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Add 1 book for verifiability (20251017sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot

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{{Planetbox begin
| name = WASP-12b
}}
{{Planetbox image
| image = Exoplanet Comparison WASP-12 b.png
| caption = WASP-12b (右邊)與木星的大小比較。
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[WASP-12]]
| constell = [[御夫座]]
| ra = {{RA|06|30|32.7943}}<ref name="Gaia2016"/>
| dec = {{DEC|+29|40|20.287}}<ref name="Gaia2016"/>
| app_mag = 11.69
| dist_ly = {{val|1300|p=approx. }}<ref name="Gaia2016"/>
| dist_pc = {{val|390|p=approx. }}<ref name="Gaia2016"/>
| class = G0
| mass = 1.35 ± 0.14
| radius = 1.57 ± 0.07
| temperature = 6300{{±|200|100}}
| metallicity = 0.30{{±|0.05|0.15}}
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| semimajor = 0.0229 ± 0.0008
| period = 1.091423 ± 3e-6
| eccentricity = 0.049 ± 0.015
| inclination = 83.1{{±|1.4|1.1}}
| arg_peri = -74{{±|13|10}}
| t_transit = 2454508.9761 ± 0.0002
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass = 1.39 ± 0.04<ref name=wasp>{{cite web|url=http://wasp-planets.net/wasp-planets/|title=WASP Planets|work=SuperWASP|accessdate=2016-01-26|archive-date=2016-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205102307/http://wasp-planets.net/wasp-planets/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| radius = 1.900{{±|0.057|0.055}}<ref name=collins>{{Cite journal|bibcode=2015arXiv151200464C|title=Transit Timing Variation Measurements of WASP-12b and Qatar-1b: No Evidence for Additional Planets|volume=1512|pages=arXiv:1512.00464|author1=Collins|first1=Karen A|last2=Kielkopf|first2=John F|last3=Stassun|first3=Keivan G|year=2015|arxiv=1512.00464|class=astro-ph.EP}}</ref>, {{nowrap|1.736{{±|0.056}}<ref name="tuckerchan">{{Cite journal|arxiv=1103.3078|last1=Chan|first1=Tucker|title=The Transit Light Curve project. XIV. Confirmation of Anomalous Radii for the Exoplanets TrES-4b, HAT-P-3b, and WASP-12b|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=141|issue=6|pages=179|last2=Ingemyr|first2=Mikael|last3=Winn|first3=Joshua N|last4=Holman|first4=Matthew J|last5=Sanchis-Ojeda|first5=Roberto|last6=Esquerdo|first6=Gil|last7=Everett|first7=Mark|year=2011|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/141/6/179|bibcode=2011AJ....141..179C}}</ref>}}
| density = 326
| gravity_earth = 1.16
| temperature = 2525<ref name="oasis">{{cite journal
| url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0004-637X/693/2/1920
| title=WASP-12b: THE HOTTEST TRANSITING EXTRASOLAR PLANET YET DISCOVERED
| journal=The [[天文物理期刊|Astrophysical Journal]]
| author=Hebb
| volume=693
| pages=1920–1928
| date=2009
| doi=10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1920
| last2=Collier-Cameron
| first2=A.
| last3=Loeillet
| first3=B.
| last4=Pollacco
| first4=D.
| last5=Hébrard
| first5=G.
| last6=Street
| first6=R. A.
| last7=Bouchy
| first7=F.
| last8=Stempels
| first8=H. C.
| last9=Moutou
| first9=C.
| last10=Simpson
| first10=E.
| last11=Udry
| first11=S.
| last12=Joshi
| first12=Y. C.
| last13=West
| first13=R. G.
| last14=Skillen
| first14=I.
| last15=Wilson
| first15=D. M.
| last16=McDonald
| first16=I.
| last17=Gibson
| first17=N. P.
| last18=Aigrain
| first18=S.
| last19=Anderson
| first19=D. R.
| last20=Benn
| first20=C. R.
| last21=Christian
| first21=D. J.
| last22=Enoch
| first22=B.
| last23=Haswell
| first23=C. A.
| last24=Hellier
| first24=C.
| last25=Horne
| first25=K.
| last26=Irwin
| first26=J.
| last27=Lister
| first27=T. A.
| last28=Maxted
| first28=P.
| last29=Mayor
| first29=M.
| last30=Norton
| first30=A. J.
| bibcode=2009ApJ...693.1920H
| issue=2
| arxiv=0812.3240
| display-authors=8
| access-date=2010-07-08
| archive-date=2020-06-12
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612032544/https://iopscience.iop.org/abstract/0004-637X/693/2/1920
| dead-url=no
}}</ref>
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = 2008年4月1日<ref name=wasp />
| discoverers = Cameron et al. ([[超廣角尋找行星|SuperWASP]])
| discovery_site = [[南非天文台|SAAO]]
| discovery_method = [[系外行星偵測法#凌日法|凌日法]]
| detection_methods = 徑向速度 軌道光變曲線
| discovery_status=已發表論文<ref name="oasis" />
}}
{{Planetbox reference
| star = WASP-12
| planet = b
}}
{{Planetbox end}}

'''WASP-12b'''是由[[超廣角尋找行星|SuperWASP]]使用[[凌 (天體)|凌日法]]於2008年4月1日發現環繞著[[WASP-12]]的一顆[[系外行星]]<ref name=wasp />。由於WASP-12b環繞的軌道非常靠近母恆星，它是已知系外行星中密度最低者之一（因為接受母恆星的輻射能而膨脹）。該恆星的軌道周期只比一天略長一點，而地球環繞[[太陽]]一周要365天。它與母恆星的距離只有[[地球]]與[[太陽]]距離的1/44，[[軌道離心率]]則與木星相同。2013年12月3日，天文學家報告以[[哈伯太空望遠鏡]]觀測WASP-12b的大氣層時發現了水的存在<ref name="NASA-20131203">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=3 December 2013 |accessdate=4 December 2013 |archive-date=2019-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830203146/https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="ApJ-20131203">{{cite journal |last1=Mandell |first1=Avi M. |last2=Haynes |first2=Korey |last3=Sinukoff |first3=Evan |last4=Madhusudhan |first4=Nikku |last5=Burrows |first5=Adam |last6=Deming |first6=Drake |title=Exoplanet Transit Spectroscopy Using WFC3: WASP-12 b, WASP-17 b, and WASP-19 b |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/779/2/128/article |date=3 December 2013 |journal=[[天文物理期刊|Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=779 |issue=2 |page=128 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/128 |accessdate=4 December 2013 |arxiv = 1310.2949 |bibcode = 2013ApJ...779..128M }}</ref>。2014年7月，NASA宣布在包含WASP-12b的3顆系外行星上偵測到極乾燥大氣層（另外兩顆為[[HD 189733 b]]和[[HD 209458 b]]）<ref name="NASA-20140724">{{cite web |last=Harrington |first=J.D. |last2=Villard |first2=Ray |title=RELEASE 14-197 - Hubble Finds Three Surprisingly Dry Exoplanets |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/july/hubble-finds-three-surprisingly-dry-exoplanets/ |date=July 24, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=July 25, 2014 |archive-date=2017-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610055419/https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/july/hubble-finds-three-surprisingly-dry-exoplanets/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

2017年9月，天文學家宣布以哈伯太空望遠鏡觀測結果顯示，WASP-12b表面可吸收94%的入射光輻射。因此WASP-12b被形容其外觀有如[[瀝青]]一般黑暗，是被稱為「黑色瀝青」的[[熱木星]]<ref name="DM-20170914">{{cite news |last=Lazzaro |first=Sage |title=Hubble spots a 'pitch black' hot Jupiter planet that Eats light instead of reflecting it |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4885982/Hubble-spots-pitch-black-planet-hot-eats-light.html |date=14 September 2017 |work=[[每日郵報|Daily Mail]] |accessdate=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024244/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4885982/Hubble-spots-pitch-black-planet-hot-eats-light.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=18 September 2017 |title=The hellish world WASP-12b is darker than fresh asphalt in visible light, but glows red-hot in infrared |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-discover-pitch-black-exoplanet/ |work=[[科学美国人|Scientific American]] |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228041507/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-discover-pitch-black-exoplanet/ }}</ref>。

== 特性==
[[File:The Pitch-Black Exoplanet WASP-12b.jpg|thumb|left|200px|
WASP-12b表面吸收94％的照射在其上的光輻射能，導致該行星的[[反照率]]，即反射光強度與入射光強度比值非常低<ref>{{cite web|title=Hubble observes pitch black planet|url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1714/|website=www.spacetelescope.org|accessdate=15 September 2017|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203041526/https://spacetelescope.org/news/heic1714/}}</ref>。]]
這顆行星因為極為靠近WASP-12，所以受到潮汐力的扭曲成為卵形，並且以每年大約10−7 [[木星質量|MJ]]的速率將大氣層的氣體剝離<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Shu-lin |last=Li |first2=N. |last2=Miller |first3=Douglas N. C. |last3=Lin |lastauthoramp=yes |first4=Jonathan J. |last4=Fortney |date=2010 |title=WASP-12b as a prolate, inflated and disrupting planet from tidal dissipation |journal=[[自然 (期刊)|Nature]] |volume=463 |issue=7284 |pages=1054–1056 |doi=10.1038/nature08715 |pmid=20182506 |postscript= |bibcode = 2010Natur.463.1054L |arxiv = 1002.4608 }}</ref>。前述就是所謂的「潮汐加熱」，以及WASP-12b與其母恆星極為接近，兩項條件結合起來使WASP-12b表面溫度超過{{convert|2500|K|°C|-2}}。

在2010年5月20日，天文學家以[[哈伯太空望遠鏡]]觀測結果指出WASP-12b正在被母恆星吞噬。儘管之前科學家已經意識到行星可能被母恆星吞噬，這還是第一次如此明確觀測到這樣的事實。NASA的天文學家預測WASP-12b的壽命剩下約1000萬年<ref name="Hubble observation">[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/planet-eater.html Hubble Finds a Star Eating a Planet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/planet-eater.html |date=20211111124425 }} nasa.gov. 2010-05-20. Retrieved on 2010-12-10.</ref>。

另外，[[北京大學]]李抒璘（Shu-lin Li）等人對WASP-12b的使用哈伯太空望遠鏡的[[宇宙起源頻譜儀]]進行觀測。該次觀測最終確認成果於2009年2月的《[[自然 (期刊)|自然]]》期刊。WASP-12b的大氣層大幅膨脹至半徑約為木星的3倍，而它的質量只比木星高40%。

=== 碳含量 ===
最近的觀測證據顯示，WASP-12b具有相當高的[[碳]]/[[氧]]含量比，而且明顯高於[[太陽]]，這顯示它是富含碳的[[氣態巨行星]]。與觀測值相符合的碳/氧含量比大約為1，而太陽為0.54。碳/氧含量比的研究認為富含碳的行星可能在恆星系統內形成<ref name="C-O-ratio">{{Cite journal | last1 = Madhusudhan | first1 = N. | last2 = Harrington | first2 = J. | last3 = Stevenson | first3 = K. B. | last4 = Nymeyer | first4 = S. | last5 = Campo | first5 = C. J. | last6 = Wheatley | first6 = P. J. | last7 = Deming | first7 = D. | last8 = Blecic | first8 = J. | last9 = Hardy | first9 = R. A. | doi = 10.1038/nature09602 | last10 = Lust | first10 = N. B. | last11 = Anderson | first11 = D. R. | last12 = Collier-Cameron | first12 = A. | last13 = Britt | first13 = C. B. T. | last14 = Bowman | first14 = W. C. | last15 = Hebb | first15 = L. | last16 = Hellier | first16 = C. | last17 = Maxted | first17 = P. F. L. | last18 = Pollacco | first18 = D. | last19 = West | first19 = R. G. | title = A high C/O ratio and weak thermal inversion in the atmosphere of exoplanet WASP-12b | journal = Nature | volume = 469 | issue = 7328 | pages = 64–67 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21150901| pmc = |bibcode = 2011Natur.469...64M |arxiv = 1012.1603 }}</ref>。該研究團隊的其中一位研究人員評論：「當碳含量多於氧時，你將會碰到純碳組成的岩石，如[[鑽石]]或[[石墨]]。」<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/12/10/carbon-rich-planet-a-girls-best-friend.html | title = Carbon-Rich Planet: A Girl's Best Friend? | date = 10 December 2010 | publisher = [[美国新闻与世界报道|U.S. News & World Report]] | access-date = 2018-02-22 | archive-date = 2010-12-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101215182604/http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/12/10/carbon-rich-planet-a-girls-best-friend.html }}</ref>

一篇已發表的研究論文指出：「即使沒有觀測到像WASP-12b這樣富含碳的巨大行星，理論模型仍預測有許多主要由碳組成的固體行星存在。例如可能會有內部成分由石墨或鑽石為主導的行星存在，而地球的岩石主要成分為[[矽酸鹽]]。」<ref name="C-O-ratio"/>這些主張引起媒體關注<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thestar.com/article/905303--carbon-rich-planet-could-house-diamonds | title = Carbon-rich planet could house diamonds | author = Lorianna De Giorgio | date = 10 December 2010 | publisher = [[多倫多星報|Toronto Star]] | access-date = 2018-02-22 | archive-date = 2012-10-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023020822/http://www.thestar.com/article/905303--carbon-rich-planet-could-house-diamonds }}</ref>，部分人士甚至稱WASP-12b為「[[碳行星|鑽石行星]]」<ref>{{cite news | title = Diamond planet found by Keele University astronomers | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/stoke/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9272000/9272801.stm | date = 9 December 2010 | publisher = [[英國廣播公司新聞網|BBC News Online]] | accessdate = 2018-02-22 | archive-date = 2017-08-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170805104459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/stoke/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9272000/9272801.stm | dead-url = no }}</ref>。

WASP-12b在大氣層中的碳則以[[一氧化碳]]和[[甲烷]]的形式存在。這項研究發表在《[[自然 (期刊)|自然]]》期刊上<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exoplanet Strikes Carbon Pay Dirt|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=exoplanet-strikes-carbon-paydirt-10-12-09|newspaper=[[科学美国人|Scientific American]]|date=December 9, 2010|first=Christopher|last=Intagliata|accessdate=2018-02-22|archive-date=2013-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508020705/http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=exoplanet-strikes-carbon-paydirt-10-12-09}}</ref>。
<gallery>
File:WASP-12b (NASA).jpg|藝術家想像WASP-12b被WASP-12吞噬的景象。
File:WASP-12b a Hot, Carbon-Rich Planet.jpg|富含碳的高溫系外行星WASP-12b及其母恆星（該圖繪製時，WASP-12b的反照率等表面狀況不明）。
File:WASP-12b.jpg|WASP-12b和其母恆星WASP-12，背景為[[红外光谱学|紅外線光譜]]觀測結果，可從觀測結果指出各種不同種類的化學分子。
</gallery>

== 潛在的系外衛星候選天體 ==
俄羅斯天文學家正在研究這顆行星變化的曲線，並從觀測資料發現有規律的光斑存在，這暗示在WASP-12b周圍至少實質存在一顆[[系外衛星|衛星]]<ref>[http://www.ria.ru/science/20120206/558647431.html Российские астрономы впервые открыли луну возле экзопланеты] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ria.ru/science/20120206/558647431.html |date=20120310222322 }} (in Russian) - "Studying of a curve of change of shine of WASP-12b has brought to the Russian astronomers unusual result: regular splashes were found out.<...> Though stains on a star surface also can cause similar changes of shine, observable splashes are very similar on duration, a profile and amplitude that testifies for benefit of exomoon existence."</ref>。這是不可預料的，因為熱木星型行星預期會在其短時間的地質時間尺度內大量損失衛星<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2002ApJ...575.1087B | title=Stability of Satellites around Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2002-08-20_575_2/page/1086 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=575 | page=1087 | year=2002 | authors=Barnes, Jason W.; O'Brien, D. P. | doi=10.1086/341477|arxiv = astro-ph/0205035 }}</ref>。

== 相關條目 ==
* [[TrES-2b]]，另一顆表面將90%以上入射光輻射能吸收的系外行星。
* [[BPM 37093]]，一顆富含碳的恆星。
* [[超廣角尋找行星|SuperWASP]]

== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Gaia2016">{{cite journal | title=Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties | url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/11/aa29512-16/aa29512-16.html | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=595 | at=A2 | year=2016 | last1=Brown | first1=A. G. A | last2=Vallenari | first2=A | last3=Prusti | first3=T | last4=De Bruijne | first4=J. H.J | last5=Mignard | first5=F | last6=Drimmel | first6=R | last7=Babusiaux | first7=C | last8=Bailer-Jones | first8=C. A.L | last9=Bastian | first9=U | last10=Biermann | first10=M | last11=Evans | first11=D. W | last12=Eyer | first12=L | last13=Jansen | first13=F | last14=Jordi | first14=C | last15=Katz | first15=D | last16=Klioner | first16=S. A | last17=Lammers | first17=U | last18=Lindegren | first18=L | last19=Luri | first19=X | last20=o'Mullane | first20=W | last21=Panem | first21=C | last22=Pourbaix | first22=D | last23=Randich | first23=S | last24=Sartoretti | first24=P | last25=Siddiqui | first25=H. I | last26=Soubiran | first26=C | last27=Valette | first27=V | last28=Van Leeuwen | first28=F | last29=Walton | first29=N. A | last30=Aerts | first30=C | display-authors=1 | arxiv=1609.04172 | bibcode=2016A&A...595A...2G | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629512 | access-date=2018-02-22 | archive-date=2018-01-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128124757/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/11/aa29512-16/aa29512-16.html | dead-url=no }}[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/337/tgas&recno=986689 Gaia Data Release 1 catalog entry] {{Wayback|url=http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I%2F337%2Ftgas&recno=986689 |date=20200625151844 }}</ref>

}}

== 外部連結 ==
{{commonscat-inline|WASP-12 b|WASP-12b}}
* [http://wasp-planets.net/wasp-planets/ SuperWASP Wide Angle Search for Planets: The Planets]{{Wayback|url=http://wasp-planets.net/wasp-planets/ |date=20160205102307 }}, [[超廣角尋找行星|SuperWASP]].
* [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14943-starhugging-planet-is-hottest-and-fastest-found.html?DCMP=ILC-hmts&nsref=news2_head_dn14943 Star-hugging planet is hottest and fastest found], New Scientist.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/science_and_environment/10136415.stm BBC News - Hubble spots a planet-eating star]
* [http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Photometry-WASP-12-20110114.htm WASP-12b in transit (lightcurve)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Photometry-WASP-12-20110114.htm |date=20210227084152 }}
{{Sky|06|30|33|+|29|40|20|871}}

[[Category:2008年發現的系外行星]]
[[Category:熱木星]]
[[Category:凌星現象]]
[[Category:御夫座]]

WASP-12b - 版本历史

imported>InternetArchiveBot：​Add 1 book for verifiability (20251017sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot

imported>InternetArchiveBot：Add 1 book for verifiability (20251017sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot