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{{Supernova
| name = SN 1993J
| image = [[Image:M81 wide Galex.jpg|300px]]
|caption= [[波德星系|M81]]的紫外光照片
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| type = [[II型超新星|IIb型]]
| SNRtype =
| host = [[波德星系|M81]]
| constellation = [[大熊座]]
| ra = 09h 55m 24.775s ([[J2000]])
| dec = −69° 01′ 13.70″ (J2000)
| gal =
| discovery = 1993年3月28日
| iauc =
| mag_v = +10.8
| distance = 8.5 ± 1.3 百万[[光年]] （2.6 ± 0.4百万[[秒差距]]）
| progenitor =
| progenitor_type = [[红超巨星]]
| b-v =
| notes = 20世纪第二亮超新星
}}
'''SN 1993J'''是1993年3月28日由[[西班牙]][[天文学家]]弗兰西斯科·加西亚（{{langx|es|Francisco Garcia Diaz}}）发现的[[超新星]]<ref name="iauc5731">{{cite journal| author=J. Ripero, F. Garcia, D. Rodriguez, P. Pujol, A. V. Filippenko, R. R. Treffers, Y. Paik, M. Davis, D. Schlegel, F. D. A. Hartwick, D. D. Balam, D. Zurek, R. M. Robb, P. Garnavich, B. A. Hong| title=Supernova 1993J in NGC 3031| journal=IAU Circular| year=1993| pages=1| volume=5731| bibcode=1993IAUC.5731....1R| last2=Garcia| last3=Rodriguez| last4=Pujol| last5=Filippenko| last6=Treffers| last7=Paik| last8=Davis| last9=Schlegel}}</ref>。它位于[[大熊座]]的[[河外星系]][[波德星系|M81]]，距离约为8.5 ± 1.3 百万[[光年]] （2.6 ± 0.4百万[[秒差距]]），最亮时[[视星等]]为10.8等，它是二十世纪第二亮的超新星，仅次于位于[[大麦哲伦星系]]的[[SN 1987A]]<ref name="schmidtetal1993">{{cite journal| author=B. P. Schmidt, R. P. Kirshner, R. G. Eastman, R. Grashuis, I. dell'Antonio, N. Caldwell, C. Foltz, J. P. Huchra, A. A. E. Milone| title=The unusual supernova SN1993J in the galaxy M81| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1993-08-12_364_6438/page/600| journal=Nature| year=1993| volume=364| issue=6438| pages=600–602| bibcode=1993Natur.364..600S| doi=10.1038/364600a0}}</ref><ref name=spacetelescope>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic0401 |title=First supernova companion star found |accessdate=2011-08-31 |archive-date=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003421/http://spacetelescope.org/news/heic0401/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==光谱特征==
SN 1993J的光谱特征随着时间的推移而改变。在最开始，它发射出非常强烈的[[氢]][[谱线|光谱线]]，看起来更像是一颗[[II型超新星]]（大质量[[恒星]]由于内部塌缩引发剧烈爆炸形成的超新星）。但不久以后，SN 1993J的氢光谱线逐渐消失，并出现强烈的[[氦]]光谱线，这是[[Ib和Ic超新星|Ib型超新星]]的特征<ref name="schmidtetal1993" /><ref name="filippenkoetal1993">{{cite journal| author=A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, L. C. Ho| title=The "Type IIb" Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters| year=1993| volume=415| pages=L103–L106| bibcode=1993ApJ...415L.103F| doi=10.1086/187043}}</ref>。而且SN1993J的光度随着时间的变化不像其他II型超新星观测到的变化一样<ref name="bensonetal1994">{{cite journal| author=P. J. Benson, W. Herbst, J. J> Salzer, G. Vinton, G. J. Hanson, S. J. Ratcliff, P. F. Winkler, D. M. Elmegreen, F. Chromey, C. Strom, [[Thomas J. Balonek|T. J. Balonek]], B. G. Elmegreen| title=Light curves of SN 1993J from the Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium| journal=Astronomical Journal| year=1994| volume=107| pages=1453–1460| bibcode=1994AJ....107.1453B| doi=10.1086/116958}}</ref><ref name="wheeleretal1993">{{cite journal| author=J. C. Wheeler, E. Barker, R. Benjamin, J. Boisseau, A. Clocchiatti, G. de Vaucouleurs, N. Gaffney, R. P. Harkness, A. M. Khokhlov, D. F. Lester, B. J> Smith, V. V. Smith, J. Tomkin| title=Early Observations of SN 1993J in M81 at McDonald Observatory| journal=Astrophysical Journal| year=1993| volume=417| pages=L71–L74| bibcode=1993ApJ...417L..71W| doi=10.1086/187097}}</ref>，而更像是Ib型超新星<ref name="richmondetal1994">{{cite journal| author=M. W. Richmond, R. R. Treffers, A. V. Filippenko, Y. Palik, B. Leibundgut, E. Schulman, C. V. Cox| title=UBVRI photometry of SN 1993J in M81: The first 120 days| journal=Astronomical Journal| year=1994| volume=107| pages=1022–1040| bibcode=1994AJ....107.1022R| doi=10.1086/116915}}</ref>。因此，SN 1993J被分型为IIb型超新星（Ib型超新星和II型超新星的中间型）<ref name="filippenkoetal1993" />。对这颗超新星的科学研究表明，Ib型超新星实际上也是通过大质量的巨星核心塌缩爆炸形成的，和II型超新星发生的过程类似，只是Ib型超新星的前身星在爆炸之前已经抛掉含氢的外壳<ref name="filippenkoetal1993" /><ref name="filippenkoetal1994">{{cite journal| author=A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, A. J. Barth| title=The peculiar type II supernova 1993J in M81: Transition to the nebular phase| journal=Astronomical Journal| year=1994| volume=108| pages=2220–2225| bibcode=1994AJ....108.2220F| doi=10.1086/117234}}</ref>。SN 1993J的[[光回声]]也在随后不久就被探测到<ref>{{cite journal|title=Multiple Light Echoes from Supernova 1993J|author=Sugerman, Ben and Crotts, Arlin|date=November 8, 2002|doi=10.1086/346016|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=581|issue=2|pages=L97–L100|arxiv=astro-ph/0207497|bibcode = 2002ApJ...581L..97S }}</ref>。

==前身星==
科学家已经从SN 1993J爆发前的照片中识别出SN 1993J的前身星<ref name='aldering94'>{{cite journal | title = SN 1993J: The optical properties of its progenitor | journal = Astronomical Journal | year = 1994 | first = G. | last = Aldering | coauthors = R. Humphreys, M. Richmond | volume = 107 | pages = 662| doi = 10.1086/116886 | bibcode = 1994AJ....107..662A}}</ref>。它的前身星是一颗[[超巨星|K型超巨星]]，但却发出过量的紫外光，这可能是它附近的炽热恒星，或拥有一颗炽热的伴星而造成的。虽然SN 1993J位于M81中年轻的大质量恒星聚集的区域<ref name='vandyk2002'>{{cite journal | title = The Progenitor of Supernova 1993J Revisited | journal = PASP | year = 2002 | first = S.D. | last = Van Dyk | coauthors = P.M Garnavich, A.V. Filippenko, P.A. Hoflich, R.P. Kirshner, R.L. Kurucz, P. Challis | volume = 114 | issue = 802 | pages = 1322| doi = 10.1086/344382 | bibcode = 2002PASP..114.1322V|arxiv = astro-ph/0208382 }}</ref>，但天文学家团队借助[[哈勃太空望远镜]]上的先进巡天相机（ACS）以及[[夏威夷]][[毛纳基山]]的[[凯克望远镜]]，找到了一颗B型超巨星，它恰好位于长期推测的前身星的伴星应该在的位置上<ref name='maund04'>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature02161 | title = The massive binary companion star to the progenitor of supernova 1993J | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-01-08_427_6970/page/128 | journal = Nature | year = 2004 | first = J. | last = Maund | pmid = 14712269 | coauthors = S.J. Smartt, R.P. Kudritzki, P. Podsiadlowski, G.F. Gilmore | volume = 427 | issue = 6970 | pages = 129–31| id = | bibcode = 2004Natur.427..129M|arxiv = astro-ph/0401090 }}</ref>。这次观测还为超新星爆发相关的天体物理学研究提供了详细的观测资料。现在已经可以确定，在SN 1993J爆发前的最后250年间，大约10个太阳质量的气体从SN 1993J的前身星迅速转移到了伴星<ref name=spacetelescope/>。

==参考资料==
{{reflist}}

==外部链接==
* [http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic0401a/ SN 1993J前身星双星系统的艺术视频]{{Wayback|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic0401a/ |date=20111116002204 }}

[[Category:超新星]]
[[Category:大熊座]]

SN 1993J - 版本历史

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