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[[File:1ytu argonaute dsrna.png|thumb|Argonaute/Piwi家族的蛋白結構]]
'''Piwi'''是[[Argonaute]][[蛋白質家族]]的一個[[結構域]]，同時也是部分Argonaute家族蛋白（特指與[[piRNA]]結合者）的通稱，最早在[[黑腹果蠅]]中發現，為「{{le|P元件|P element}}誘導的小睪丸」（P-element Induced WImpy testis）之簡稱<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal|year=1997|title=A novel group of pumilio mutations affects the asymmetric division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary|journal=Development|volume=124|pages=2463–2476|pmid=9199372|vauthors=Lin H, Spradling AC|number=12|doi=10.1242/dev.124.12.2463}}</ref>。Argonaute/Piwi家族的蛋白[[N端]]有一{{ld|PAZ結構域|PAZ-Domäne}}可與小RNA[[方向性 (分子生物學)|3′端]]的單股突出鹼基結合，中間有MID結構域與小RNA5′端的磷酸基結合，[[C端]]則為具[[內切酶]]活性的Piwi結構域<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Zeng|first1=Lei|last2=Zhang|first2=Qiang|last3=Yan|first3=Kelley|last4=Zhou|first4=Ming-Ming|date=2011-06-01|title=Structural insights into piRNA recognition by the human PIWI-like 1 PAZ domain|journal=Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics|volume=79|issue=6|pages=2004–2009|doi=10.1002/prot.23003|pmid=21465557|issn=1097-0134|pmc=3092821}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wei|first1=Kai-Fa|last2=Wu|first2=Ling-Juan|last3=Chen|first3=Juan|last4=Chen|first4=Yan-feng|last5=Xie|first5=Dao-Xin|year= 2012|title=Structural evolution and functional diversification analyses of argonaute protein|journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry|volume=113|issue=8|pages=2576–2585|doi=10.1002/jcb.24133|issn=1097-4644|pmid=22415963|s2cid=25990631}}</ref>。

一般而言Argonaute家族的蛋白與[[miRNA]]或[[siRNA]]（長約20nt）結合，Piwi家族的蛋白則與[[piRNA]]（長約30nt）結合<ref name=":0" />，主要在[[睪丸]]的[[精原細胞]]中表現，Piwi蛋白與piRNA結合後可進入[[細胞核]]中造成目標DNA的[[DNA甲基化]]和[[組蛋白甲基化]]等[[表觀遺傳學|表觀遺傳修飾]]以抑制基因表現，也可在[[細胞質]]中抑制目標[[mRNA]]的[[轉譯]]<ref name="Lindse">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindse K | year = 2013 | title = Piwi-RNAs, the Defenders of the Genome | url = https://blog-biosyn.com/2013/06/04/piwi-rnas-the-defenders-of-the-genome/ | access-date = 2022-08-14 | archive-date = 2022-03-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220307102819/https://blog-biosyn.com/2013/06/04/piwi-rnas-the-defenders-of-the-genome/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>。Piwi-piRNA的主要功能可能為抑制精原細胞基因組中[[自私DNA|自私的基因元件]]（如[[反轉錄轉座子]]）表現，Piwi蛋白的缺陷可能導致[[精子發生]]異常<ref name="Mani">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mani S, Juliano C| year = 2013 | title = Untangling the Web: The Diverse Functions of the PIWI/piRNA Pathway | journal = Mol. Reprod. Dev. | volume = 80 | issue = 8| pages = 632–664 | pmid = 23712694| doi=10.1002/mrd.22195| pmc = 4234069}}</ref><ref name="pmid30446728">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ozata DM, Gainetdinov I, Zoch A, Phillip D, Zamore PD|year=2019|title=PIWI-interacting RNAs: small RNAs with big functions|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/78781529/PIWI_interacting_RNAs_AAM_zata_et_al._Revised_v2.3.pdf|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics|volume=20|issue=2|pages=89–108|doi=10.1038/s41576-018-0073-3|pmid=30446728|s2cid=53565676|access-date=2022-08-14|archive-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818091539/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/78781529/PIWI_interacting_RNAs_AAM_zata_et_al._Revised_v2.3.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>，但許多哺乳類的體細胞亦有表現Piwi蛋白與piRNA。

[[人類基因組]]中已知有4個Piwi蛋白（PIWI樣蛋白1－4，又稱HIWI蛋白1－4）<ref name="Tian">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tian Y, Simanshu D, Ma J, Patel D| year = 2010 | title = Structural basis for piRNA 2'-O-methylated 3'-end recognition by Piwi PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domains | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 108 | issue = 3| pages = 903–910 | pmid = 21193640| doi=10.1073/pnas.1017762108| pmc = 3024652| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Qiao">{{cite journal | vauthors = Qiao D, Zeeman AM, Deng W, Looijenga LH, Lin H | year = 2002 | title = Molecular characterization of hiwi, a human member of the piwi gene family whose overexpression is correlated to seminomas | journal = Oncogene | volume = 21 | issue = 25| pages = 3988–99 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1205505 | pmid = 12037681 | doi-access = free }}</ref>，小鼠的Piwi蛋白則稱為MIWI蛋白<ref name="Deng">{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng W, Lin H | year = 2002 | title = miwi, a murine homolog of piwi, encodes a cytoplasmic protein essential for spermatogenesis | journal = Dev Cell | volume = 2 | issue = 6| pages = 819–30 | pmid = 12062093 | doi=10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00165-x| doi-access = free }}</ref>。

==參考文獻==
{{portal|分子與細胞生物學}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:分子遺傳學]]

PIWI - 版本历史

imported>InternetArchiveBot：​补救2个来源，并将0个来源标记为失效。) #IABot (v2.0.9.1

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