铑的同位素
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铑(原子量:102.90549(2))共有58个同位素,其中有1个同位素是稳定的。天然存在的铑元素中,只由一种同位素构成,即唯一稳定的铑同位素——103
Rh
[1]。除了稳定的铑-103之外,最稳定的同位素为101
Rh
,半衰期约为3年又3个多月[2],再来是102
Rh
,半衰期约207天[2],还有99
Rh
,半衰期16天两小时[2],以及105
Rh
半衰期一天又十一小时[2]和100
Rh
,半衰期20小时48分钟[2],其余同位素半衰期皆在一小时以下[2],稳定性最差的是124
Rh
,半衰期只有391奈秒[3]。也有一些较稳定的核同质异能素,例如102m
Rh
,激发能量约为十四万零一千电子伏特,拥有半衰期约3.7年,以及101m
Rh
,激发能量约为十五万零七千电子伏特,拥有半衰期约4.34天[4]。
铑的同位素中,在103
Rh
之前,主要的衰变模式为正电子发射,而在103
Rh
之后则主要为β衰变。
铑-100[编辑]
铑-100是铑的一种放射性同位素,是目前已知铑的同位素中拥有最多种核异构体(或核同质异能素)的同位素,也是铑的放射性同位素中,第五稳定的同位素[2],质量欠缺是负值,约为-85.5868 MeV[5],半衰期为20.8小时,会经由发射一颗正电子(β+ )衰变为100
Ru
。
铑-100有除了激发能量为0的100
Rh
之外还有三种不同的核同质异能素:100m1
Rh
、100m2
Rh
、100m3
Rh
,但是最稳定的仍是基态的100
Rh
。100m1
Rh
激发能量为107.6 keV,质量欠缺略高于100
Rh
,为-85.4792 MeV[5],但半衰期不到100
Rh
的0.5%,只有4.6分钟[2],有98.3%的100m1
Rh
会回到基态100
Rh
,另外的1.7%会和基态100
Rh
一样经过β+衰变为100
Ru
[2]。
另外两个核同质异能素则十分不稳定,100m2
Rh
(激发能量:74.78 keV)半衰期只有214奈秒,而100m3
Rh
(激发能量:112 keV)半衰期则更短,仅有130奈秒[2]。
铑-103[编辑]
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铑-103是铑的同位素中唯一稳定且唯一天然存在的同位素,在地壳中的丰度约只有2 × 10−10[6],可由钌或钯衰变而得,也可以经由重元素裂变而产生,因此铑-103是一种裂变产物。103
Rh
有一种核同质异能素,103m
Rh
,激发能量为39.756 keV,但其比103
Rh
不稳定很多,半衰期只有56分钟,会经由IT衰变回稳定的103
Rh
[2]。
103
Rh
是235
U
的裂变产物之一,因此,裂变产物中都会含有一些微量的铂系金属包括铑,因此可能可以从二手核燃料中提炼出铑-103或其他的同位素。然而,提取过程十分复杂且昂贵,已经没有用此种方法大规模的提炼103
Rh
或其他的同位素的尝试[7][8][9]。
图表[编辑]
Template:Isotopes table
|-
| 89Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 88.94884(48)#
| 10# ms
[>1.5 µs]
| β+
| 89Ru
| 7/2+#
|
|-
| 90Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 89.94287(54)#
| 15(7) ms
[12(+9-4) ms]
| β+
| 90Ru
| 0+#
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 90mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(500)# keV
| 1.1(3) s
[1.0(+3-2) s]
|
|
| 9+#
|
|-
| 91Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 90.93655(43)#
| 1.74(14) s
| β+
| 91Ru
| 7/2+#
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 91mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
| 1.46(11) s
|
|
| (1/2-)
|
|-
| 92Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 91.93198(43)#
| 4.3(13) s
| β+
| 92Ru
| (6+)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 92mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
| 4.66(25) s
[2.9(+15-8) s]
|
|
| (>=6+)
|
|-
| 93Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 92.92574(43)#
| 11.9(7) s
| β+
| 93Ru
| 9/2+#
|
|-
| rowspan=2|94Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
| rowspan=2|93.92170(48)#
| rowspan=2|70.6(6) s
| β+ (98.2%)
| 94Ru
| rowspan=2|(2+,4+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p (1.79%)
| 93Tc
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 94mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV
| 25.8(2) s
| β+
| 94Ru
| (8+)
|
|-
| 95Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 50
| 94.91590(16)
| 5.02(10) min
| β+
| 95Ru
| (9/2)+
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 95mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 543.3(3) keV
| rowspan=2|1.96(4) min
| IT (88%)
| 95Rh
| rowspan=2|(1/2)-
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (12%)
| 95Ru
|-
| 96Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 51
| 95.914461(14)
| 9.90(10) min
| β+
| 96Ru
| (6+)
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 96mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 52.0(1) keV
| rowspan=2|1.51(2) min
| IT (60%)
| 96Rh
| rowspan=2|(3+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (40%)
| 96Ru
|-
| 97Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 52
| 96.91134(4)
| 30.7(6) min
| β+
| 97Ru
| 9/2+
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 97mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 258.85(17) keV
| rowspan=2|46.2(16) min
| β+ (94.4%)
| 97Ru
| rowspan=2|1/2-
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (5.6%)
| 97Rh
|-
| 98Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 53
| 97.910708(13)
| 8.72(12) min
| β+
| 98Ru
| (2)+
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 98mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(50)# keV
| rowspan=2|3.6(2) min
| IT
| 98Rh
| rowspan=2|(5+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+
| 98Ru
|-
| 99Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 54
| 98.908132(8)
| 16.1(2) d
| β+
| 99Ru
| 1/2-
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 99mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 64.3(4) keV
| rowspan=2|4.7(1) h
| β+ (99.83%)
| 99Ru
| rowspan=2|9/2+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (.16%)
| 99Rh
|-
| 100Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 55
| 99.908122(20)
| 20.8(1) h
| β+
| 100Ru
| 1-
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 100m1Rh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 107.6(2) keV
| rowspan=2|4.6(2) min
| IT (98.3%)
| 100Rh
| rowspan=2|(5+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (1.7%)
| 100Ru
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 100m2Rh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 74.78(2) keV
| 214.0(20) ns
|
|
| (2)+
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 100m3Rh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 112.0+X keV
| 130(10) ns
|
|
| (7+)
|
|-
| 101Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 56
| 100.906164(18)
| 3.3(3) y
| ε
| 101Ru
| 1/2-
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 101mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 157.32(4) keV
| rowspan=2|4.34(1) d
| ε (93.6%)
| 101Ru
| rowspan=2|9/2+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (6.4%)
| Rh
|-
| rowspan=2|102Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
| rowspan=2|101.906843(5)
| rowspan=2|207.0(15) d
| β+ (80%)
| 102Ru
| rowspan=2|(1-,2-)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β− (20%)
| 102Pd
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 102mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140.75(8) keV
| rowspan=2|3.742(10) y
| β+ (99.77%)
| 102Ru
| rowspan=2|6+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (.23%)
| 102Rh
|-
| 103
Rh
[n 1]
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 58
| 102.905504(3)
| colspan=3 align=center|稳定
| 1/2-
| 1.0000
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 103mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 39.756(6) keV
| 56.114(9) min
| IT
| 103Rh
| 7/2+
|
|-
| rowspan=2|104Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59
| rowspan=2|103.906656(3)
| rowspan=2|42.3(4) s
| β− (99.55%)
| 104Pd
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (.449%)
| 104Ru
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 104mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 128.967(4) keV
| 4.34(3) min
|
|
| 5+
|
|-
| 105Rh[n 1]
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 60
| 104.905694(4)
| 35.36(6) h
| β−
| 105Pd
| 7/2+
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 105mRh
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 129.781(4) keV
| rowspan=2|42.9(3) s
| IT
| 105Rh
| rowspan=2|1/2-
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−
| 105Pd
|-
| 106Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 61
| 105.907287(8)
| 29.80(8) s
| β−
| 106Pd
| 1+
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 106mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 136(12) keV
| 131(2) min
| β−
| 106Pd
| (6)+
|
|-
| 107Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 62
| 106.906748(13)
| 21.7(4) min
| β−
| 107Pd
| 7/2+
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 107mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 268.36(4) keV
| >10 µs
|
|
| 1/2-
|
|-
| 108Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 63
| 107.90873(11)
| 16.8(5) s
| β−
| 108Pd
| 1+
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 108mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | -60(110) keV
| 6.0(3) min
| β−
| 108Pd
| (5)(+#)
|
|-
| 109Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 64
| 108.908737(13)
| 80(2) s
| β−
| 109Pd
| 7/2+
|
|-
| 110Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 65
| 109.91114(5)
| 28.5(15) s
| β−
| 110Pd
| (>3)(+#)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 110mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | -60(50) keV
| 3.2(2) s
| β−
| 110Pd
| 1+
|
|-
| 111Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 66
| 110.91159(3)
| 11(1) s
| β−
| 111Pd
| (7/2+)
|
|-
| 112Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 67
| 111.91439(6)
| 3.45(37) s
| β−
| 112Pd
| 1+
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 112mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(70) keV
| 6.73(15) s
| β−
| 112Pd
| (4,5,6)
|
|-
| 113Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 68
| 112.91553(5)
| 2.80(12) s
| β−
| 113Pd
| (7/2+)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|114Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
| rowspan=2|113.91881(12)
| rowspan=2|1.85(5) s
| β− (>99.9%)
| 114Pd
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (<.1%)
| 113Pd
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 114mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
| 1.85(5) s
| β−
| 114Pd
| (4,5)
|
|-
| 115Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 70
| 114.92033(9)
| 0.99(5) s
| β−
| 115Pd
| (7/2+)#
|
|-
| rowspan=2|116Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
| rowspan=2|115.92406(15)
| rowspan=2|0.68(6) s
| β− (>99.9%)
| 116Pd
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (<.1%)
| 115Pd
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 116mRh
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
| 570(50) ms
| β−
| 116Pd
| (6-)
|
|-
| 117Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| 116.92598(54)#
| 0.44(4) s
| β−
| 117Pd
| (7/2+)#
|
|-
| 118Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 73
| 117.93007(54)#
| 310(30) ms
| β−
| 118Pd
| (4-10)(+#)
|
|-
| 119Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 74
| 118.93211(64)#
| 300# ms
[>300 ns]
| β−
| 119Pd
| 7/2+#
|
|-
| 120Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 75
| 119.93641(64)#
| 200# ms
[>300 ns]
| β−
| 120Pd
|
|
|-
| 121Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 76
| 120.93872(97)#
| 100# ms
[>300 ns]
| β−
| 121Pd
| 7/2+#
|
|-
| 122Rh
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| style="text-align:right" | 77
| 121.94321(75)#
| 50# ms
[>300 ns]
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|123
Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78
| rowspan=2| 122.94605(6)#
| rowspan=2|> 403 ns[10]
| β−[10]
| 123Pd
| rowspan=2| 7/2+#
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n[10]
| 122Pd
|-
| rowspan=3|124
Rh
[3]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 79
| rowspan=3|(123.949382)#
| rowspan=3|(> 391) ns[3]
| β−, 2n[3]
| 122
Pd
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n[3]
| 123
Pd
|-
| β−[3]
| 124
Pd
|-
| rowspan=2|125
Rh
[11]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2| (124.9527)#
| rowspan=2|> (393)# ns[11]
| β−[11]
| 125Pd
| rowspan=2| 7/2+#
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n[11]
| 124Pd
|-
| rowspan=2|126
Rh
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
| rowspan=2| (125.96)#
| rowspan=2|
| β−[12]
| 126Pd
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n[12]
| 125Pd
|}
| ← | 同位素列表 | → |
| 钌的同位素 | 铑的同位素 | 钯的同位素 |
参考文献[编辑]
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
- ↑ John W. Arblaster "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010" Platinum Metals Review Volume 55 Issue 2 April 2011 Pages 124-134.doi:10.1595/147106711X555656
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 引用错误:
<ref>标签无效;未给name(名称)为iso_data的ref(参考)提供文本 - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 rhodium-124 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
- ↑ Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 rhodium-100 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-16]
- ↑ Barbalace, Kenneth, "Table of Elements[失效链接]". Environmental Chemistry.com; retrieved 2007-04-14.
- ↑ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. Potential Applications of Fission Platinoids in Industry (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2005, 49 (2): 79 [2015-09-16]. doi:10.1595/147106705X35263. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- ↑ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel. Part I PART I: General Considerations and Basic Chemistry (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2003, 47 (2): 74–87 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- ↑ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel. Part II: Separation Process (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2003, 47 (2): 123–131 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 rhodium-123 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 rhodium-125 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 rhodium-126 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]