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'''研究 Unix'''，是一系列的[[Unix]][[作業系統]]的通稱，由[[貝爾實驗室]]的計算機科學研究中心（{{lang|en|Computing Science Research Center}}，部門編號1127）研發，因此得名，共有11個版本。這些Unix系統運行在[[DEC]] [[PDP-7]]，[[PDP-11]]，[[VAX]]，以及Interdata 7/32與8/32電腦上。

==歷史==
==版本==
{| class="wikitable"
! Manual Edition
! Release date
! Description
|-
| 1st Edition
| Nov. 3, 1971
| First edition of the Unix manual, based on the version that ran on the PDP-11 at the time. Includes the [[Thompson shell]], <tt>[[mail (Unix)|mail]]</tt>, <tt>[[cp (Unix)|cp]]</tt>, and <tt>[[su (Unix)|su]]</tt>. The operating system was two years old,<ref name="reader">{{cite techreport |first1=M. D. |last1=McIlroy |authorlink1=Doug McIlroy |year=1987 |url=https://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |title=A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 |series=CSTR |number=139 |institution=Bell Labs |access-date=2015-06-01 |archive-date=2019-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130000850/https://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> having been ported from the PDP-7 to the PDP-11/20 in 1970.
|-
| 2nd Edition
| Jun. 12, 1972
| Total number of installations at the time was 10, "with more expected", according to the preface of the manual.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ken |last1=Thompson |first2=Dennis M. |last2=Ritchie |title=UNIX Programmer's Manual, Second Edition |date=1972-06-12 |publisher=Bell Telephone Laboratories |url=ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/UnixArchive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/unix_2nd_edition_manual.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006034736/http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/UnixArchive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/unix_2nd_edition_manual.pdf |archivedate=2016-10-06 |access-date=2015-06-01 }}</ref>{{rp|ii}} Includes <tt>[[echo (command)|echo]]</tt> and the first [[C compiler]].{{r|reader}}
|-
| 3rd Edition
| Feb. 1973
| Introduced the [[C programming language]], [[Unix pipe|pipes]], <tt>[[crypt (Unix)|crypt]]</tt>, and <tt>[[yacc]]</tt>. Commands are split between <code>/bin</code> and <code>/usr/bin</code>, requiring a [[search path]]<ref name="reader"/> (<code>/usr</code> was the mountpoint for a second hard disk). Total number of installations was 16.
|-
| 4th Edition
| Nov. 1973
| First version written in C. Also introduced [[Group identifier (Unix)|groups]], <tt>[[grep]]</tt>, and <tt>[[printf]]</tt>.<ref name="reader"/> Number of installations was listed as "above 20". The manual was formatted with [[troff]] for the first time. Version described in Thompson and Ritchie's [[Communications of the ACM|CACM]] paper,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=D. M. |last1=Ritchie |first2=K. |last2=Thompson |year=1974 |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html |title=The UNIX Time-Sharing System |journal=CACM |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=365–375 |access-date=2015-06-01 |archive-date=2005-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230143815/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> the first public exposition of the operating system.<ref name="reader"/>
|-
| 5th Edition
| Jun. 1974
| Widely licensed to educational institutions.{{r|fiedler198310}} Introduced <tt>[[find (Unix)|find]]</tt>, <tt>[[dd (Unix)|dd]]</tt>,{{r|reader}} and the [[sticky bit]]. Targeted the PDP-11/40 and other 11 models with 18 bit addresses. Installations "above 50".
|-
| [[Version 6 Unix|6th Edition]]
| May 1975
| Includes <tt>[[ratfor]]</tt> and <tt>[[bc (Unix)|bc]]</tt>.{{r|reader}} First version to be also licensed to commercial users,<ref name="fiedler198310">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up | title=The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace | work=BYTE | date=October 1983 | accessdate=2015-01-30 | author=Fiedler, Ryan | pages=132}}</ref> and to be ported to non-PDP hardware. May 1977 saw the release of MINI-UNIX, a "cut down" v6 for the low-end PDP-11/10.
|-
| [[Version 7 Unix|7th Edition]]
| Jan. 1979
| Includes the [[Bourne shell]], <tt>[[cpio]]</tt>, <tt>[[sed]]</tt>, <tt>[[ioctl]]</tt>, <tt>[[awk]]</tt>, <tt>[[f77]]</tt>, <tt>[[spell (Unix)|spell]]</tt>, and <tt>[[stdio]]</tt>.{{r|reader}} The ancestor of all modern UNIX systems and the last release of Research Unix to see widespread external distributions. Merged most of the utilities of [[PWB/UNIX]] with an extensively modified kernel with almost 80% more lines of code than V6. In February, a port called [[UNIX/32V|32V]] was made to DEC's [[VAX]] hardware; 32V was the basis for [[Berkeley Software Distribution|4BSD]].
|-
| 8th Edition
| Feb. 1985{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
| A modified 4.1cBSD for the [[VAX]], with a [[UNIX System V|System V]] shell and [[Berkeley sockets|sockets]] replaced by [[STREAMS|Streams]]. Used internally, and only licensed for educational use.<ref name="dmrV8910">{{cite web |title=[TUHS] Re: V7 UNIX on VAX 11/750 |author=[[Dennis Ritchie]] |date=2003-06-27 |accessdate=2014-04-09 |url=http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2003-June/000631.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620171705/http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2003-June/000631.html |archivedate=2014-06-20 }}</ref> The [[Blit (computer terminal)|Blit]] graphics terminal became the primary user interface.<ref name="reader"/> Added a network filesystem that allowed accessing remote computers' files as <code>/n/''hostname''/''path''</code>, and a regular expression library that introduced an API later mimicked by [[Henry Spencer]]'s reimplementation.<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=regexp(3) |author=Henry Spencer |date=1986-01-19 |newsgroup=mod.sources |message-id=1316@panda.UUCP |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/mod.sources/OqVZYQNSmDs/G_T2jHu5QI8J |accessdate=2013-01-09 |archive-date=2011-01-22 |archive-url=https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/mod.sources/OqVZYQNSmDs/G_T2jHu5QI8J |dead-url=no }}</ref> First version with no assembly in the documentation.{{r|reader}}
|-
| 9th Edition
| Sep. 1986
| Incorporated code from 4.3BSD; used internally. Featured a generalized version of the [[STREAMS|Streams]] [[Interprocess communication|IPC]] mechanism introduced in V8. The mount system call was extended to connect a stream to a file, the other end of which could be connected to a (user-level) program. This mechanism was used to implement network connection code in userspace.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=David L. Presotto |author2=Dennis M. Ritchie |year=1990 |journal=[[Software—Practice and Experience]] |volume=19 |title=Interprocess Communication in the Ninth Edition Unix System |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/ipcpaper.html |access-date=2015-06-01 |archive-date=2015-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203070655/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/ipcpaper.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Other innovations include <tt>[[make (Unix)|make]]</tt> and <tt>[[Sam (text editor)|Sam]]</tt>.<ref name="reader">[[Doug McIlroy|M. D. McIlroy]] (1987). [http://pic.plover.com/UnixReader/ A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710085846/http://pic.plover.com/UnixReader/ |date=2012-07-10 }}. CSTR 139, Bell Labs.</ref> According to Dennis Ritchie, V9 and V10 were "conceptual": manuals existed, but no OS distributions "in complete and coherent form".<ref name="dmrV8910"/>
|-
| 10th Edition
| Oct. 1989
| Last Research Unix. Although the manual was published outside of AT&T by Saunders College Publishing,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/10thEdMan |title=Unix Tenth Edition Manual |publisher=[[Bell Labs]] |accessdate=2013-12-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203070035/http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/10thEdMan/ |archivedate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> there was no full distribution of the system itself.<ref name="dmrV8910"/> Novelties included graphics [[typesetting]] tools designed to work with [[troff]], a [[C语言|C]] [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]], animation programs, and several tools later found in Plan 9: the [[mk (software)|Mk]] build tool and the [[rc shell]]. V10 was also the basis for [[Doug McIlroy]] and James A. Reeds' [[multilevel security|multilevel-secure]] operating system IX.<ref>{{cite web |title=The IX Multilevel-Secure UNIX System |url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/IX/ |accessdate=2015-06-01 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211409/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/IX/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|}
==註釋==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Unix]]

Research Unix - 版本历史

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