圆蛛科
(重定向自Araneidae)
| 园蛛科File:Infobox info icon2.svg | |
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| File:Araneus heroine.jpg | |
| Araneus heroine | |
| 科学分类 编辑 | |
| 界: | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲: | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
| 目: | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
| 亚目: | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
| 下目: | 新蛛下目 Araneomorphae |
| 演化支: | 复杂生殖器类 Entelegynae |
| 演化支: | 圆网蛛类 Orbiculariae |
| 总科: | 金蛛總科 Araneoidea |
| 科: | 园蛛科 Araneidae Simon, 1895 |
| 屬 | |
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約166屬 | |
| 異名 | |
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| 「圆蛛科」的各地常用名稱 | |
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| 中國大陸 | 园蛛科 |
| 臺灣 | 金蛛科[3][4]或鬼蛛科 |
园蛛科(學名:Araneidae),又稱圆蛛科、金蛛科或鬼蛛科。這一科的蜘蛛非常美麗、顯著,並且常在跨小徑及類似的地方紡織其半公尺以上的大輪形網,然後把自己掛在其中心等待獵物來到。部份圓蛛科的蜘蛛(如十字園蛛)會在網中央地方另外紡織數條鋸齒形,或其他顯著形式的斑紋向外延伸。然後半黑半白的或半黑半黃的蜘蛛,靜止不動時會停留在白色絲帶交叉的中央區域附近,將腳兩兩併攏呈現大「X」字形;但亦有學者指出這些蜘蛛網上的絲質裝飾物具有吸引獵物的功能。 [5]
這種蜘蛛會盡量避免與任何大動物有接觸,其毒對人不很危險,反應跟其對蜜蜂毒的反應差不多。
這一科蜘蛛的視力遠不如狼蛛科、蠅虎科,只足以辨別黑白。因而牠們依賴觸覺認識到獵物,及其他在環境重要的東西。
落到網裡後,獵物的掙扎很容易破壞網,於是蜘蛛立刻盡力迅速地用絲把獵物包起來,使之不能動彈,然後趁機會咬之、注射其毒液,等牠不掙扎了就再過來吃。
圆蛛科蜘蛛種類很多,全球約有2500種。體長由2—60毫米。當中哥倫比亞有一種叫鏈球蛛(Bolas |Spider)的本科蜘蛛,會將自己的絲線弄成一個黏球,該黏球帶有類似雌蛾的氣味,待雄蛾受氣味吸引飛近時,即揮動黏球將其擊中,成為美味大餐。因為這樣的動作似牛仔揮動繩圈,鏈球蛛又被稱為牛仔蜘蛛。
下级分类[编辑]
本科包括以下属:[6]
- Acacesia
- Acanthepeira Aethrodiscus
- Chorizopes
- Pronous Keyserling, 1881 Gibbaranea
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 Archer, 1951
- Simon, 1903
- Pseudopsyllo Arachnura 类壮头蛛属
- Glyptogona Psyllo
- Simon, 1884 Thorell, 1899 Chorizopesoides
- Pulchellaranea Poinar, 2015
- Gnolus Strand, 1913 Vinson, 1863
- [[Mi & Wang, 2018
- Pycnosinga
- Herennia
- Rubrepeira Thorell, 1877 Levi, 1992
- Chrysometata
- Scoloderus Simon, 1887 Heterognatha
- Wunderlich, 2004 Nicolet, 1849
- Simon, 1894 Actinacantha
- Aranea
- Heurodes Singafrotypa
- Keyserling, 1886 Benoit, 1962 Cladomelea
- Siwa Grasshoff, 1970
- Hingstepeira Clerck, 1757
- Simon, 1895 Levi, 1995 Simon, 1897
- Spinepeira
- Hortophora
- Spintharidius Framenau & Castanheira, 2021 Aetrocantha
- Clitaetra
- Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia gustavoi Ibarra-Núñez, 2013
- Taczanowskia mirabilis Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia onowoka Jordán, Domínguez-Trujillo & Cisneros-Heredia, 2021[8]
- Taczanowskia sextuberculata Keyserling, 1892
- Taczanowskia striata Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia trilobata Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia yasuni Díaz-Guevara, Macías-Tulcán & Galvis, 2024[9] Hypognatha
- Simon, 1889 Guérin-Méneville, 1839
- Thorell, 1898
- Tatepeira Araneometa
- Hyposinga Telaprocera
- Harmer & Framenau, 2008 Cnodalia
- Testudinaria Marx, 1883
- Simon, 1864 Karsch, 1879 Wunderlich, 1988
- Thorell, 1890 Dahl, 1914 Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- 亮腹蛛属 Testudinaroides
- Hypsosinga
- Tethneus Ausserer, 1871 Scudder, 1890
- 鬼蛛屬 Coelossia
- Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 Ideocaira
- Simon, 1895 Simon, 1903
- Berg, 1899
- Araneus
- Indoetra Trichonephila
- Kuntner, 2006 Dahl, 1911 Colaranea
- Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971
- Isoxya Clerck, 1757
- Court & Forster, 1988 Simon, 1885 Simon, 1895
- Verrucosa
- Kaira
- Wagneriana Afracantha
- Collina
- Witica O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1895 Kapogea
- Urquhart, 1891 Levi, 1997
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1882
- Xylethrus Araniella
- Kilima Yaginumia
- Grasshoff, 1970 Archer, 1960 Colphepeira
- 肥蛛属 Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Larinia Dahl, 1914 Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- Archer, 1941 Simon, 1874 C.L.Koch, 1836
- 楚蛛属 Zygiella
- Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970
- Cryptaranea 类肥蛛属
- Larinioides Court & Forster, 1988 Caporiacco, 1934
- Acantharachne Actinosoma
- Aranoethra 艾蛛属
- Lariniophora Framenau, 2011 Cyclosa
- Leviellus Butler, 1873
- Menge, 1866 Wunderlich, 2004
- Lewisepeira Levi, 1993
- Agalenatea 金蛛屬 Cyclososoma
- Lipocrea Petrunkevitch, 1958
- Thorell, 1878 Argiope
- Luxurionephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Cyphalonotus Holmberg, 1883
- Archer, 1951 Audouin, 1826 Simon, 1895
- Simon, 1864
- Madacantha Emerit, 1970
- Cyrtarachne Mahembea
- Thorell, 1868 Grasshoff, 1970 芒果蛛
- Artifex
- Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889
- Scharff, 2009 Levi, 1997
- 曲腹蛛属 Mastophora Acroaspis
- Agelenatea
- Cyrtophora Mecynogea
- Simon, 1864 Simon, 1903
- Artonis 丘园蛛属 Megaraneus
- Lawrence, 1968 Deione
- Melychiopharis Simon, 1895
- [[Thorell, 1898
- 陈氏丘园蛛 Deione cheni Mi & Li, 2021
- Deione lingulata Han, Zhu & Levi, 2009
- Deione ovata Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010
- Deione renaria Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010
- Deione thoracica Thorell, 1898
- 杨氏丘园蛛 Deione yangi Mi & Li, 2021]] Simon, 1895
- Mesozygiella Penney & Ortuño, 2006
- Deliochus
- Metazygia Simon, 1894 F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Aculepeira Artonis
- Metepeira Cambridge, 1903
- Dolophones Micrathena
- Thorell, 1895 Walckenaer, 1837 Sundevall, 1833
- Micrepeira
- Schenkel, 1953 Alenatea
- Dubiepeira Micropoltys
- Levi, 1991 Kulczynski, 1911 米洛蛛属
- Aspidolasius Milonia
- [[Thorell, 1890
- 双斑米洛蛛 Milonia gemella Mi & Li, 2021]] Edricus
- Simon, 1895 Tullgren, 1910 Karsch, 1878
- Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 Song & Zhu, 1999 Simon, 1887
- O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1890 Wunderlich, 2011
- Miraraneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Enacrosoma
- Mirometa Mello-Leitão, 1932 Petrunkevitch, 1963
- Atea
- Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940
- Encyosaccus Nemoscolus
- Koch, 1837 Simon, 1895 Simon, 1895
- Nemosinga
- 吊叶蛛属 Allocyclosa
- Eoaraneus Nemospiza
- Wunderlich, 2004 Simon, 1903
- Augusta Neogea
- Levi, 1983 Eochorizopes 新园蛛属
- Neoscona Levi, 1999 O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1877
- Wunderlich, 2008 Simon, 1864
- Nephila Leach, 1815
- Eonephila
- Nephilengys Wunderlich, 2004 L.Koch, 1872
- Acusilas
- Austracantha Nephilingis
- Kuntner, 2013 Eozygiella
- Nicolepeira Dahl, 1914 Wunderlich, 2004
- Levi, 2001
- Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993 Alpaida
- Epeiroides
- Novaranea Keyserling, 1885 Court & Forster, 1988
- Backobourkia 轉刺蛛屬
- Nuctenea Simon, 1864 Eriophora
- Simon, 1895 O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010 Simon, 1864 Simon, 1879
- 毛圓蛛屬 Ocrepeira
- Marx, 1883 Eriovixia
- Ordgarius Archer, 1951
- Keyserling, 1886
- Bararaneus Palaeonephila
- Wunderlich, 2004 Eustacesia
- Palaeopachygnatha Wunderlich, 2004 Caporiacco, 1954
- Petrunkevitch, 1922
- Paralarinia Acrosomoides
- Amazonepeira
- Eustala Paraplectana
- Simon, 1895 Brito Capello, 1867
- Bertrana Paraplectanoides
- Keyserling, 1886 Eustaloides
- Pararaneus Levi, 1989 Keyserling, 1884
- Petrunkevitch, 1942 Caporiacco, 1940
- Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939
- Exechocentrus
- Parawixia Simon, 1889 F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Aethriscus Caerostris
- Parmatergus Emerit, 1994
- Faradja Pasilobus
- Thorell, 1868 Grasshoff, 1970 Simon, 1895
- Perilla
- Thorell, 1895 Anepeira
- Fossilaraneus Pherenice
- Wunderlich, 1988 Thorell, 1899
- Carepalxis Phonognatha
- Simon, 1894 Friula
- Simon, 1887 Pocock, 1902 Wunderlich, 2004
- L.Koch, 1872 O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 Simon, 1895
- 普园蛛属 Plebs
- Joseph & Framenau, 2012 Galaporella
- F.O.P.-Cambridge Poecilarcys
- Zilla Levi, 2009
- Simon, 1895 Simon, 1895
- Wixia 阿园蛛属
- Celaenia Poecilopachys
- F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 McCook, 1888
- Simon, 1895 Ursa
- Gasteracantha Dahl, 1914
- Togacantha Thorellina Poltys
- Thorell, 1868 Sundevall, 1833
- C.L.Koch, 1843 Dunlop & Jekel, 2008 Testudinaria
- Taczanowski, 1879
- Popperaneus
- Levi, 1995 Talthybia
- Anepsion
- Gastroxya 脊园蛛属 Simon, 1893
- Levi, 1995 Spilasma Porcataraneus
- C.L.Koch, 1836 Benoit, 1962
- Mi & Peng, 2011 Singa Sedasta
- Wunderlich, 1988
- Cercidia Pozonia
- Pycnacantha
- Schenkel, 1953 Strand, 1916 Pseudartonis
- Gea
- Schenkel, 1936 O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 Prasonica
- Strand, 1929 Thorell, 1869 C.L.Koch, 1843
- Simon, 1895 Caporiacco, 1947
- Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020
- Pitharatus Prasonicella
- Grasshoff, 1970 Oarces
- Grasshoff, 1971 Minutunguis 壮头蛛属
- Geratonephila Holmberg, 1876
- Macracantha Pronoides
- Hypsacantha Poinar, 2012
- Geratonephila burmanica Poinar, 2012[7]
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十字园蛛
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這科的蜘蛛種類非常多,大小不一,但都有八單眼
參考文獻[编辑]
- ^ Penney, D.; Ortuño, V. M. Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). Biology letters. 2006, 2 (3): 447–450. ISSN 1744-9561. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506.
- ^ Magalhaes, I. L. F.; Azevedo, G. H. F.; Michalik, P.; Ramírez, M. J. The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic. Biological Reviews. 2020, 95: 184–217 [2020-11-09]. ISSN 1464-7931. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09).
- ^ Araneidae 金蛛科 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網Taibi,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
- ^ Araneidae金蛛科 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),TaiBNET,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
- ^ R.C. Cheng & I.M. Tso. Signaling by decorating webs: luring prey or deterring predators?. Behavioral Ecology. 2007-09, 18: 1085–1091. (原始内容存档于2012-07-11).
- ^ Araneidae. GBIF. [2022-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-13).
- ^ George Poinar Jr. & Ron Buckley. 2012. Predatory behaviour of the social orb-weaver spider, Geratonephila burmanica n. gen., n. sp. (Araneae: Nephilidae) with its wasp prey, Cascoscelio incassus n. gen., n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, vol. 24, issue 5; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2011.640399
- ^ Juan Pablo Jordán, Mariela Domínguez-Trujillo and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia. 2021. Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Taczanowskia (Araneae: Araneidae) and Description of A New Species from Ecuador. Invertebrate Systematics. 35(7); 742-753. DOI: 10.1071/IS20084
- ^ David R. Díaz-Guevara, Mauricio Macías-Tulcán, William Galvis. 2024. Taczanowskia yasuni new species: A New enigmatic Species of Spider (Araneidae) from the Ecuadorian Amazon canopy. Zootaxa. 5397(2); 295-300. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.2.11
Module:Taxonbar第160行Lua错误:attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value)