吸虫纲
| 吸虫纲File:Infobox info icon2.svg | |
|---|---|
| File:Botulus microporus.jpg | |
| Botulus microporus,一种生活在帆蜥鱼肠子内的大型吸虫 | |
| 科学分类 编辑 | |
| 界: | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门: | 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes |
| 亚门: | 被杆体亚门 Rhabditophora |
| 演化支: | 无中心体类 Acentrosomata |
| 演化支: | 裂肠新皮类 Bothrioneodermata |
| 总纲: | 新皮总纲 Neodermata |
| 纲: | 吸虫纲 Trematoda Karl Rudolphi, 1808 |
| 亚纲与目 | |
| Module:Wd第196行Lua错误:attempt to call field 'getGlobalSiteId' (a nil value) | |
| Module:Wd第196行Lua错误:attempt to call field 'getGlobalSiteId' (a nil value) | |
吸虫(学名:Trematoda)是寄生虫的一种,为扁形动物门吸虫纲动物的总称,也称为瓜仁虫。一些吸虫也被称为二口虫(拉丁语:Distoma)。其名由来是因为它的口吸盘和腹吸盘都被认为是口而致,拉丁语中,Di代表“二”,stoma代表“口”。
概述[编辑]
吸虫是非常有名的一种寄生虫,大部分为雌雄同体[1],可自体受精;生活史中可能有一个或多个中间宿主,以鱼类、人体等多种脊椎动物为最终宿主;成虫产卵发育成纤毛幼虫(Miracidium,亦作毛蚴),纤毛幼虫入侵中间宿主后,增殖并发育成尾动幼虫(cercaride,亦作尾蚴),再被最终宿主食入前会发育成曩状幼虫(metacerariae,亦作曩蚴)[2]。吸虫的成虫有口吸盘及腹吸盘,其卵有卵盖(operculum)[2],虫体在人体中最久可活30年,由生食淡水鱼而感染。猫、狗为一种名为保虫的吸虫宿主,成虫寄生于胆道,大量感染时可在胆囊中发现虫体。曩状幼虫存在于淡水鱼时,腌渍、烟熏或脱水皆不能将其杀死,轻微感染时无症状,重度感染会造成胆道阻塞、胆囊炎、结石、肝脓痬或急性胰脏炎等,虫卵约于感染后1个月后可于粪便中发现[3]。
分类[编辑]
吸虫纲物种原来分为单殖目(Monogena)、复殖目(Digenea)、盾腹目(Aspidogastrea,亦作盾盘目或楯盘目)三个目[1]。单殖、复殖所指的是物种的雄性生殖系统的输精管的数目(单殖1个、复殖2个);而盾腹目的命名则沿于其特征,在其腹口吸盘周围有一个盾牌状的衬垫。当时的单殖目可再细分为三个亚目[1]: 259–260 ,但现时单殖目已被提升至纲级,成为单殖纲。余下的两个目合计的物种,推算约 18,000[4]到 24,000[5]个物种。有文献把这两个目提升到亚纲的地位。
复殖目又名二生目,是吸虫纲绝大多数物种所属,之下再分为腹口亚目(Gasterostomata,寄生于鱼肠内)及前口亚目(Prosostomata,有59科)[1],其物种泛称复殖吸虫(digenetic trematode)是以寄生人体为对象的吸虫。复殖吸虫的基本结构和发育过程大致上相同,种类相当繁多且形态各自相差颇大,生活史有性世代(寄生于软体动物,如螺蛳、蚌类的阶段)与无性世代(寄生于脊椎动物体内阶段),基本生活型态是以卵生且多种幼虫(毛蚴、胞蚴、雷蚴、尾蚴、囊蚴)之后在成长为成虫[6]。这些吸虫中以人类为宿主[1]的种类,有肺吸虫(卫氏肺吸虫)、肝吸虫(中华肝吸虫、牛羊肝吸虫)、肠道吸虫、横川吸虫、血吸虫(日本血吸虫)、布氏姜片虫(Fasciolopsis buski)等。
楯盘目只有一科四属,直接发育,无需中间宿主。今提升至亚纲级,是为楯吸虫亚纲或楯盘亚纲。
- 本纲包括以下目:
- 斜睾目 Aspidogastrida
- 有壁目 Plagiorchiida
- Diplostomida
- Aspidogasteridae
- Aspidogastridae
- Multicalycidae
- Rugogastridae
- Stichocotylidae Stichocotylida
- 目的地位未定的科:
- Acanthostomatidae
- Albulatrematidae
- Areobiotrematidae
- Gekkonotrematidae
- Jubilariidae
- Sclerodistomatidae Halipegidae
- [[]] Oesophagicolidae
- [[]] Arnolidae
- [[]]
- Lobatovitelliovariidae
- Tetrasteridae
- Lecithochiridae
- 目、科的地位未定的属:
- Gastrothylacides Yamaguti, 1965 Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Geaterinia Lebedev, 1969
- Gemellicotyle Prudhoe, 1975
- Gibsonium Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Gigantatrium Yamaguti, 1958
- Gigantobilharziella Khalifa, 1974
- Gigantopora
- Looss, 1907 Glenocercaria
- Diesing, 1858 Globostomum
- Oshmarin, 1970 Globularia
- Rolando, 1841 Glossidioides
- Yamaguti, 1958 Alloschistorchis
- Glossocotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Glyptamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958
- Gotocotyla Meserve, 1938
- Gymnocephala Diesing, 1858
- Gymnocephala Leidy, 1877
- Haematobium Yamaguti, 1970 Dunglison, 1893
- Haplostomum Burmeister, 1856
- Harmostomum Witenberg, 1925
- Hawkesius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Hemistephanus Looss, 1901
- Hemixenotrema Baer, 1971
- Hepatotrema
- Stunkard, 1923 Hephostomum
- Burmeister, 1856 Heptostomum
- Schomburgk, 1844 Heteracanthus
- Diesing, 1836 Heteraxine
- Linton, 1940 Allotelorchis
- Heterobdella Beneden & Hesse, 1864
- Heterocoelium Travassos, 1921
- Heterocotyloides Yamaguti, 1963
- Heterolope Looss, 1899
- Heterostoma De Filippi, 1837
- Hexastoma Goodman, 1988 Kuhn, 1829
- Hexastoma Rudolphi, 1809
- Hexathyridium Treutler, 1793
- Histerolecitha Linton, 1910
- Histrionella Bory de St.Vincent, 1823
- Histrionella Ehrenberg, 1828
- Histrionellina
- Diesing, 1858 Holostoma
- Nitzsch, 1816 Hormocercaria
- Diesing, 1855 Hydricuculus
- McCrady, 1873 Hydrochoeristrema
- Sinkoc, Muller & Brum, 1998 Acanthocephala Amphibothrium
- Hypostoma Rudolphi, 1809
- Indopleurogenes Yamaguti, 1971
- Indopodocotyle Gupta & Puri, 1981
- Indopodocotyloides Gupta & Sayal, 1979
- Ishiella Unnithan, 1971
- Frey & Leuckart, 1847
- Jamuartrema Kumar Lal, 1976
- Kaurma Chatterji, 1936
- Khalilloossia Hilmy, 1949
- Klepsitromis Hammerschmidt, 1835
- Kunckelia
- Labontes MacCallum, 1927
- Labriferoides Ganapati, Hanumantha & Lakshmana Rao, 1962
- Laterostrigea Yang, 1962
- Leiperocotyle Eduardo, 1980
- Leipertrema Sandosham, 1951 Amphistomulum
- Lepidotes Johnston & Tiegs, 1922
- Lepustomum Jain, 1953
- Levinseniella Deblock & Pearson, 1971
- Levinsensia Looss, 1928
- Limatuloides Dubois, 1964
- Brandes, 1892 Manter, 1944
- Lintonia Monticelli, 1904
- Lobostoma Berthold, 1827
- Longitrema Chen, 1954
- Lophocercaria Diesing, 1858
- Loriformis
- Lutianicotyle Mamaev, 1990
- Lutziella Rohde, 1966
- Luxitrema Bray, 1987
- Lyperosomoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Macallumia Chatterji, 1938 Amphocleithrium
- Macrechinostomum Odhner, 1911
- Macrocercus Müller, 1773
- Macrocraeoides
- Macrogenotrema Skrjabin & Baskakov, 1925
- Macrurochaeta Costa, 1864
- Price & Romero, 1969 Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Malleolus Ehrenberg, 1838
- Manidicola Graber & Gevrey, 1981
- Maritremopsis Deblock, 1973
- Maxtrema Travassos, Teixeira de Freitas & Kohn, 1969
- Mazzantia
- Mediantestis Issaitschikow, 1928
- Mediodera Pigulevsky, 1952
- Mediopharyngeum Witenberg, 1925
- Mediorchis Panin, 1984
- Mediorima Nicoll, 1914 Anatirenicola
- Meditypus Barton, 1994
- Megacetabulum Oshmarin, 1964
- Megacustis Bennett, 1935
- Megalatriotrema Rao, 1969
- Megalophalloides Ching & Ibanez Herrera, 1976
- Odening, 1962 Bhardwaj, 1963
- Melanoglena Eichwald, 1850
- Mesodendrium Faust, 1919
- Mesogonimus Monticelli, 1885
- Metacercaria
- Metadelphis
- Metagorgoderina Fernandes, 1958
- Metagyrodactylus Yamaguti, 1963
- Metahelicometra Yamaguti, 1971
- Microcotyle Tripathi, 1956
- Microderma Mehra, 1931 Ankyrocotyle
- Microphallus Deblock & Pearson, 1969
- Mixophthalmus Karyakarte, 1967
- Monarrhenos Deblock & Pearson, 1971
- Monocaecum Deblock & Pearson, 1970
- Monostoma Rudolphi, 1809
- Vlassenko, 1928 Zeder, 1800
- Monostomeus Rafinesque, 1815
- Monostomulum Brandes, 1892
- Morenodendrium Odening, 1969
- Muhlingina Mehra, 1950
- Multiglandularis
- Multigonadus Bilqees, 1970
- Multilecithum Oshmarin & Demshin, 1972
- Musalia Shipley & Hornell, 1904
- Muttua Shipley & Hornell, 1904
- Nannoenteron Ozaki, 1924 Antepharyngeum
- Navigiolum Onji & Nishio, 1924
- Neodactylodiscus Kamegai, 1972
- Neodermophtherius Price, 1963
- Neodicrocoelium Agrawal & Sharma, 1990
- Neodiplostomum Dubois, 1937 Diesing, 1858
- Witenberg, 1925 Farooq & Azra Qamar, 1996
- Neogorgoderina Pereira & Cuocolo, 1940
- Neogyrodactylus Baugh, 1957
- Neohamatopeduncularia Gupta & Varsha Sachdeva, 1987
- Neolepoderma Mehra, 1937
- Neomicrophallus
- Neophroechinostoma Oshmarin & Belous, 1951
- Neopisthorchis Chatterji & Kruidenier, 1961
- Neoprosotocus Bourgat & Combes, 1977
- Neorenifer Byrd & Denton, 1938
- Nephrocephala Diesing, 1858 Antodera
- Neuronaia Goodsir, 1845
- Nicollina Deshmukh, 1988
- Nidarosia
- Nidrosia Mortensen, 1933
- Niviventertrema Dronen, Homesley & Cleveland, 1995
- Pigulevsky, 1952 Unnithan, 1971
- Octostoma Otto, 1823
- Octothilus Hermann, 1782
- Oligolecithus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960
- Olssoniella Travassos, 1944
- Olveria
- Olveria Thapar & Singha
- Omnipharynx Nicholls & Brooks, 1969
- Ompoktrema Varma & Singh, 1986
- Onchiodiscus Kulkarni, 1969
- Onchogaster Claparède, 1863 Aototrema
- Ophiorchis Mehra, 1937
- Opisthoarchiotrema Gupta & Sharma, 1974
- Opisthobrachylecithum Yamaguti, 1971
- Opisthogenes Nicoll, 1914
- Opistholecithum Baer, 1970
- Bean-Knudsen, Uhazy & Wagner, 1987 LeBlond, 1836
- Oreochromogyrus Ferdousi & Chandra, 2002
- Orientoacanthostomum Zaidi & Khan, 1977
- Orthorchis Mödlinger, 1925
- Orthorchis Travassos, 1944
- Oryzomytrema
- Oswaldoia Travassos, 1919
- Overstreetium Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Palamphistomum Srivastava & Tripathi, 1987
- Palitrema Cogate, 1939
- Pancreaticum Bhalerao, 1936 Aspalacitrema
- Pancreatrema Oshmarin, 1952
- Papillatrium Richard, 1966
- Papilloleucochloridium Bakke, 1980
- Parabascoides Stunkard, 1938
- Parabenedenia Johnston, 1929
- Deblock & Rausch, 1965 Dubois, 1961
- Paracephalogoniomus Skrjabin, 1949
- Paraconcinnum Vassiliades & Richard, 1970
- Paradistomoidella Brooks & Palmieri, 1981
- Paradistomoides Travassos, 1944
- Paraibatrema
- Paraindopleurogenes Kalyankar & Palladwar, 1977
- Paraleyogonimus Vaucher, 1968
- Paralutztrema Faust, 1967
- Parametadelphis Travassos, 1955
- Paramonostomoides Yamaguti, 1971 Aspina
- Paramphistomacotyle Mehra, 1980
- Paramphistomoides Yamaguti, 1958
- Paraoistosomum Tkach, 2011
- Paraplagiorchis Dollfus, 1924
- Paraschistosomatium Price, 1929
- Tripathi, 1956 Johnston, 1929
- Paryphostomum Jain, 1952
- Pentadion Saint-Rémy, 1891
- Petalodistomum Pigulevsky, 1952
- Philline Parona & Perugia, 1890
- Phillines
- Phrynobatrachotrema Goodman, 1986
- Placotrema Looss, 1907
- Plagiorchoides Olsen, 1937
- Platyamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958
- Platycotyle Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Astomum
- Platymetra Mehra, 1931
- Platynosomoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Plenosominoides Ke & Liang, 1984
- Pleurolobatus Kaw, 1944
- Pleuropsoloides Goodman, 1990
- Schlotthauber, 1860 Grube, 1840
- Postodera Pigulevsky, 1952
- Postpharyngeum Witenberg, 1925
- Praeorchitrema Oshmarin, 1952
- Primatotrema Premvati, 1958
- Pigulevsky, 1952 Prochiorchis
- Thatcher, 1982 Proechimytrema
- Asymphylodoroides Progonimodiscus
- Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981 Pronopharynx
- Grétillat, 1962 Proshystera Yamaguti, 1971
- Lutz, 1935 Prosthometra
- Tubangui, 1928 Protofasciola
- Odhner
- Beverley-Burton, 1960 Prymnoprion
- Yamaguti, 1958 Pseudallassostomoides
- Athesmioides Pseudathesmia
- Yamaguti, 1971 Pseudobianium
- Yamaguti, 1963 Pseudodiplodiscoides Cribb & Spratt, 1992
- Sonsino, 1895 Pseudoechinostomum
- Khomenovskij, 1971 Pseudomagnivitellinum
- Kay, 1942
- Agrawal & Sharma, 1990 Pseudoparamphistoma
- Yamaguti, 1971 Pseudoquinqueserialis
- Atrioglabrum Pseudorenifer
- Yamaguti, 1939 Pterocotyle
- Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Pterygotomaschalos Gracenea, Montoliu & Deblock, 1993
- Mehra, 1937 Quasimaritrema
- Travassos & Kohn, 1964 Redia
- Pigulevsky, 1952
- Uchida, Itagaki & Inoue, 1980 Rhodobilharzia
- Diesing, 1850 Rudolphiella
- Atriospinosum Sarumitrema
- Lebedev, 1976 Schisturus
- Diesing, 1858 Scintillovulva Deblock, 1973
- Travassos & Kohn, 1964 Sigmapera 华毕属
- Dutt & Srivastava, 1955 Sinobilharzia
- Denton & Krissinger, 1975
- Skrjabin, 1944 Solenocerca
- Diesing, 1850 Sorexegliphe
- Australodiscus Spinometra
- Diesing, 1855 Sporocystis
- Diesing, 1858 Sporonema Sey, 1983
- Diesing, 1858 Srivastavaia
- Mehra, 1966 Stephanolecithus
- Fischoeder, 1901
- Cribb & Spratt, 1991 Sturniratrema
- Dubois, 1984 Sureshiella Achillurbainia
- Axine Synethes
- Fukui, 1930 Taiwantrema
- Mehra & Negi, 1928 Tenuifasciola Yamaguti, 1938
- Bhalerao, 1927 Tetrapapillatrema
- Chiaje, 1833 Thailandobilharzia
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Faust & Tang, 1938 Travassodendrium
- Vaz, 1932 Travassostrema
- Baiohelmins Trionchus
- Van der Kuyp, 1953 Turbinilla
- Coy Otero, 1989 Ugandalubens Cribb & Pearson, 1988
- Skrjabin & Baskakow, 1925 Unistriata
- Tripathi, 1956 Velasquezotrema
- Lahille & Joan, 1918
- Bory de St.-Vincent, 1823 Vitellariotrema
- Travassos & Kohn, 1966 Watsonius
- Bashkinovitrema Wrightrenicola
- Nicoll, 1912 Xenopodistomum
- Diesing, 1855 Zeferinella Skrjabin, 1944
- Crusz & Sanmugasunderam, 1974 Zoosperma
- Salem, 1976 Bathycola
- Fuhrmann, 1928 Baughbilharzia
- Chauhan, Srivastava & Chauhan, 1973 Beauchampia
- Dollfus, 1939 Yamaguti, 1963
- Bengaliniella Deblock, Mukherjee & Ghosh, 1970
- Bilateracotyloides Ramalingam, 1961
- Bilorchis Mehra, 1937
- Biplacunella Unnithan, 1971
- Bispina Tripathi, 1956
- Bistellavulva Unnithan, 1971
- Bivulvostella Unnithan, 1971
- Blairium Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Bothriophoron Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Brachionus Schrank, 1776
- Adolescaria Brachylecithoides
- Yamaguti, 1971 Brachysaccus
- Johnston, 1912 Bravotrema
- Groschaft, 1970 Bullulina
- Hammerschmidt, 1838 Buxifrons
- Fukui, 1929 Buxifrons
- Sinitzin, 1911 Näsmark, 1937
- Bychowskicotyle Unnithan, 1971
- Calicotyle Nybelin, 1941
- Calicotylides Nybelin, 1941
- Canaania Travassos, 1944
- Capronia Richard, 1966
- Carangixenus Unnithan, 1962
- Catoptroides Looss, 1902
- Caudorchis Talbot, 1933
- Cauliorchis Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Cesartrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Afrobilharzia Ceylonotrema
- Gussev, 1963 Chamaeleophilus
- Yamaguti, 1971 Chaseostrigea
- Ukoli, 1967 Cheilostomum
- Diesing, 1850 Chelonella
- Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Chinhuta
- Le Roux, 1958 Lal, 1937
- Chiropterotarbus Bay-Schmith, 1972
- Chiropterotrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Chiroptodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Choanocotyle Jue Sue & Platt, 1998
- Choerocotyle Baer, 1959
- Choerocotyloides Prudhoe, Yeh & Khalil, 1964
- Choristogonoporus Stunkard, 1938
- Polyporus Bory de St Vincent, 1823 Proacetabulorchoides
- Zeylanurotrema
- Oshmarin, 1970 Cladorchis
- Macnae, Rock & Makowski, 1973 Wang & Zhou, 1989
- Procyonophilus Xenopharynx Thatcher, 1982
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Gupta, 1962 Cochinocotyle Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Voelkeria Gupta & Gupta, 1971
- Promicrophallus Cohn, 1904
- Pande, 1937 Vesperugidendrium
- Coelomotrema Verodunia
- Angel, 1970
- Coelomotrema aegyptiaca[7]
- Prosostephanus Filimonova, 1985 Looss, 1896
- Ultragenotrema
- Agamodistomum Coitocoecum Goodman, 1988
- Nicoll, 1915
- Bory de St.Vincent, 1823 Protofasciolopsis Tumaclinostomum
- Prouterina
- Dubois & Angel, 1972 Combesia Foreyt, Schell & Beyer, 1996
- Rebecq, 1962 Mas-Coma, Roset & Mantoliu, 1985
- Travassosina Pseudalassostoma
- Yamaguti, 1971 Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Topsiturvitrema Conspicum Pseudallobenedenia
- Thylogaster Yamaguti, 1966 Bhalerao, 1936
- Ralph, 1938
- Pseudoallocreadium Testisaculus
- Coryphogonimus Sey, 1996
- Cribb & Spratt, 1990
- Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981 Tagumaea
- Pseudodiscus
- Krasnolobova, 1976 Cotylegaster Symmetricatesticula
- Srivastava, Maurya & Prasad, 1980 Cobbold, 1877
- Suchocyathocotyle
- Pseudomerizocotyle
- Faust & Tang, 1936 Cryptocephalus Stichocotyle
- Pseudomorcheides Stossich, 1892 Srivastava, 1944
- Stephanopharynx Wang, 1982
- Singh, 1970
- Pseudoplagiorchis Cryptostomum Sporotherium
- Sutton, 1981 Nitzsch, 1832
- Yamaguti, 1971 Filippi, 1854
- Sporocerca
- Pseudospelotrematoides Cychlorchis
- Bray, 1987 Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Lühe, 1908
- Sadovskaya, 1954 Solenocotyle
- Stunkard, 1924
- Cyclostoma Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Skrjabinodendrium Otto, 1823
- Sinuosoides Ptyasiorchis
- Deblock, 1973 Nicoll, 1918
- Cymbiforma Serpentinotrema
- Reduxotrema Yamaguti, 1933
- Renicola Rudolphi, 1809
- Sudarikov, 1951 Sawqirahcotyle
- Dactylodiscus
- Baer, 1959 Rhopalocerca Kamegai, 1971
- Travassos, 1924
- Probolitrema Dasyurotrema
- Dollfus, 1963 Cribb, 1992
- Proeputiodiplostomum Decacotylus
- Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 Mayer, 1841
- Proschistosoma Dermophthiroides
- Korkhaus, 1930 Cheung & Nigrelli, 1983
- Prostorchigenes Diagenites
- Odhner, 1926 Poinar & Boucot, 2006
- Prudhoella Diastomum
- Looss, 1899 Packard, 1882
- Ahemiuris Dicotyle
- Travassos, 1942 Sonsino, 1898
- Pseudocalceostoma Dicranocercaria
- Murty, 1970 Lutz, 1919
- Pseudoganeo Dicranocercaria
- Dronen & Underwood, 1980 Szidat, 1932
- Pseudoorientocreadium Digenites
- Yamaguti, 1958 Poinar & Boucot, 2006
- Pseudorchis Dinotaster
- Price, 1935 Unnithan, 1971
- Pteronella Diplobothrium
- Chauhan, 1954 Chandler, 1942
- Rallitrema Diplostomum
- Filippi, 1837 Brandes, 1888
- Rhacophotrema Diplotrema
- Le Roux, 1958 Tripathi, 1959
- Rutschurutrema Diporpa
- Beverley-Burton, 1963 Dujardin, 1844
- Schizocerca Distemum
- Unnithan, 1971
- Sinobilharzia Distoma
- Le Roux, 1958 Retzius, 1786
- Skrjabinosomum Distomulum
- Diesing, 1855 Brandes, 1892
- Spinoderetrema Distomum
- Mehra, 1931 Diesing, 1850
- Sporocystophora Distomus
- Diesing, 1855 Laennec, 1807
- Staffordiella Divitelluses
- Nakagawa, 1919 Cai & Li, 1993
- Strzeleckia Dolichodemas
- Velez & Thatcher, 1992 Looss, 1900
- Allomicrophallus Dolichosomum
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Looss, 1899
- Telogonella Dozenkotrema
- Yamaguti, 1971 Onkarnatha, 1964
- Tetrastoma Duttiella
- Baugh, 1977 Srivastava, Prasad & Maurya, 1980
- Travassasella Echinella
- Skarbilovitch, 1943 van Beneden & Hesse, 1864
- Triloborchidiplostomum Edcaballerotrema
- MacCallum, 1916 Teixeira de Freitas, 1960
- Turquinia Eroliostrigea
- Yamaguti, 1971 Yamaguti, 1971
- Vaginaespina Eucercaria
- Eduardo & Javellana, 1987 Diesing, 1855
- Virgulina Eucercarioides
- Gupta & Krishna, 1977 Tang & Tang, 1992
- Wellmanius Eucradium
- Odening, 1962 Szidat, 1954
- Xiphidiocercaria Eurobilharzia
- Artigas & Paulino, 1988 Le Roux, 1958
- Zygodendrium Eurymetra
- Odhner, 1910
- Westwood, 1840 Eustemma
- Parepibdella Diesing, 1850
- Ueta, Deberaldini, da Silva Cordeiro & de Toledo Artigas, 1981 Eustomos
- Paracanthatrium MacCallum, 1921
- Thatcher, 1982 Evandrocotyle
- Opistocotyle Jansen, 1941
- Sinha, 1941 Evanorchis
- Notaster Skrjabin, 1944
- Farooq & Yousuf, 1986 Exorchocoelium
- Neoeuparadistomum Thapar, 1958
- Allopseudopiclidophora Falciungus
- Akmerov, 1952 Schulz & Skworzow, 1931
- Monostoma Festucaria
- Schrank, 1788 Travassos, 1944
- Mehraformis Flabellodiscus
- Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Maillardiella Fontius
- Lotz & Palmieri, 1985 Goeze, 1782
- Limosina Gastrothylacias
- Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Künstler, 1881
- Ityogonismus
构造[编辑]
体壁组织可分为体被与肌肉;可自我更新;具有吸收营养、感觉等功能[6]。
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 李永基. 第貳部無脊椎動物 第VII篇扁形動物門. 中山自然科學大辭典. 第九册:动物学. : 249, 259-272 [2016-09-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-05) (中文(繁体)).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 第二篇 蠕虫学:第六章 吸 虫:吸虫概论. 人体寄生虫学. 郑州大学远程教育学院. [2016-09-25]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-27) (中文(简体)).
- ^ 温惠敏. 《石門水庫活魚3吃 陷危機》. 壹周刊 (台湾). 2011-02-03, 506: 69 [2016-09-25]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-15) (中文(繁体)).
- ^ Littlewood D T J; Bray R. A. The Digenea. Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Systematics Association Special Volume 60 1. CRC. 2000: 168–185. ISBN 978-0-7484-0903-7.
- ^ Poulin, Robert; Serge Morand. Parasite Biodiversity. Smithsonian. 2005: 216. ISBN 978-1-58834-170-9.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 吸虫概论. 山东大学. [2016-09-25]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-14) (中文(简体)).
- ^ Jones, Arlene; El-Azazy, O.M.E. Coelomotrema aegyptiaca sp. nov., an unusual prosthogonimid trematode from Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) in Egypt. Journal of Natural History. 1986-06, 20 (3): 707-712 [2025-03-28]. ISSN 0022-2933. doi:10.1080/00222938600770481 (English).
参见[编辑]
Module:ResolveEntityId第13行Lua错误:attempt to call field 'isValidEntityId' (a nil value)