imported>Nucleus hydro elemon：/* top */

2026-05-13T17:20:28Z

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{{Not|Ust}}
{{noteTA
| 1 = zh-hans:轨道; zh-hant:軌域;
| 2 = zh-hans:杂化; zh-hant:混成;
| 3 = zh-hans:能级; zh-hant:能階;
| 4 = zh-hans:𬭊; zh-hk:𨧀; zh-tw:𨧀;
| G1 = Chemistry
| G2 = Physics
|G3=核能
}}
{{Other uses}}
{{CJK-New-Char|289C0|2CB4A}}
{{Infobox element
|name=Uts
|enname=Untriseptium
|symbol=Uts
|number=137
|pagecolor=ffc0c0
|left=(Uth)
|right=(Uto)
|above=-
|below=-{{#tag:ref|[[原子序]]超出現有理論可能的上限：''Z'' = 155<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4/page/588 588]}}</ref> (Albert Khazan)、''Z'' = 173<ref name="rsc"/>|group="註"|name="max_z"}}
|series=未知
|predicted series=超錒系元素
|series comment=可能為[[超錒系元素]]
|group=不適用
|period=8
|atomic mass=未知
|block=g
|electron configuration= [[[Og]]] 5g11 6f4 8s2 8p{{su|p=2|b=1/2}}（推測）<ref name="PT172">{{Cite journal|title=A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C0CP01575J|last=Pyykkö|first=Pekka|date=2011|journal=Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.|issue=1|doi=10.1039/C0CP01575J|volume=13|pages=161–168|language=en|issn=1463-9076|bibcode=2011PCCP...13..161P}}</ref><ref name="Uts predict">{{Cite journal|title=On the electronic structure of 5g1 complexes of element 125 : a quasi-relativistic MS-Χα Study|url=https://jcp.edpsciences.org/articles/jcp/abs/1988/01/jcp198885p917/jcp198885p917.html|last=Makhyoun|first=M. A.|date=1988|journal=Journal de Chimie Physique|doi=10.1051/jcp/1988850917|volume=85|pages=917–924|language=en|issn=0021-7689|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2018-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603135633/https://jcp.edpsciences.org/articles/jcp/abs/1988/01/jcp198885p917/jcp198885p917.html}}</ref>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 43, 22, 8, 4（推測）
|oxidation states=根據5g元素預測 可能具有+6氧化態<ref name="Fricke">{{Cite journal|title=The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01172015|last=Fricke|first=B.|last2=Greiner|first2=W.|date=1971-09|journal=Theoretica Chimica Acta|issue=3|doi=10.1007/BF01172015|volume=21|pages=235–260|language=en|issn=0040-5744|last3=Waber|first3=J. T.}}</ref>
|state=
|CAS number=55127-57-6
|CAS number ref =<ref>{{Cite web|title=Untriseptium|url=http://charchem.org/en/subst-ref/?id=1137&langs=*|accessdate=2021-04-25|work=CharChem|archive-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515081133/http://charchem.org/en/subst-ref/?id=1137&langs=*}}</ref>
|Not-found=1
|number of ionization energies=0
}}
{{Unsolved|化學|元素的[[原子序数]]大于137的化学结果是什么？根据[[狭义相对论]]和[[玻尔模型]]，此时1s电子的速度将会超过光速。'''Uts'''将会成为最后一种化学元素吗？}}
[[File:Electron_shell_137_Untriseptium_-_no_label.svg|thumb|Uts預測的電子排佈為[[[Og]]] 5g11 6f4 8s2 8p{{su|p=2|b=1/2}}）<ref name="PT172"/>，對應的殼層為：2, 8, 18, 32, 43, 22, 8, 4。]]
'''Untriseptium'''（[[化學符號]]為'''Uts'''）是一種尚未被發現的[[化學元素]]，[[原子序數]]是137。直到这个元素被发现、确认并确定了永久名称之前，''Untriseptium''和''Uts''分别为这个元素的暫定[[IUPAC元素系统命名法|系统命名和化学符号]]。根據{{link-en|佩卡·皮寇|Pekka Pyykkö|皮寇}}模型<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1. ed|title=[Abteilungsexemplar] Relativistic electronic structure theory: : (dedicated to Pekka Pyykkö on the occation of his 60th birthday)|series=Theoretical and computational chemistry|url=http://repository.gsi.de/record/67703|publisher=Elsevier|date=2002|location=Amsterdam [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-444-51249-9|language=en|first=Peter|last=Schwerdtfeger|first2=Pekka|last2=Pyykkö|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426233237/http://repository.gsi.de/record/67703}}</ref>，其在[[扩展元素周期表]]中排列在[[第8周期元素|第8週期]]，预测是屬於[[g區元素|g區]]的[[超锕系元素]]。

有關Uts的研究多半是在討論[[元素周期表|週期表]]可能的終點<ref name="rsc">{{cite web|title=Would element 137 really spell the end of the periodic table? Philip Ball examines the evidence|url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2010/November/ColumnThecrucible.asp|accessdate=2012-09-30|author=Philip Ball|date=2010-11|work={{link-en|化學世界 (雜誌)|Chemistry World|Chemistry World}}|publisher=[[英国皇家化学学会|Royal Society of Chemistry]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021020542/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2010/November/ColumnThecrucible.asp|archivedate=2012-10-21|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ultimate stable element Z = 137|url=https://indjst.org/articles/ultimate-stable-element-z-137|last=Goswami|first=M.|date=2009-03-20|journal=Indian Journal of Science and Technology|issue=3|doi=10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i3.10|volume=2|pages=1–4|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428054451/https://indjst.org/articles/ultimate-stable-element-z-137}}</ref>，1948年時，[[理查德·費曼]]指出了現有理論在137號元素之後可能出現的悖論<ref name="Elert">{{Cite web|title=Atomic Models|url=https://physics.info/atomic-models/|accessdate=2021-04-25|last=Elert|first=Glenn|work=The Physics Hypertextbook|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228202511/https://physics.info/atomic-models/}}</ref>，也因此在部分非正式場合中會以費曼的名字稱這個元素為「Feynmanium」<ref name="The Mysterious 137">{{Cite web|title=The Mysterious 137|url=http://www.fotuva.org/online/frameload.htm?/online/137.htm|accessdate=2017-07-17|author=J. Eric Slone|work=fotuva.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724234034/http://www.fotuva.org/online/frameload.htm?%2Fonline%2F137.htm|archivedate=2017-07-24|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

目前尚未有人成功合成Uts，也無法確定其[[原子核]]是否能夠存在，因為[[原子核滴线]]的不穩定性可能意味著周期表將在[[穩定島]]後不遠之處結束<ref name="EB">{{Cite web|title=transuranium element|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/transuranium-element|accessdate=2021-04-25|work=[[大英百科全书|Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609154522/https://www.britannica.com/science/transuranium-element}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature03336|last=Ćwiok|first=S.|last2=Heenen|first2=P.-H.|date=2005-02|journal=Nature|issue=7027|doi=10.1038/nature03336|volume=433|pages=705–709|language=en|bibcode=2005Natur.433..705C|issn=0028-0836|pmid=15716943|last3=Nazarewicz|first3=W.|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415054842/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03336}}</ref>。根據現有理論，僅能確定其不會存在任何[[穩定同位素|穩定]]的[[同位素]]<ref name="pa.uky.edu">{{Cite web|title=Untriseptium|url=https://www.pa.uky.edu/~peter/newpage/content/elm137.html|accessdate=2021-04-25|work=[[肯塔基大学|University of Kentucky]]|archive-date=2021-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425075458/https://www.pa.uky.edu/~peter/newpage/content/elm137.html}}</ref>。

== 命名 ==
Untriseptium一詞來自於1979年[[國際純化學和應用化學聯合會|IUPAC]]發表了對元素新命名的建議<ref name="iupac">{{Cite journal|title=Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac197951020381/html|date=1979-01-01|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|issue=2|doi=10.1351/pac197951020381|volume=51|pages=381–384|issn=1365-3075|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426102022/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac197951020381/html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Untriseptium|url=http://www.apsidium.com/elements/137.htm|accessdate=2017-07-18|date=2002-09-19|work=apsidium.com|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20020923052002/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/137.htm|archivedate=2002-09-23|deadurl=yes}}</ref>，該建議將元素以原子序數在[[十進位制]]的數字以拉丁文組合做為命名<ref>{{cite journal|title=Symbols of the Elements (part III)|last=Meija|first=Juris|date=2014|journal=Chemistry International|publisher=DeGruyter|issue=4|doi=10.1515/ci.2014.36.4.25|volume=36|pages=25–26}}</ref>，其中字首「Un-」代表1，表示原子序的百位數、字根「tri-」代表3，表示原子序的十位數、字根「septi-」代表7，表示原子序的個位數<ref>{{Cite Web|title=137 the Cosmic Code written by the ‘hand of God’|url=https://at37.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/137-69-draft/|accessdate=2017-07-18|work=wordpress.com|archive-date=2022-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327073038/https://at37.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/137-69-draft/}}</ref>、字尾「-ium」表示金屬元素<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How to Name New Chemical Elements|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ci-2016-0124/html|date=2016-01-01|journal=Chemistry International|issue=1|doi=10.1515/ci-2016-0124|volume=38|issn=1365-2192|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428065938/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ci-2016-0124/html}}</ref>。而費曼指出了原子序大於137的元素會出現的悖論，並認為137號元素可能是最後一個存在的元素，也因此在非正式場合中，該元素也被稱為「Feynmanium」<ref name="Elert" />，名稱來自於費曼的名字<ref name="The Mysterious 137"/>。

由於[[扩展元素周期表]]的排列方式並無統一，因此在{{link-en|佩卡·皮寇|Pekka_Pyykkö|皮寇}}模型提出以及軌域模型普及之前，週期表無考慮到軌域能階問題時，是直接照著排列下去的，而其中一種排法Uts正好是在[[𨧀|-{zh-hans:{{僻字|𬭊|钅杜}}; zh-hant:{{僻字|𨧀|釒杜}};}-]]的下方，也因此有些網站會將「eka-dubnium」也記載為Uts的別名，意為[[𨧀|-{zh-hans:{{僻字|𬭊|钅杜}}; zh-hant:{{僻字|𨧀|釒杜}};}-]]的下方的元素<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Untriseptium – Eka-dubnium/Element 137|url=http://www.elixirofknowledge.com/2015/07/untriseptium.html|accessdate=2017-07-18|date=2015-07-15|work=elixirofknowledge.com|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415120203/https://www.elixirofknowledge.com/2015/07/untriseptium.html}}</ref>，而根據{{link-en|佩卡·皮寇|Pekka Pyykkö|皮寇}}模型，-{zh-hans:{{僻字|𬭊|钅杜}}; zh-hant:{{僻字|𨧀|釒杜}};}-下方應為159號元素（Unpentennium，Upe）<ref name="rsc.org">{{Cite web|title=Extended elements: new periodic table|url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2010/11/Extended_elements.asp|accessdate=2017-07-17|year=2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060013/http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2010/11/Extended_elements.asp|archivedate=2016-03-04|dead-url=no}}</ref>。然而根據該模型預測Uts的電子排佈方式<ref name="BFricke">{{Cite book|chapter=Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties|title=Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BFb0116498|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|date=1975|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-540-07109-9|pages=89–144|volume=21|doi=10.1007/bfb0116498|language=en|first=Burkhard|last=Fricke}}</ref>，其應屬於g區元素，而g區元素從[[第8周期元素|第8周期]]開始，因此Uts在週期表中位置的上方是沒有元素的。

== 特徵 ==
由於許多原子核理論的模型在原子序到137之後都會出現問題、矛盾或存在悖論，因此理論上，Uts可能為最後一個存在的元素。這些現象最早由理查德·費曼於1948年指出<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=The Halogen Elements|title=The Geochemistry of Stable Chlorine and Bromine Isotopes|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-28506-6_1|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|date=2014|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-28505-9|pages=3–13|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28506-6_1|language=en|first=Hans|last=Eggenkamp}}</ref>。

=== 玻爾模型 ===
理查德·費曼指出，根據[[玻爾模型]]，原子序大於137的元素，其內層軌域可能電子無法穩定存在<ref>{{Cite web|title=how many more chemical elements are there for us to find?|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160115-how-many-more-chemical-elements-are-there-for-us-to-find|accessdate=2017-07-18|author=Philip Ball|date=2016-01-15|work=[[英国广播公司|BBC]]|archive-date=2021-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816211214/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160115-how-many-more-chemical-elements-are-there-for-us-to-find}}</ref>，因爲在[[s軌域|1s原子軌域]]中的電子的速度''v''計算如下：

:<math>v = Z \alpha c \approx \frac{Z c}{137.036}</math>

當中''Z''是[[原子序]]，''α''是描述[[電磁力]]強度的[[精細結構常數]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles|url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3069243|last=Eisberg|first=R.|last2=Resnick|first2=R.|date=1975-12|journal=Physics Today|issue=12|doi=10.1063/1.3069243|volume=28|pages=51–52|language=en|issn=0031-9228|last3=Sullivan|first3=Jeremiah D.|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2017-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221160609/http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3069243}}</ref>在這個計算中，任何原子序高於137的元素的1s軌域電子速度計算結果會比[[光速]]''c''還大<ref>{{cite web|title=When Will We Reach the End of the Periodic Table?|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-will-we-reach-end-periodic-table-180957851/|accessdate=2017-07-18|work=smithsonian|archive-date=2022-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324013638/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-will-we-reach-end-periodic-table-180957851/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ununseptium ugly name beautiful element|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/ununseptium_ugly_name_beautiful_element.html|accessdate=2017-07-18|author=Sam Kean|date=2010-08-09|work=slate.com|quote=Einstein's theory of relativity says nothing can go faster than light. If you do the math, electrons could suddenly violate the laws of relativity around element 137, untriseptium|archive-date=2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614131034/https://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/ununseptium_ugly_name_beautiful_element.html}}</ref>，因此任何不建基於[[相對論]]的理論（如波爾模型）不足以處理這種計算。

而若將其結果轉換成[[動量]]<ref name="okun">{{Cite journal|title=The Concept of Mass|url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.881171|last=Okun|first=Lev B.|date=1989-06|journal={{link-en|今日物理 (雜誌)|Physics Today|Physics Today}}|issue=6|doi=10.1063/1.881171|volume=42|pages=31–36|language=en|bibcode=1989PhT....42f..31O|issn=0031-9228|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505153129/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.881171}}</ref>：
:<math>p = \frac{mv}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}</math>
對於任意高的p，我們可以找到滿足該等式的v < c。且電子的速度與原子核存在與否無關，因此此計算矛盾並不意味著Uts會是元素週期表上的最後一個元素<ref name="rsc" />。

=== 相對論狄拉克方程 ===
[[相對論]]的[[狄拉克方程]]可以計算出原子的基態能量：

:<math>E=\frac{m c^2}{\sqrt{1+\frac{Z^2 \alpha^2}{n-(j+1/2)+\sqrt{(j+1/2)^2-Z^ 2\alpha^2}}}},</math>

其中，m為[[電子靜止質量]]、c為[[光速]]、z為[[質子數]]、α為[[精細結構常數]]。

以''m0''表示[[電子]]的[[靜質量]]，則其基態能量為：

:<math>E=m_0 c^2 \sqrt{1-Z^2 \alpha^2} \approx m_0 c^2 \sqrt{1-({Z \over 137.036})^2}</math>

當質子數為138或更大時，根號中將會出現負值，導致其值不是[[實數]]，因而導致狄拉克基態的波函數是震蕩的，並且正能譜與負能譜之間沒有間隙，正如{{link-en|克萊因悖論|Klein paradox}}所言<ref>{{Cite book|title=Relativistic Quantum Mechanics|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-88082-7|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|date=1995|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-540-99535-7|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-88082-7|language=en|first=Walter|last=Greiner}}</ref>。

== 参见 ==
*[[元素周期表]]
*[[扩展元素周期表]]
*[[0號元素]]
*[[Ust]]

== 註解 ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== 參考文獻 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{-}}
{{擴展元素週期表|model=nefedov|number=173|no mark=yes}}
[[Category:第8周期元素]]
[[Category:化学元素]]
[[Category:假想化学元素|137]]

Uts - 版本历史

imported>Nucleus hydro elemon：​/* top */

imported>Nucleus hydro elemon：/* top */