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 1055 (24 April 2010)
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: NGC 3521 (15 September 2011)