imported>Zestbot：/* 使用情况 */ bot:替換lang-x模板為langx

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{{TARequired}}
{{NoteTA
|G1=IT
|G2=FL
|1=zh-cn:压缩级别;zh-tw:壓縮等級
|2=zh-cn:deb包;zh-tw:deb
|3=zh-cn:官方仓库;zh-tw:官方儲存庫
|4=zh-cn:实现;zh-tw:實作
|5=zh-cn:自适应;zh-tw:自動調整
|6=zh-cn:包;zh-tw:套件
|7=cn:包管理器;zh-tw:套件管理員
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Zstandard
| author = Yann Collet
| developer = Yann Collet、Przemysław Skibiński（[https://github.com/facebook/zstd/graphs/contributors inikep]）
| operating system = [[跨平台]]
| genre = [[数据压缩]]
| programming language = [[C语言|C]]、[[C++]]
| license = 雙授權：[[BSD许可证]], GPLv2
| title =
| logo = Zstandard logo.png
| logo_size = 110px
| released = {{Start date|2015|01|24}}
| discontinued =
| latest release version = 1.5.7
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2025|02|20|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/tag/v1.5.7|title=Zstandard v1.5.7|via=[[GitHub]]|archive-date=2024-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501102900/https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| latest preview version =
| platform = 可移植
| size =
| website = {{URL|//facebook.github.io/zstd/}}
}}
'''Zstandard'''（或'''Zstd'''）是由[[Facebook]]的{{le|Yann Collet}}开发的一个[[无损数据压缩]]算法。该名称也指其[[C语言|C语言]]的[[参考实现|-{zh-hans:参考实现;zh-hant:參考實作}-]]。第1版的实现于2016年8月31日发布为[[自由软件]]<ref>Sergio De Simone, [https://www.infoq.com/news/2016/09/facebook-zstandard-compression Facebook Open-Sources New Compression Algorithm Outperforming Zlib] {{Wayback|url=https://www.infoq.com/news/2016/09/facebook-zstandard-compression |date=20211007055903 }}{{en}} / InfoQ, Sep 02, 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook开源新的压缩算法，性能超zlib|url=http://www.infoq.com/cn/news/2016/09/facebook-zstandard-compression|website=InfoQ|accessdate=2017-06-11|language=zh-cn|date=2016-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102215456/http://www.infoq.com/cn/news/2016/09/facebook-zstandard-compression|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/08/31/facebook_open_source_database/|title=Life imitates satire: Facebook touts zlib killer just like Silicon Valley's Pied Piper|date=2016-08-31|publisher=The Register|accessdate=2016-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123165125/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/08/31/facebook_open_source_database/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== 特色 ==
设计Zstandard的目的是提供一个类似于[[DEFLATE]]算法的压缩比，但更快，特别是解压缩快的算法。它的压缩级别从负5级（最快）到22级（压缩速度最慢，但是压缩比最高）可以-{zh-cn:调节;zh-tw:調整}-。<ref>https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/tag/v1.3.4 {{Wayback|url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/tag/v1.3.4 |date=20210911024159 }} Faster compression levels</ref>

zstd套件里面有压缩和解压缩的并行（多线程）实现。从1.3.2版本(2017年10月)开始，zstd 有选择地-{zh-hans:实现;zh-hant:進行}-非常长的搜索和重复数据消除（{{code|--long}}，128MiB窗口），类似于rzip或lrzip。<ref>{{cite web |title=Command Line Interface for Zstandard library |url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/programs/README.md |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref>

压缩速度在最快和最慢级别之间可以相差20倍或更多，而解压缩速度统统很快，在最快和最慢级别之间相差不到20%。<ref name=openzfs>{{cite web
|url=http://www.open-zfs.org/w/images/b/b3/03-OpenZFS_2017_-_ZStandard_in_ZFS.pdf
|title=ZStandard in ZFS
|date=2017
|accessdate=2019-04-20
|website=open-zfs.org
|format=PDF
|archive-date=2019-12-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218102535/http://open-zfs.org/w/images/b/b3/03-OpenZFS_2017_-_ZStandard_in_ZFS.pdf
|dead-url=no
}}</ref> Zstandard命令行有一个“自适应”（{{code|--adapt}}）模式，根据I/O条件改变压缩级别，主要是写入输出的速度。

''Zstd''在其最大压缩级别下的压缩比接近[[LZMA|lzma]]、lzham和ppmx，并且比[[LHA_(檔案格式)|lza]]或[[bzip2]]性能更好。<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mattmahoney.net/dc/silesia.html
|title=Silesia Open Source Compression Benchmark
|author=Matt Mahoney
|accessdate=2019-05-10
|archive-date=2022-01-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121165038/http://mattmahoney.net/dc/silesia.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mattmahoney.net/dc/text.html
|title=Large Text Compression Benchmark, .2157 zstd
|author=Matt Mahoney
|date=2016-08-29
|accessdate=2016-09-01
|archive-date=2022-03-31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331031650/http://mattmahoney.net/dc/text.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref> Zstandard达到了-{zh-cn:当前;zh-tw:目前}-的[[帕累托最优|-{zh-cn:帕累托最优;zh-tw:帕雷托最適性}-]]，因为它解压缩的速度比任何其他-{zh-cn:当前;zh-tw:目前}-可用的算法都要快，并且有类似的或者更好的压缩比。<ref name="web-compression">{{citation
|title=TurboBench: Static/Dynamic web content compression benchmark
|url=https://sites.google.com/site/powturbo/home/web-compression
|publisher=PowTurbo
|accessdate=2020-06-13
|archive-date=2022-03-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317204149/https://sites.google.com/site/powturbo/home/web-compression
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref name="silesia-benchmark">{{citation
|author=Matt Mahoney
|title=Silesia Open Source Compression Benchmark
|url=http://mattmahoney.net/dc/silesia.html
|accessdate=2020-06-13
|archive-date=2022-01-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121165038/http://mattmahoney.net/dc/silesia.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

字典对小文件的压缩比有很大的影响，所以Zstandard可以使用用户提供的压缩字典。它还提供了一种训练模式，能够从一组样本生成一个字典。<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15154/contribution/5/material/slides/0.pdf
|title=Facebook developers report massive speedups and compression ratio improvements when using dictionaries
|access-date=2020-06-13
|archive-date=2018-01-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015337/https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15154/contribution/5/material/slides/0.pdf
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://code.facebook.com/posts/1658392934479273/smaller-and-faster-data-compression-with-zstandard/
|title=Smaller and faster data compression with Zstandard
|date=31 August 2016
|publisher=Facebook
|access-date=2017-06-11
|archive-date=2020-11-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105437/https://code.facebook.com/posts/1658392934479273/smaller-and-faster-data-compression-with-zstandard
|dead-url=no
}}</ref> 特别是，可以加载一个字典来处理文件之间具有冗余的大型文件集，但不一定在每个文件（例如[[日志文件]]）内。

==使用情况==
{{Infobox file format
| extension = .zst
| mime = application/zstd<ref>{{cite IETF|title=Zstandard Compression and the application/zstd Media Type|rfc=8478|publisher=Tools.ietf.org|accessdate=2019-06-13}}</ref>
| genre = [[数据压缩]]
}}
[[Linux内核]]自2017年11月以来就包含了Zstandard (4.14版本) ，作为[[btrfs]]和[[SquashFS]]文件系统的压缩方法。<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/733846/
|title=The rest of the 4.14 merge window [LWN.net]
|website=lwn.net
|access-date=2020-06-13
|archive-date=2021-11-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122141753/https://lwn.net/Articles/733846/
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.14
|title=Linux_4.14 - Linux Kernel Newbies
|publisher=Kernelnewbies.org
|date=
|accessdate=2018-08-16
|archive-date=2018-01-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110114105/https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.14
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.14-Zstd-Pull
|title=Zstd Compression For Btrfs & Squashfs Set For Linux 4.14, Already Used Within Facebook - Phoronix
|website=www.phoronix.com
|accessdate=2020-06-13
|archive-date=2019-07-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725122757/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.14-Zstd-Pull
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

2017年，Allan Jude将Zstandard集成到FreeBSD内核中，<ref>https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/commit/28ef16535cde21eeeaf75f6006b3a77952b3b51</ref> 用于概念验证[[OpenZFS]]压缩方法。<ref name=openzfs /> 随后，它受集成为-{zh-cn:核心转储;zh-tw:核心傾印}-（{{langx|en|Core dump}}）（用户程序和内核崩溃）的压缩器选项。

[[AWS Redshift]]和[[RocksDB]]数据库支持使用Zstandard进行字段压缩。<ref name=Redshift>{{cite web
|url=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/zstd-encoding.html
|title=Zstandard Encoding - Amazon Redshift
|date=20 April 2019
|access-date=2020-06-13
|archive-date=2021-08-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814225631/https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/zstd-encoding.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

2018年3月，[[Canonical]]在[[Ubuntu]] Linux发行版中测试了<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-Zstd-Deb-Packages |title=Canonical Working On Zstd-Compressed Debian Packages For Ubuntu |last=Larabel |first=Michael |date=12 March 2018 |website=phoronix.com |publisher=Phoronix Media |access-date=29 October 2019 |quote=The developers at Canonical are considering a feature freeze exception to get this newly-developed Zstd Apt/Dpkg support in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. In doing so, they mention they would be looking at enabling Zstd compression for packages by default in Ubuntu 18.10. |archive-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816101454/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-Zstd-Deb-Packages |dead-url=no }}</ref>默认使用zstd作为[[deb|deb包]]压缩方法。与deb包的[[xz]]压缩相比，-{zh-cn:级别;zh-tw:等級}-19的zstd解压缩速度要快得多，但代价是套件文件大小增加了6%。Debian开发者{{le|Ian Jackson}}希望再等几年再官方采用zstd来-{zh-cn:打包;zh-tw:封裝}-。<ref>{{cite web
|title=New Ubuntu Installs Could Be Speed Up by 10% with the Zstd Compression Algorithm
|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/new-ubuntu-installs-could-be-speed-up-by-10-with-the-zstd-compression-algorithm-520177.shtml
|website=Softpedia
|accessdate=13 August 2018
|date=Mar 12, 2018
|archive-date=2021-10-06
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006045638/https://news.softpedia.com/news/new-ubuntu-installs-could-be-speed-up-by-10-with-the-zstd-compression-algorithm-520177.shtml
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Canonical Working On Zstd-Compressed Debian Packages For Ubuntu
|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-Zstd-Deb-Packages
|website=phoronix
|accessdate=13 August 2018
|language=en
|date=12 March 2018
|archive-date=2021-08-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816101454/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-Zstd-Deb-Packages
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref>[https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2018/04/msg00680.html RFC: Support for zstd in .deb packages?] {{Wayback|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2018/04/msg00680.html|date=20210815002955}}, [[Ian Jackson]], 2018-04-27.</ref>

2018年，该算法发布为 RFC 8478，它还定义了相关的[[媒体类型]]“application/zstd”、[[文件扩展名]]“zst”和[[HTTP压缩|HTTP内容编码]]“zstd”。<ref name="RFC8478">
{{citation
|last=Collet
|first=Yann
|last2=Kucherawy
|first2=Murray
|title=RFC 8478: Zstandard Compression and the application/zstd Media Type
|series=Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments
|year=2018
|location=Menlo Park, CA|publisher=IETF Trust}}
</ref>

2019年10月，随着pacman 5.2包管理器的发布，[[Arch Linux]]增加了对zstd包压缩方法的支持，<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Arch-Linux-Pacman-Zstd-Near |title=存档副本 |access-date=2020-06-13 |archive-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318032712/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Arch-Linux-Pacman-Zstd-Near |dead-url=no }}</ref> 2020年1月，官方仓库中的包从xz转换为zstd。Arch采用<code>zstd -c -T0 --ultra -20 -</code>，与xz相比，所有压缩包的大小增加了0.8%，解压速度提高了1300%；当使用多个线程时，解压内存增加了50 MiB，压缩内存会增加，但会随着使用的线程数而扩展。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.archlinux.org/news/now-using-zstandard-instead-of-xz-for-package-compression/ |title=Now using Zstandard instead of xz for package compression |last=Broda |first=Robin |date=2020-01-04 |website=Arch Linux |access-date=2020-01-05 |archive-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318032814/https://archlinux.org/news/now-using-zstandard-instead-of-xz-for-package-compression/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>[https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-dev-public/2019-March/029542.html [arch-dev-public] RFC: (devtools) Changing default compression method to zstd] {{Wayback|url=https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-dev-public/2019-March/029542.html |date=20210817122817 }}, Robin Broda, 2019-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://github.com/facebook/zstd/issues/999 Clarify zstd compressor output compatibility guarantees across versions] {{Wayback|url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/issues/999 |date=20220320222342 }}, Yann Collet, assuring important for the same binary result is zstd version and compression level, 2019-03-18.</ref><ref>[https://git.archlinux.org/devtools.git/commit/?id=bcda211dd86b3bf54a9bc40d2e19f1aad4bbfbb8 makepkg.conf: change default compression method to zstd] {{Wayback|url=https://git.archlinux.org/devtools.git/commit/?id=bcda211dd86b3bf54a9bc40d2e19f1aad4bbfbb8 |date=20210531022118 }}, Robin Broda, Levente Polyak, default compression with zstd -c -T0 --ultra -20 -, 2019-12-27.</ref>
在.NSZ / .XCZ文件格式中完整实现了该算法以及多种压缩等级，<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gbatemp.net/threads/nszip-nsp-compressor-decompressor-to-reduce-storage.530313/ |title=RELEASE - nsZip - NSP compressor/decompressor to reduce storage |website=GBAtemp.net - The Independent Video Game Community |language=en-US |access-date=2019-11-03 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815051318/https://gbatemp.net/threads/nszip-nsp-compressor-decompressor-to-reduce-storage.530313/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> 由[[任天堂Switch]]混合游戏机的{{le|自制|homebrew (video games)}}社区开发。<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosshard |first=Nico |title=nsZip is a tool to compress/decompress Nintendo Switch games using the here specified NSZ file format: nicoboss/nsZip |date=2019-10-31 |url=https://github.com/nicoboss/nsZip |access-date=2019-11-03 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327151207/https://github.com/nicoboss/nsZip |dead-url=no }}</ref>

== 许可协议 ==
参考实现以[[BSD许可证]]授权，发布在[[GitHub]]上。自1.0版本以来，它有额外的专利权许可。<ref>[https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/v1.3.0/PATENTS zstd/PATENTS "Additional Grant of Patent Rights Version 2"] {{Wayback|url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/v1.3.0/PATENTS |date=20210515045048 }}, Facebook</ref>

自1.3.1版，<ref>[https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/tag/v1.3.1 "Zstd v1.3.1 release"] {{Wayback|url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/tag/v1.3.1 |date=20200912235153 }}, GitHub "facebook/zstd"</ref>拿掉此专利权许可，授权改成BSD + GPLv2双授权。<ref>[https://github.com/facebook/zstd/pull/801 "New license"] {{Wayback|url=https://github.com/facebook/zstd/pull/801 |date=20200912201251 }}, GitHub "facebook/zstd"</ref>

== 参见 ==
* [[Brotli]]
* [[LZFSE]] - [[蘋果公司]]自[[iOS 9]]和[[OS X]] 10.11开始使用类似的算法，并也于2016年6月开源。
* [[LZ4]]
* [[zlib]]

== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist}}

== 外部链接 ==
* {{Official website|//facebook.github.io/zstd/}}
* {{GitHub|facebook/zstd}}
* "[https://code.facebook.com/posts/1658392934479273/smaller-and-faster-data-compression-with-zstandard/ Smaller and faster data compression with Zstandard] {{Wayback|url=https://code.facebook.com/posts/1658392934479273/smaller-and-faster-data-compression-with-zstandard/ |date=20201108105437 }}"，Yann Collet和Chip Turner，2016年8月31日，Facebook公告
* [https://www.theguardian.com/info/developer-blog/2016/dec/01/discover-new-compression-iinovations-brotli-and-zstandard The Guardian is using ZStandard instead of zlib] {{Wayback|url=https://www.theguardian.com/info/developer-blog/2016/dec/01/discover-new-compression-iinovations-brotli-and-zstandard |date=20220222082035 }}

{{压缩方法}}
[[Category:2016年软件]]
[[Category:C函式庫]]
[[Category:数据压缩自由软件]]
[[Category:无损压缩算法]]
[[Category:使用BSD许可证的软件]]

Zstandard - 版本历史

imported>Zestbot：​/* 使用情况 */ bot:替換lang-x模板為langx

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