旧式与新式日期

涵盖英国日历变化的《伦敦公报》第9198期。该问题涵盖日期转换；标题如下：“从1752年9月1日星期二到 1752年9月16日星期六^[1]。”

旧日期（O.S.，英语：Old Style）和新日期（N.S.，New Style）分别表示日历更改之前和之后的日历系统。通常，它们指的是从儒略历到公历的变化，如1582年至1923年间的欧洲的各个国家。

在英格兰、威尔士、爱尔兰和英国的美洲殖民地，有两次日历变化，都是在1752年。第一次是将新年的开始从3月25日（淑女节（英语：Lady Day），天使报喜节）调整为 1 月 1 日；这是苏格兰在1600年就做的更改。第二次是放弃儒略历，转而采用公历，跳过9月份的11天^[2]^[3]。为了适应这两种的日历变化，作者使用双重日期（英语：dual dating），通过根据两种日期风格给出日期来识别给定的日期。

对于俄罗斯等未进行年初调整的国家^[a]，O.S.和N.S.分别简单地表示儒略历和公历的系统。

儒略历和公历日期之间的差异[编辑]

更正日历的需要源于认识到一年中天数的正确数字不是儒略历假设的365.25（365天6小时），而是略少（约365.242天）。因为儒略历有太多的闰年，结果是，在4世纪决定的复活节日期计算基础，已经偏离了现实。公历改革还处理了这些在325年至1582年之间的累积差异，跳过10天将教会春分日（英语：Ecclesiastical full moon）设置为3月21日：325年第一次尼西亚大公会议制定的中位数日期。

1699年之后采用公历的国家需要为儒略历从那时起添加的每个后续新世纪多跳过一天。当大英帝国在1752年这样做时，差距已经扩大到11天^[b]。当俄罗斯在1918年这样做时（作为其民历），需要跳过13天^[c]。

英国及其殖民地或属地[编辑]

File:Memorial to John Etty (18373251064).jpg

约翰·埃蒂（John Etty）的纪念牌匾位于北约克郡约克北街的诸圣教堂，记录他的死亡日期为“1月28日：17089”

在大不列颠王国及其属地中，1750年历法 (新式)（英语：Calendar (New Style) Act 1750）对历法同时进行了两项更改。第一项适用于英格兰、威尔士、爱尔兰和英国殖民地，将年初从3月25日改为1月1日，从“1751年12月 31日之后的第二天”开始生效。^[6]^[d]（苏格兰在1600年1月1日已经做出了这方面的更改。）^[7]^[8]。第二项（实际上^[e]）是采用公历取代儒略历。因此，“新式”可以指年初调整为采用公历，或两者的组合。正是通过在1750年历法中的使用，区分“旧式”和“新式”符号才开始普遍使用。

年初的调整[编辑]

注解[编辑]

^ By decrees (1735, 1736) of Peter the Great in December 1699 (with effect from 1 January 1700), Russia changed its start of year from September to January and adopted the AD era in place of Anno Mundi.^[4]^[5]
^ Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, only one extra Julian leap day (in 1700) needed to be taken into account.
^ Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, three extra Julian leap days (in 1700, 1800 and 1900) needed to be taken into account.
^ The act has to use this formulation since "1 January 1752" was still ambiguous.
^ The Calendar Act does not mention Pope Gregory

参考文献[编辑]

^ The London Gazette | From Tuesday September 1 O.S. to Saturday September 16 N.S. 1752. London Gazette. 1 September 1752, (9198): 1.
^ Poole 1995，第95–139页.
^ Spathaky, Mike. Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar. [19 August 2023]. . "Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Civil or the Historical Year. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen (1745-6) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time."
^ Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III [Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.]. 10 December 1699: 682. 已忽略未知参数|entry-url= (帮助); |entry=被忽略 (帮助)
^ Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III [Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.]. 20 December 1699: 683. 已忽略未知参数|entry-url= (帮助); |entry=被忽略 (帮助)
^ Bond 1875，page 91.
^ Steele 2000，第4页.
^ Bond 1875，xvii–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree.

来源[编辑]

Bond, John James. Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations...'. London: George Bell & Sons. 1875 [13 March 2016]. （原始内容存档于21 November 2020）.
Cheney, C. R.; Jones, Michael (编). A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History (PDF). Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks 4 Revised. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 17–20. ISBN 978-0-521-77095-8.
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Gerard, John. General Chronology#Beginning of the year. 天主教百科全书 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908.
Russia: the October (November) Revolution Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 [18 March 2007].
Steele, Duncan. Marking Time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2000. ISBN 978-0471404217.
Poole, Robert. 'Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England. Past & Present (Oxford Academic). 1995, (149): 95–139. doi:10.1093/past/149.1.95. （原始内容存档于5 December 2014）.

外部链接[编辑]

Untangling Lady Day dating and the Julian Calendar by Erin Blake (Folger Library)
The Perpetual Calendar by Toke Nørby - Details of conversion for many countries
Side-by-side Old style–New style reference by Petko Yotov
Calendar Converter by John Walker

[6] By decrees (1735, 1736) of Peter the Great in December 1699 (with effect from 1 January 1700), Russia changed its start of year from September to January and adopted the AD era in place of Anno Mundi.^[4]^[5]

[7] Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, only one extra Julian leap day (in 1700) needed to be taken into account.

[8] Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, three extra Julian leap days (in 1700, 1800 and 1900) needed to be taken into account.

[10] The act has to use this formulation since "1 January 1752" was still ambiguous.

[13] The Calendar Act does not mention Pope Gregory

[1] The London Gazette | From Tuesday September 1 O.S. to Saturday September 16 N.S. 1752. London Gazette. 1 September 1752, (9198): 1.

[FOOTNOTEPoole199595–139-2] Poole 1995，第95–139页.

[MS2-3] Spathaky, Mike. Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar. [19 August 2023]. . "Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Civil or the Historical Year. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen (1745-6) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time."

[4] Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III [Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.]. 10 December 1699: 682. 已忽略未知参数|entry-url= (帮助); |entry=被忽略 (帮助)

[Ukase_1736-5] Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III [Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.]. 20 December 1699: 683. 已忽略未知参数|entry-url= (帮助); |entry=被忽略 (帮助)

[FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpage91mode1up_page_91]-9] Bond 1875，page 91.

[FOOTNOTESteele20004-11] Steele 2000，第4页.

[FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpagen20mode1up_xvii]–xviii:_original_text_of_the_Scottish_decree-12] Bond 1875，xvii–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree.

[1]

[2]

[3]

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[b]

[c]

[6]

[d]

[7]

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[e]

[4]

[5]

旧式与新式日期

目录

儒略历和公历日期之间的差异[编辑]

英国及其殖民地或属地[编辑]

年初的调整[编辑]

注解[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

来源[编辑]

外部链接[编辑]

导航菜单

旧式与新式日期

儒略历和公历日期之间的差异[编辑]

英国及其殖民地或属地[编辑]

年初的调整[编辑]

注解[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

来源[编辑]

外部链接[编辑]

导航菜单

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