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(重新導向自Armillaria
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蜜環菌屬File:Infobox info icon2.svg
File:Armillaria mellea, Honey Fungus, UK 1.jpg
蜜環菌
科學分類 編輯
界: 真菌界 Fungi
門: 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱: 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目: 傘菌目 Agaricales
科: 膨瑚菌科 Physalacriaceae
屬: 蜜環菌屬 Armillaria
(Fr.) Staude
模式種
Armillaria mellea
(Vahl) P. Kumm.
多樣性
約45種
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Module:Wd第196行Lua錯誤:attempt to call field 'getGlobalSiteId' (a nil value)
異名
  • Aphotistus Humboldt, 1793
  • Polymyces Battarra ex F.S.Earle, 1909
蜜環菌屬
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
真菌形態特徵
File:Gills icon.png子實層上有菌褶
File:Convex cap icon.svg蕈傘為凸面
File:Adnate gills icon2.svg子實層連生
File:Ring stipe icon.svg環狀蕈柄
File:White spore print icon.png孢印白色
File:Parasitic fungus.svg寄生真菌
File:Mycomorphbox Edible.png可食用

榛蘑蘑菇綱蘑菇目泡頭菌科蜜環菌屬學名Armillaria,又名松覃屬)真菌的通稱[1]。生長在樹木、灌木叢當中。是一類廣泛分佈於北半球溫帶地區的真菌類群[2]。該屬擁有大約45個物種,多為世界上體積最大的生物。其中,該屬下體積最大的奧氏蜜環菌Armillaria ostoyae)在美國俄勒岡州的菌絲群落覆蓋面積約890公頃,菌索總長度約5.6千米,相當於1665個足球場,重達35000噸[1]。蜜環菌屬的壽命在2400年以上,有的甚至能達到8650歲[3]。有的蜜環菌屬會發光,導致了狐火英語foxfire (bioluminescence)的現象[4]

蜜環菌屬真菌的營養方式多樣,可寄生共生腐生[1]。其發達的地下菌索可延伸數千至數萬米[5][6],並能在不良環境中長期保持活性[1]

分類學[編輯]

18世紀有關蜜環菌屬的最早記錄將其置於蘑菇屬Agaricus[1]。1766年,馬丁·瓦爾在《丹尼卡植物志》(Flora Danica)中首次描述了Agaricus melleus並配圖,其後被視為蜜環菌屬的模式種[7][8]埃利亞斯·芒努斯·弗里斯在1821年基於來自瑞士的材料將其放在Armillaria類群中[9],1857年Staude將其正式提升為屬級分類[10]

2006年,基於多個基因片段的系統分析對口蘑科的多個屬進行了重新分類,泡頭菌科(Physalacriaceae)被分出來成為一個獨立的單系群,蜜環菌屬被歸入泡頭菌科[11]

形態特徵[編輯]

蜜環菌屬的形態鑑定主要依賴子實體菌索特徵,包括菌環是否存在、菌柄結構、菌幕殘留、菌蓋色澤與表面裝飾(如鱗片的顏色與紋理)等,有助於將蜜環菌屬與近緣的假蜜環菌屬Desarmillaria)區分[12]

下屬物種[編輯]

本屬包括以下物種:[13]

共生關係[編輯]

蜜環菌屬真菌可與蘭科植物天麻的營養繁殖莖形成蘭科菌根[1]。能夠與天麻共生的蜜環菌物種包括粗柄蜜環菌A. cepistipes)、九妹蜜環菌Ar. nabsnona)等至少7種[14]

蜜環菌屬中的奧氏蜜環菌A. ostoyae)與高盧蜜環菌A. gallica)等可與豬苓形成共生[1]。菌索侵入豬苓菌核後誘發免疫反應,使其菌絲木質化並形成隔離腔,腔內包裹兩者菌絲[1]。蜜環菌分解豬苓菌絲獲得營養,而豬苓亦利用蜜環菌菌絲提供的代謝物以發育新菌核[15][16]。菌核的隔離結構亦能限制蜜環菌進一步侵入造成傷害[6]

寄生與腐生[編輯]

蜜環菌屬中多數物種可侵染植物根部,引發根朽病,使寄主死亡並分解其組織,屬於半活體營養型真菌[1]。已記錄的寄主超過500種,包括黑橡木紅松蒙古櫟葡萄[17][18][19][20][21]。大多數病原蜜環菌屬於兼性寄生[22]

侵染期間,菌索進入活根形成層,導致變色和結構破壞[1];之後通過分泌纖維素酶木質素過氧化物酶等降解酶[23],分解宿主體內複雜聚合物為可利用營養物質,最終造成根部腐爛和植株死亡[24]

當寄主死亡後,蜜環菌從活體營養轉為腐生階段,以死組織和腐殖質為生,並能在土壤中長期存活,待條件適宜時重新侵染活體植物[24][25]

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 冀瑞卿; 陳鵬, 周吉江, 孫孟瑩, 陳俊良, 劉淑艷, 李長田, 李玉. 强大而神秘的蜜环菌属真菌:基于研究进展的开发前景展望. 菌物學報. 2025, 44 (8): 240356 [2025-11-24]. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.240356. 
  2. ^ Koch, RA; Herr, JR. Global Distribution and Richness of Armillaria and Related Species Inferred From Public Databases and Amplicon Sequencing Datasets.. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021, 12: 733159. PMID 34803949. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.733159. 
  3. ^ Anderson, James B.; Bruhn, Johann N.; Kasimer, Dahlia; Wang, Hao; Rodrigue, Nicolas; Smith, Myron L. Clonal evolution and genome stability in a 2500-year-old fungal individual. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2018-12-19, 285 (1893): 20182233. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2233. 
  4. ^ Foxfire: Bioluminescent Fungi. inamidst.com. [2018-02-13]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-07). 
  5. ^ Yafetto, L. The structure of mycelial cords and rhizomorphs of fungi: A minireview. Mycosphere. 2018, 9 (5): 984–998. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/9/5/3. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Xing, YM; Li, B; Liu, L; Li, Y; Yin, SX; Yin, SC; Chen, J; Guo, SX. Armillaria mellea Symbiosis Drives Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Changes in Polyporus umbellatus Sclerotia.. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021, 12: 792530. PMID 35185819. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.792530. 
  7. ^ Watling, R.; Kile, G.A.; Gregory, Norma M. The genus Armillaria-nomenclature, typification, the identity of Armillaria mellea and species differentiation. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1982-04, 78 (2): 271–285. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(82)80011-9. 
  8. ^ Volk, Thomas J.; Burdsall, Harold H. A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella Species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae). Fungiflora. 1995. ISBN 978-82-90724-14-1 (English). 
  9. ^ Fries, Elias Magnus. Systema mycologicum. 1. Gryphiswaldae : Mauritius. 1821: 1–26. 
  10. ^ Koch, RA; Wilson, AW; Séné, O; Henkel, TW; Aime, MC. Resolved phylogeny and biogeography of the root pathogen Armillaria and its gasteroid relative, Guyanagaster.. BMC evolutionary biology. 2017-01-25, 17 (1): 33. PMID 28122504. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0877-3. 
  11. ^ Matheny, PB; Curtis, JM; Hofstetter, V; Aime, MC; Moncalvo, JM; Ge, ZW; Slot, JC; Ammirati, JF; Baroni, TJ; Bougher, NL; Hughes, KW; Lodge, DJ; Kerrigan, RW; Seidl, MT; Aanen, DK; DeNitis, M; Daniele, GM; Desjardin, DE; Kropp, BR; Norvell, LL; Parker, A; Vellinga, EC; Vilgalys, R; Hibbett, DS. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview.. Mycologia. 2006-11, 98 (6): 982–95. PMID 17486974. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. 
  12. ^ Kedves, O; Shahab, D; Champramary, S; Chen, L; Indic, B; Bóka, B; Nagy, VD; Vágvölgyi, C; Kredics, L; Sipos, G. Epidemiology, Biotic Interactions and Biological Control of Armillarioids in the Northern Hemisphere.. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2021-01-16, 10 (1). PMID 33467216. doi:10.3390/pathogens10010076. 
  13. ^ Armillaria (Fr.) Staude. GBIF. [2022-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-09). 
  14. ^ Guo, T; Wang, HC; Xue, WQ; Zhao, J; Yang, ZL. Phylogenetic Analyses of Armillaria Reveal at Least 15 Phylogenetic Lineages in China, Seven of Which Are Associated with Cultivated Gastrodia elata.. PloS one. 2016, 11 (5): e0154794. PMID 27138686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154794. 
  15. ^ Guo, Z; Zang, Y; Zhang, L. The efficacy of Polyporus Umbellatus polysaccharide in treating hepatitis B in China.. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2019, 163: 329–360. PMID 31030753. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.012. 
  16. ^ Liu, L; Xing, Y; Li, S; Zhou, L; Li, B; Guo, S. Different Symbiotic Species of Armillaria Affect the Yield and Active Compound Contents of Polyporus umbellatus.. Microorganisms. 2025-01-22, 13 (2). PMID 40005595. doi:10.3390/microorganisms13020228. 
  17. ^ Wargo, Philip M. Armillaria Root Rot: The Puzzle Is Being Solved. Plant Disease. 1985, 69 (10): 826. doi:10.1094/PD-69-826. 
  18. ^ Entry, J. A. Response of Western Coniferous Seedlings to Infection by Armillaria ostoyae Under Limited Light and Nitrogen. Phytopathology. 1991, 81 (1): 89. doi:10.1094/Phyto-81-89. 
  19. ^ Lee, Christopher A.; Dey, Daniel C.; Muzika, Rose-Marie. Oak stump-sprout vigor and Armillaria infection after clearcutting in southeastern Missouri, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 2016-08, 374: 211–219. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.014. 
  20. ^ Kim, M.-S.; Blaedow, R. A.; McKeever, K. M.; Olatinwo, R. O.; Klopfenstein, N. B. First Report of the Armillaria Root Disease Pathogen, Armillaria solidipes , on Black Oak ( Quercus velutina ) in North Carolina, U.S.A.. Plant Disease. 2023-07-01, 107 (7): 2261. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-22-2689-PDN. 
  21. ^ Perazzolli, M.; Faccin, S.; Ciccotti, A.M.; Schwarz, F.; Moser, M.; De Luca, F.; Velasco, R.; Gessler, C.; Pertot, I.; Moser, C. TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE GRAPE DEFENCE RESPONSE AGAINST THE ROOT ROT AGENT ARMILLARIA MELLEA. Acta Horticulturae. 2009-05, (827): 619–622. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.827.108. 
  22. ^ Rishbeth, J. Infection cycle of Armillaria and host response. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 1985-10, 15 (5-6): 332–341. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb01108.x. 
  23. ^ Jagtap, SS; Dhiman, SS; Kim, TS; Li, J; Lee, JK; Kang, YC. Enzymatic hydrolysis of aspen biomass into fermentable sugars by using lignocellulases from Armillaria gemina.. Bioresource technology. 2013-04, 133: 307–14. PMID 23434807. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.118. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Hanna, J. W.; Klopfenstein, N. B.; Cram, M. M.; Olatinwo, R. O.; Fraedrich, S. W.; Kim, M.-S. First Report of Armillaria Root Disease Pathogen, Armillaria gallica , on Rhododendron and Quercus rubra in Georgia, U.S.A.. Plant Disease. 2021-04, 105 (4): 1226–1226. doi:10.1094/PDIS-07-20-1567-PDN. 
  25. ^ Linnakoski, Riikka; Sutela, Suvi; Coetzee, Martin P. A.; Duong, Tuan A.; Pavlov, Igor N.; Litovka, Yulia A.; Hantula, Jarkko; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Vainio, Eeva J. Armillaria root rot fungi host single-stranded RNA viruses. Scientific Reports. 2021-04-01, 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86343-7. 

外部連結[編輯]

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