绦虫纲

绦虫纲File:Infobox info icon2.svg; 化石时期：270 –0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	File:Taenia saginata adult 5260 lores.jpg
	Taenia saginata
科学分类编辑
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes
纲：	绦虫纲 Cestoda
亚纲
	单节绦虫亚纲; 多节绦虫亚纲;

绦虫纲（学名：Cestoda）是一个寄生性扁形动物门的一个纲^[2]^[3]。人们常说的绦虫其实是多个物种的泛称。所有绦虫纲的物种都是寄生虫，其生活史可能各有不同，但这些物种的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物的消化道内，而其幼年期则寄生于其他动物的物种，例如：软体动物。这些物种自身无消化道，体分节或不分节的扁形动物。

绦虫的寄生历程已有很长久历史：科学家在一块2.7亿年前（二叠纪中期到后期）的鲨鱼粪便化石（coprolites）里发现了多丛绦虫卵及一条发育中的蚴^[1]。

分类[编辑]

目前全球约有4,000余种，中国约有400种^[4]。共分以下两个亚纲：

单节绦虫亚纲（Cestodaria）
多节绦虫亚纲（Eucestoidea）

寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种，多属圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）和假叶目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉绦虫^[4]。

多节绦虫亚纲物种的分类已澄清^[5]。以下为现时的分类：

单殖纲 Monogenea
- Amphilinidea
  - Caryophyllidea
    - Spathebothriidea
      - Trypanorhyncha
        假叶目（Pseudophyllidea）
        四叶目（Tetraphyllidea）
        Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea
        
        Nippotaeniidea
        圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）、Tetrabothriidea

四叶目、假叶目（因为裂头绦虫科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圆叶目（因为Mesocestoididae科）均为并系群。

带科（Taeniidae）可能是圆叶目之下12个目的最基底^[5]。

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种，分为五个总科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.

在GBIF，本纲包括以下目：

Amphilinidea Onchoproteocephalidea
[[]]
Bothriocephalidea
Caryophyllidea
- Cathetocephalidae
- Disculicepitidae
Cyclophyllidea Diphyllobothriidea
[[]] Litobothriidea
[[ Acrobothriidae
- Diplocotylidae
- Spathebothriidae]] Trypanorhyncha
- Phyllobothriidea
- Diphyllidea
Lecanicephalidea
[[ Chimaerocestidae
- Phyllobothriidae
  - Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
  - Anindobothrium
  - Anthobothrium
  - Aocobothrium
  - Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
  - Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
  - Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Caulobothrium
  - Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
  - Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
    - Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
    - Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990^[8]
    - Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
    - Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993
    - Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
  - Crossobothrium Linton, 1889
  - Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908
  - Dinobothrium
  - Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Gastrolecithus
  - Guidus Ivanov, 2006
  - Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
  - Hoaleshwaria
  - Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
  - Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952
  - Monorygma Diesing, 1863
  - Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863
  - Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889
  - Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963
  - Phanobothrium
  - Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963
  - Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850
  - Pillersium Southwell, 1927
  - Pithophorus Southwell, 1925
  - Polipobothrium
  - Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
  - Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
  - Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927
  - Shindeiobothrium
  - Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890
  - Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
  - Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
  - Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981]] Tetrabothriidea 锥吻目
  - Nippotaeniidea Cathetocephalidea
  - 圆叶目
Haplobothriidea
- Aberrapecidae
- Cephalobothiidae
- Cephalobothriidae
- Eniochobothriidae
- Lecanicephalidae
- Paraberrapecidae
- Polycephalidae
- Polypocephalidae
  - Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
  - Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
  - Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017
  - Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
  - Polypocephalus Braun, 1878^[7]
    - Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020
    - Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991
    - Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007
    - Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005
    - Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989
    - Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005
    - Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006
    - Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005
    - Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006
    - Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006
    - Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925
    - Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009
    - Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987
    - Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878
    - Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
    - Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982
    - Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960
    - Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
    - Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
  - Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
  - Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Tetragonocephalidae
- Zanobatocestidae
Rhinebothriidea 四叶目
[[ Tetrabothriidae
- - Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922
  - Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896
  - Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
  - Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
  - Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922
  - Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932
  - Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828
  - Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
  - Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932]] Spathebothriidea
  - [[]]
  - Tetraphyllidea
  - 裂头绦虫目 Gyrocotylidea

目的地位未定的科：

目和科的地位未定的属：

Furia
Cholodkovsky, 1915
Acanthorhynchus Diesing, 1850
Acrostoma Le Sauvage, 1827
Alyselminthus Beneden, 1871
Aprostatandrya Balanoforus
Sultzer, 1801 Bothriorhynchus
Rudolphi, 1809 Cercocystis
Cryptocystis Rühm, 1959
Diplasia
Skarbilovich, 1959 Notobothrium
Tetracisdicotyla Proglottis Fuhrmann, 1907
Holten, 1802 Gieystoria
Linstow, 1905 Dujardin, 1843
Chitonorecta Villot, 1883
Dibothrium
Hydatodes Prosthecocotyle
Monticelli, 1892 Monticelli, 1892
Diporus Abildgaard, 1790
Octobothrium Tetrarhyncha
Lidth de Jeude, 1829 Butleroides
Villot, 1882 Meggitt, 1927
Cysticercus Diesing, 1850 Diesing, 1863
Globus Diesing, 1850
Tetrastoma Scopoli, 1772
Ilisha Pseudocapingentoldes
Forbes, 1840 Cucurbilepsis
Zeder, 1800 Diprognopolus
Southwell & Prashad, 1918 Onchoscolex
Tetrathyridium Pseudodiscus
Rudolphi, 1819 Anon., 1904 Gopalaia
Diesing, 1853 Atriotaenia
Briganti, 1825 Bothriocephalum
Lordello & Zamith, 1959 Catenaria
Cisticercoideum Sadovskaya, 1965
Dibothrium
Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980 Lakistorhynchus
Pseudonybelinla Creplin, 1851 Dollfus, 1966
Dithyridium
Pintner, 1913 Oobothrium
Thornonema Parona, 1901
Cysturus Rudolphi, 1839 Rudolphi, 1819
Guptaia Linton, 1904
Polonio, 1860
Urocystidium Malhotra, 1985
Luheella Sagittula
Beddard, 1912 Bothriotaenia
Zeder, 1800 Cestoideum
Cucurbitina Oken, 1815
Dithyridium Baer, 1924
Orygmatoscolex Versicaria
Skrjabinoparaksis Baird, 1853 Valenciennes, 1844
Gvosdevileps Diesing, 1854
Krotov, 1949 Corynesoma Alexander, 1833
Dibothrius
Spasskii, 1953 Maccallumiella
Slossia Meggitt, 1931 Zeder, 1800
Amphicephalus Spasski, 1951
Spasski, 1951 Bicornius
Lühe, 1899 Railliet, 1892 Caryophillinus
Diesing, 1854 Leuckart, 1843
Davainoides Rudolphi, 1819
Parona, 1887 Gymnobothrion
Shipley, 1900 Blanchard, 1886
Rudolphi, 1809 Mastacembellophyllaeus
Spasskijela
Cucurbitinus Fuhrmann, 1921
Echinobothria Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977
Pancrates Sphairidion
Rudolphi, 1810 Gymnoscolex
Gistl, 1848 Goodsir, 1845
Schrank, 1788 Cephalocotyleum
Cotylogenes Gleichen, 1779
Dibothrydus Diesing, 1853
Merocestus Steganobothrium
Diesing, 1854 Echinobothrion
Cohn, 1902 Parvitaenio
Lühe, 1902 Dibothria
Rudolphi, 1809 Gymnotenia
Burt, 1940 Gervais, 1870
Beneden, 1873
Metabelea
Bicorne Rafinesque, 1815
Bothryocephalus Diesing, 1850
Cestoscolex Cucurbitinus
Rudolphi, 1809 Echinoproboscilepsis
Mettrick, 1963 Piestocystis
Synbia Sadovskaya, 1965
Gyrarthrix Diesing, 1850
Tschudi, 1837 Andrássy, 1959
Tetrathyrus
Cryptocephalus Kniphof, 1759
Diorchis
Monocercus 平槽属
Taeniea Tetracotylus
Diesing, 1850 Tetrabothriorhynchus Blanchard, 1886
Polonio, 1860 Braun, 1894
Taxocyclocotyle
Fascia Villot, 1882
Platybothrium Sambon, 1924
Strobilocercus Stenotenia Cuvier, 1817
Caryophyllus Parona, 1887
van Beneden, 1849 Dibothriorhyncus
Matevosyan, 1946 Blanchard, 1888 Halysis
Hornell & Nayudu, 1924 Diesing, 1854
Tenora, 1959 Solium
Lamarck, 1816 Pseudoscicus
Verma, 1971
Pseudobothrium
Zeder, 1803 Monogramma
Terratas Plerocercoides Palaia
Yamaguti, 1952 Heterodera
Linnaeus, 1758
Cylindrocorpus Chiaje, 1831 Dittocephalus

特征[编辑]

成虫扁长如腰带，分节，白色或乳白色，体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节（scolex）、颈部（neck）、节片（proglottid）组成，前端细。头节上有槽、吸盘或钩，借此附着在宿主肠壁上；节片由颈分裂而来，节片由一至数千不等，越往后越宽大；每一节片相当一个体，称链体（stroblius），链体是虫体最显著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料；随着生殖器官的发育，节片愈后愈成熟，有卵的节片称为孕节，最后逐节或整段脱落，随粪便排出宿主体外。

生活史[编辑]

卵内具有钩的胚，胚逸出后侵入中间宿主，发育为实心或囊状的蚴，蚴被最终宿主吞食后，即在小肠内成长为成虫；例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。

参考文献[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7亿年前鲨鱼粪便化石发现绦虫卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）（English）.
^ McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.
^ Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 人体寄生虫学第6版. 人民卫生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 （中文（简体））.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）.
^ Ligula intestinalis. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28].
^ Polypocephalus sp.. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-29）.
^ Clistobothrium carcharodoni. Parasite of the Day. [2024-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-29）.

Module:Taxonbar第160行Lua错误：attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value)

[Paula2013-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7亿年前鲨鱼粪便化石发现绦虫卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）（English）.

[2] McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.

[3] Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.

[Renmin-4] 4.0 ^4.1 人体寄生虫学第6版. 人民卫生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 （中文（简体））.

[Mariaux1998-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）.

[6] Ligula intestinalis. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28].

[7] Polypocephalus sp.. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-29）.

[8] Clistobothrium carcharodoni. Parasite of the Day. [2024-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-29）.

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绦虫纲

目录

分类[编辑]

特征[编辑]

生活史[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

导航菜单

绦虫纲File:Infobox info icon2.svg 化石时期：270 –0 Ma^[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
File:Taenia saginata adult 5260 lores.jpg
Taenia saginata
科学分类编辑
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes
纲：	绦虫纲 Cestoda
亚纲
单节绦虫亚纲多节绦虫亚纲

绦虫纲

分类[编辑]

特征[编辑]

生活史[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

导航菜单

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