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Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot

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{{NoteTA
| G1=IT
| G2=Games
}}
{{Infobox VG
| title=OXO
| image=File:Oxo.jpg
| caption=
| designer=亚历山大·S·道格拉斯
| released={{Video game release|UK|1952}}
| modes=[[单人电子游戏|单人]]
| genre=[[益智游戏]]
| platforms=[[延遲存儲電子自動計算器]]（EDSAC）
}}

《'''OXO'''》是{{link-en|亚历山大·S·道格拉斯|Sandy Douglas}}于1952年创作的[[井字棋]]电子游戏。是[[早期电子游戏史|早期的电子游戏]]。游戏是道格拉斯为[[剑桥大学]][[人机交互]]课题而开发。

《OXO》是在[[延遲存儲電子自動計算器]]（EDSAC）上编写的。EDSAC是最早的储存程序计算机之一，可以[[随机存取存储器|读取或写入]]储存器。机器有三块小型[[显像管]]屏幕，用以指示储存器状态；道格拉斯重新定义了一块屏幕，使之向用户显示其他信息，如井字棋游戏状态。游戏在完成目的后废弃，后来又重建。

《OXO》和[[克里斯托弗·斯特雷奇]]同期的[[西洋跳棋]]游戏，是已知最早以电子屏幕显示画面的游戏。按某些定义，《OXO》是最早的电子游戏，而一些电子游戏定义要求画面活动或实时更新，故《OXO》排除在外。

== 历史 ==

[[File:EDSAC (19).jpg|thumb|1948年时的[[延遲存儲電子自動計算器]]]]

[[延遲存儲電子自動計算器]]（EDSAC）从1946年起在剑桥大学数学实验室开工，1949年5月6日运行首个程序<ref name="AOTE" /><ref name="PCTBR" />，而到1958年7月11日时仍在使用<ref name="EDSAC99" />。EDSAC体积占据整间房，是很早的{{Le|储存程序计算机|Stored-program computer}}，其储存器可以[[随机存取存储器|读取或写入]]；计算机有3支35×16点阵[[显像管]]（CRT），用于指示储存器状态<ref name="Replay50s" /><ref name="OXO" />。亚历山大·S·道格拉斯是大学的数学博士候选人，论文主题为[[人机交互]]，用机器屏幕向用户传递其他信息；他选择显示游戏当前状态来做到这点<ref name="HCIAS" /><ref name="Priest" />。

道格拉斯用EDSAC模拟[[井字棋]]（又称“圈与叉”）游戏，并让游戏状态显示于屏幕上。如同其他早期电子游戏，道格拉斯完成任务后即废弃游戏<ref name="Replay50s" />。道格拉斯除“圈与叉”外并未给游戏起名；几十年后计算机史学家{{Le|马丁·坎贝尔-凯利|Martin Campbell-Kelly}}制作EDSAC模拟文件时，首次使用“OXO”一名<ref name="TCU" /> 。在《OXO》完成的几乎同时，克里斯托弗·斯特雷奇强化了1951年编写的初版[[西洋跳棋]]程序，并将之移植到{{Le|Ferranti Mark 1}}，使用显像管显示游戏状态<ref name="FerChess" /><ref name="Draughts52" />。《OXO》和斯特雷奇的西洋跳棋，是已知最早用电子屏幕显示画面的游戏，但二者谁更先则不详<ref name="Priest" />。《OXO》在电脑设备上运行并显示画面，按部分定义是最早的电子游戏<ref name="EVG" />，但还有定义要求画面活动或连续更新，《OXO》并不满足标准<ref name="TVGD" />。

== 玩法 ==

用户在每局游戏中，都和走法“完美”的人工智能对弈[[井字棋]]。玩家用转轮拨号电话输入落子棋位的编号，之后电脑行棋。双方的招法会在屏幕上显示，而画面只会在游戏状态改变时更新<ref name="TCU" />。EDSAC无法移动，《OXO》从未向公众公开，只有获得特许才能在剑桥大学数学实验室游玩，电脑和游戏都仅用于学术研究<ref name="OXOabout" />。
{{Clear}}
== 参考文献 ==

{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="TVGD">{{cite book |title=The Video Game Debate: Unravelling the Physical, Social, and Psychological Effects of Video Games |last1=Kowert |first1=Rachel |last2=Quandt |first2=Thorsten |date=2015-08-27 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-83163-6 |page=3 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TCU">{{cite book |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |last1=Hey |first1=Tony |last2=Pápay |first2=Gyuri |publisher=[[劍橋大學出版社|Cambridge University Press]] |date=2014-11-30 |isbn=978-0-521-15018-7 |page=174 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="HCIAS">{{cite book |title=Human-Computer Interaction Applications and Services: 16th International Conference, HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014, Proceedings, Part 3 |editor=Kurosu, Masaaki |date=2014-06-09 |publisher={{tsl|en|Springer Publishing|施普林格出版社|Springer Publishing}} |page=561 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4W6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA561&dq=OXO+game+1952&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCGoVChMInND5rsTSyAIVydKACh3T-QYB#v=onepage&q=OXO%20game%201952&f=false |access-date=2016-01-21 |archive-date=2020-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909082045/https://books.google.com/books?id=d4W6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA561&dq=OXO+game+1952&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCGoVChMInND5rsTSyAIVydKACh3T-QYB#v=onepage&q=OXO%20game%201952&f=false |dead-url=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Replay50s">{{cite book |title=Replay: The History of Video Games |url=https://archive.org/details/replayhistoryofv0000dono |last=Donovan |first=Tristan |publisher=Yellow Ant |date=2010-04-20 |isbn=978-0-9565072-0-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/replayhistoryofv0000dono/page/n16 1]–9 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="OXO">{{cite web |url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/Software/EdsacTG.pdf |title=A Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator |last=Campbell-Kelly |first=Martin |authorlink=马丁·坎贝尔-凯利 |publisher=[[华威大学|University of Warwick]] |date=2001 |accessdate=2015-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132057/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/Software/EdsacTG.pdf |archivedate=2015-12-22 |deadurl=yes |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Priest">{{cite web |url=https://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com/2014/01/22/the-priesthood-at-play-computer-games-in-the-1950s/ |title=The Priesthood At Play: Computer Games in the 1950s |work=They Create Worlds |last=Smith |first=Alexander |date=2014-01-22 |accessdate=2015-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222172058/https://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com/2014/01/22/the-priesthood-at-play-computer-games-in-the-1950s/ |archivedate=2015-12-22 |deadurl=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="FerChess">{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Computer-Chess.htm |title=History of Computer Chess and Programmer Dietrich Prinz |last=Bellis |first=Mary |work=[[Dotdash|About.com]] |publisher=[[IAC (公司)|IAC]] |date=2013-03-29 |accessdate=2013-04-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427185500/http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Computer-Chess.htm |archivedate=2012-04-27 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Draughts52">{{cite journal |title=Programming ENTER: Christopher Strachey's Draughts Program |last=Link |first=David |journal=Resurrection |publisher={{tsl|en|Computer Conservation Society|计算机保护协会|Computer Conservation Society}} |issue=60 |pages=23–31 |date=2012 |url=http://www.alpha60.de/research/programming_enter/DavidLink_ProgrammingEnter_ComputerResurrection60_2012.pdf |access-date=2016-01-21 |archive-date=2019-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214130225/http://www.alpha60.de/research/programming_enter/DavidLink_ProgrammingEnter_ComputerResurrection60_2012.pdf |dead-url=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="AOTE">{{cite journal |title=Arithmetic on the EDSAC |journal={{tsl|en|IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|IEEE计算史年鉴|IEEE Annals of the History of Computing}} |publisher=[[电气电子工程师学会|IEEE]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |last=Wilkes |first=M.V. |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=560726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D560726 |pages=13–15 |issn=1058-6180 |date=January 1997 |access-date=2016-01-21 |archive-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207025641/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=560726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D560726 |dead-url=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="PCTBR">{{cite journal |title=Pioneer computer to be rebuilt |journal=Cam |publisher=[[剑桥大学|University of Cambridge]] |volume=62 |date=2011 |page=5 |url=http://issuu.com/cambridgealumnirelationsoffice/docs/cam_62_web/7 |access-date=2016-01-21 |archive-date=2019-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426044126/https://issuu.com/cambridgealumnirelationsoffice/docs/cam_62_web/7 |dead-url=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="EDSAC99">{{cite web |url=https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/events/EDSAC99/booklet.pdf |title=EDSAC 99: 15–16 April 1999 |publisher={{tsl|en|University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory|剑桥大学计算机实验室|University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory}} |date=1999-05-06 |accessdate=2013-06-29 |pages=68–69 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061030/https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/events/EDSAC99/booklet.pdf |dead-url=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="OXOabout">{{cite web |url=http://classicgames.about.com/od/computergames/p/OXOProfile.htm |title=OXO aka Noughts and Crosses - The First Video Game |last=Cohen |first=D. S. |work=[[Dotdash|About.com]] |publisher=[[IAC (公司)|IAC]] |date=2014-09-20 |accessdate=2015-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084801/http://classicgames.about.com/od/computergames/p/OXOProfile.htm |archivedate=2015-12-22 |deadurl=no |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="EVG">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313379369_2 |last=Wolf |first=Mark J. P. |date=2012-08-16 |publisher=[[格林伍德出版集團|Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-37936-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313379369_2/page/n9 3]–7 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== 外部链接 ==
* [https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/ Edsac模拟器 - 由马丁·坎贝尔-凯利开发的EDSAC模拟器，其中包括了OXO] {{Wayback|url=https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/ |date=20230605110721 }}

{{Early history of video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oxo}}
[[Category:英國開發電子遊戲]]
[[Category:電子棋類遊戲]]
[[Category:1950年代电子游戏]]
[[Category:早期電子遊戲史]]
[[Category:益智类电子游戏]]
{{Good article}}

OXO - 版本历史

imported>InternetArchiveBot：​Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot

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