毒劑
(重新導向自Toxicant)
毒劑(英語:Toxicant,或稱有毒物質、有害物質、毒物),是指任何有毒物質,無論是人工的還是天然產生的。[1] 相比之下,毒素(toxin)是生物體(例如植物、動物、昆蟲、細菌)自然界產生的毒素。[2] 空氣、土壤、水或食物中都存在不同類型的有毒物質。[3][4]
發生[編輯]
空氣、土壤、水或食物中都可能存在有毒物質.[4] 人類可能會接觸到環境毒物。[5] 魚類可能含有環境毒素。[6] 菸草煙霧含有有毒物質。[7] 電子菸氣膠也含有有毒物質。[8] 加熱非燃燒菸草製品的排放物含有有毒物質。[9] 大多數重金屬都是有毒物質。[10] 柴油尾氣含有有毒物質。[11] 殺蟲劑、苯和類似石棉的纖維(如碳納米管)都是有毒物質。[12] 可能的發育毒物包括鄰苯二甲酸鹽、苯酚、防曬霜、殺蟲劑、鹵化阻燃劑、全氟烷基塗料、納米顆粒、電子菸和膳食多酚。[13]
相關術語[編輯]
相比之下,毒素是生物體(例如植物、動物、昆蟲)自然產生的毒素。[2] 2011年出版的《現代毒理學教科書》(A Textbook of Modern Toxicology)指出:「毒素是由生物體產生的有毒物質,並不作為有毒物質的同義詞——所有毒素都是有毒物質,但並非所有的有毒物質都是毒素。毒素,無論是由動物、植物、昆蟲還是微生物產生的,通常都是代謝產物,是作為防禦機制進化而來的,目的是驅趕或殺死捕食者或病原體。」[14]
殺生物劑分為氧化性毒物和非氧化性毒物。[15] 氯是最常見的氧化性毒物。[15] 人們普遍在飲用水中添加氯來消毒。[16] 非氧化性毒物包括異噻唑啉酮和季銨化合物。[17]
麻醉劑是一種能使人陶醉的物質,例如酒精飲料。[18] 麻醉劑是一種損害心智並導致人處於從興奮到昏睡等各種精神狀態的物質。[19]
健康影響[編輯]
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Paul J. van den Brink, Reinier M. Mann. Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals. Francisco Sanchez-Bayo. 9 September 2011: 6–. ISBN 978-1-60805-121-2.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - toxin. National Cancer Institute.
- ^ Stanley Manahan; Stanley E. Manahan. Environmental Chemistry, Ninth Edition. CRC Press. 17 December 2009: 629–. ISBN 978-1-4398-8247-4.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Ernest Hodgson. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. 20 September 2011: 88–. ISBN 978-1-118-21129-8.
- ^ Preston, Joshua D.; Reynolds, Leryn J.; Pearson, Kevin J. Developmental Origins of Health Span and Life Span: A Mini-Review. Gerontology. 2018, 64 (3): 237–245. ISSN 0304-324X. PMC 5876086 可免費查閱. PMID 29324453. doi:10.1159/000485506.
- ^ Gaskins, Audrey J.; Chavarro, Jorge E. Diet and fertility: a review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018, 218 (4): 379–389. ISSN 0002-9378. PMC 5826784 可免費查閱. PMID 28844822. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010.
- ^ Breland, Alison; Soule, Eric; Lopez, Alexa; Ramôa, Carolina; El-Hellani, Ahmad; Eissenberg, Thomas. Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2017, 1394 (1): 5–30. Bibcode:2017NYASA1394....5B. ISSN 0077-8923. PMC 4947026 可免費查閱. PMID 26774031. doi:10.1111/nyas.12977.
- ^ Perikleous, Evanthia P.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Paraskakis, Emmanouil; Constantinidis, Theodoros C.; Nena, Evangelia. E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents: An Overview of the Literature and Future Perspectives. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018, 6: 86. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5879739 可免費查閱. PMID 29632856. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00086 可免費查閱.
- ^ Li, Gerard; Saad, Sonia; Oliver, Brian; Chen, Hui. Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome. Toxics. 2018, 6 (3): 43. Bibcode:2018Toxic...6...43L. ISSN 2305-6304. PMC 6160993 可免費查閱. PMID 30071638. doi:10.3390/toxics6030043 可免費查閱.
- ^ Kim, Hyun Soo; Kim, Yeo Jin; Seo, Young Rok. An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention. Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015, 20 (4): 232–240. ISSN 2288-3649. PMC 4699750 可免費查閱. PMID 26734585. doi:10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232.
- ^ Leem, Jong Han; Jang, Young-Kee. Increase of diesel car raises health risk in spite of recent development in engine technology. Environmental Health and Toxicology. 2014, 29: e2014009. ISSN 2233-6567. PMC 4207092 可免費查閱. PMID 25318659. doi:10.5620/eht.e2014009.
- ^ Costa, Chiara; Miozzi, Edoardo; Teodoro, Michele; Briguglio, Giusi; Rapisarda, Venerando; Fenga, Concettina. New insights on 'old' toxicants in occupational toxicology. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2017, 15 (5): 3317–3322. ISSN 1791-2997. PMID 28339055. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6374 可免費查閱.
- ^ Wolff, Mary S.; Buckley, Jessie P.; Engel, Stephanie M.; McConnell, Rob S.; Barr, Dana B. Emerging exposures of developmental toxicants. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2017, 29 (2): 218–224. ISSN 1040-8703. PMC 5473289 可免費查閱. PMID 28059904. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000455.
- ^ Ernest Hodgson. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. 20 September 2011: 77–. ISBN 978-1-118-21129-8.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Linda Garverick. Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry. ASM International. 1 January 1994: 103–. ISBN 978-0-87170-505-1.
- ^ Pilotto, Louis S. Disinfection of drinking water, disinfection by-products and cancer: what about Australia?. Australian Journal of Public Health. 1995, 19 (1): 89–93. ISSN 1035-7319. PMID 7734603. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00304.x 可免費查閱.
- ^ Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt; Rodolfo Quintero-Ramirez. Petroleum Biotechnology: Developments and Perspectives. Elsevier. 18 September 2004: 210–. ISBN 978-0-08-047371-0.
- ^ Don Salm; Ron Sklansky. Legislation on Recodification of Operating While Intoxicated and Safety Laws Pertaining to Motor Vehicle, All-terrain Vehicle, Boat Or Snowmobile Operation. Wisconsin Legislative Council. 2001: 12–.
- ^ Fahd Salem Bahammam. Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam. Modern Guide. 2013: 1–. ISBN 978-1-909322-99-8.
外部連結[編輯]
- File:Commons-logo.svg 維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源:毒劑