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{{noteTA
| G1=IT
| 1 = zh-cn:数据; zh-tw:資料;
| 2 = zh-cn:计算机; zh-tw:電腦;
| 3 = zh-cn:对象; zh-tw:物件;
| 4 = zh-cn:文档; zh-tw:檔案;
| 5 = zh-cn:图; zh-tw:圖形;
}}

'''NoSQL'''（最初表示'''No'''n-'''SQL'''<ref>http://nosql-database.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://nosql-database.org/ |date=20181226094304 }} "NoSQL DEFINITION: Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some of the points : being non-relational, distributed, open-source and horizontally scalable".</ref>，后来有人转解为'''N'''ot '''o'''nly '''SQL'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/NoSQL-Not-Only-SQL |title=NoSQL (Not Only SQL) |quote=NoSQL database, also called Not Only SQL |access-date=2021-03-10 |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421124749/https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/NoSQL-Not-Only-SQL |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://martinfowler.com/bliki/NosqlDefinition.html | title = NosqlDefinition | first = Martin | last = Fowler | author-link = Martin Fowler (software engineer) | quote = many advocates of NoSQL say that it does not mean a "no" to SQL, rather it means Not Only SQL | access-date = 2021-03-10 | archive-date = 2021-05-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210501020126/https://martinfowler.com/bliki/NosqlDefinition.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>），是對不同於傳統的[[關聯式資料庫]]的[[数据库管理系统]]的統稱。

允許部分数据使用SQL系統儲存，而其他数据允許使用NoSQL系統儲存。其数据儲存可以不需要固定的表格模式以及[[元数据]]（metadata），也經常會避免使用SQL的[[连接 (SQL)|JOIN]]操作，一般有{{link-en|水平可扩展性|Database_scalability}}的特征。

== 发展历史 ==
NoSQL一词最早出现于1998年，是Carlo Strozzi开发的一个轻量、开源、不提供SQL功能的关系数据库<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/123839.pdf
|title = Investigating storage solutions for large data: A comparison of well performing and scalable data storage solutions for real time extraction and batch insertion of data
|first = Adam
|last = Lith
|coauthors = Jakob Mattson
|year = 2010
|publisher = Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology
|location = Göteborg
|pages = 15, 70
|format = PDF
|accessdate = 2011-05-12
|quote = Carlo Strozzi first used the term NOSQL in 1998 as a name for his open source relational database that did not offer a SQL interface[...]
|postscript =
|archive-date = 2011-08-16
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110816023945/http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/123839.pdf
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>。

2009年，Last.fm的Johan Oskarsson发起了一次关于分布式开源数据库的讨论<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.sym-link.com/2009/05/12/nosql_2009.html |title=NOSQL 2009 |publisher=Blog.sym-link.com |date=2009-05-12 |accessdate=2010-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716174012/http://blog.sym-link.com/2009/05/12/nosql_2009.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>，来自Rackspace的Eric Evans再次提出了NoSQL的概念，这时的NoSQL主要指非关系型、分布式、不提供[[ACID]]的数据库设计模式。

2009年在亚特兰大举行的「no:sql(east)」讨论会是一个里程碑，其口号是「select fun, profit from real_world where relational=false;」。因此，对NoSQL最普遍的解释是“非关聯型的”，强调[[键-值存储]]和[[面向文档数据库]]的优点，而不是单纯的反对RDBMS。

基于2014年的收入，NoSQL市场领先企业是{{link-en|MarkLogic|MarkLogic}}，[[MongoDB]]和{{link-en|Datastax|DataStax}}<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2015-11-17|url=http://wikibon.com/hadoop-nosql-software-and-services-market-forecast-2013-2017/|title=Hadoop-NoSQL-rankings|archive-date=2015-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118191106/http://wikibon.com/hadoop-nosql-software-and-services-market-forecast-2013-2017/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。基于2015年的人气排名，最受欢迎的NoSQL数据库是[[MongoDB]]，[[Apache Cassandra]]和[[Redis]]<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2015-07-31|url=http://db-engines.com/en/ranking|title=DB-Engines Ranking|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221093447/https://db-engines.com/en/ranking|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

== 特点 ==
当代典型的[[關聯式資料庫]]在一些数据敏感的应用中表现了糟糕的性能，例如为巨量文档建立索引、高流量网站的[[Web服务|网页服务]]，以及发送[[流式媒体]]<ref name="Agrawal2008">{{cite journal |authors = Agrawal, Rakesh et al. |title = The Claremont report on database research |journal = SIGMOD Record |volume = 37 |number = 3 |year = 2008 |issn = 0163-5808 |pages = 9–19 |doi = 10.1145/1462571.1462573 |publisher = [[计算机协会]] |url = http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/claremontreport08.pdf |access-date = 2011-06-22 |archive-date = 2011-07-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120208/http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/claremontreport08.pdf |dead-url = no }}</ref>。关系型数据库的典型实现主要被调整用于执行规模小而读写频繁，或者大批量读而极少写访问的事务。

NoSQL的結構通常提供弱一致性的保證，如最終一致性，或交易僅限於單個的数据項。不過，有些系統，提供完整的[[ACID]]保證在某些情況下，增加了補充中間件層（例如：CloudTPS）<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.globule.org/publi/CSTWAC_ircs53.html |title = CloudTPS: Scalable Transactions for Web Applications in the Cloud |website = Globule.org |date = |accessdate = 2010-03-29 |archive-date = 2010-06-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100630164655/http://www.globule.org/publi/CSTWAC_ircs53.html |dead-url = no }}</ref>。有兩個成熟的系統有提供快照隔離的列存儲：像是Google基於過濾器系統的[[BigTable]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCQQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Fevents%2Fosdi10%2Ftech%2Ffull_papers%2FPeng.pdf&rct=j&q=Large-scale%20Incremental%20Processing%20Using%20Distributed%20Transactions%20and%20Notifications&ei=eM24TOYnjqedB_mHmLUN&usg=AFQjCNGGm1Xfaml5lq6Aj1R2BlX7WilIuQ&sig2=ZZcPWxhiMVSnY-DmewIFIg&cad=rja |title = Large-scale Incremental Processing Using Distributed Transactions and Notifications |publisher = The 9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 2010), Oct 4–6, 2010, Vancouver, BC, Canada |date = |accessdate = 2010-10-15 |archive-date = 2016-03-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081237/http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCQQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Fevents%2Fosdi10%2Ftech%2Ffull_papers%2FPeng.pdf&rct=j&q=Large-scale%20Incremental%20Processing%20Using%20Distributed%20Transactions%20and%20Notifications&ei=eM24TOYnjqedB_mHmLUN&usg=AFQjCNGGm1Xfaml5lq6Aj1R2BlX7WilIuQ&sig2=ZZcPWxhiMVSnY-DmewIFIg&cad=rja |dead-url = no }}</ref>，和滑鐵盧大學开发的[[HBase]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~c15zhang/ZhangDeSterckGrid2010.pdf |title = Supporting Multi-row Distributed Transactions with Global Snapshot Isolation Using Bare-bones HBase |publisher = The 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid 2010), Oct 25-29, 2010, Brussels, Belgium |date= |accessdate=2010-10-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629202324/http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~c15zhang/ZhangDeSterckGrid2010.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-29 }}</ref>。這些系統，自主開發，使用類似的概念來實現多行（multi-row）分散式ACID交易的快照隔離（snapshot isolation）保證為基礎列儲存，無需額外的数据管理開銷，中間件系統部署或維護，減少了中間件層。

少数NoSQL系统部署了分布式结构，通常使用[[分散式雜湊表]]（DHT）将数据以冗余方式保存在多台服务器上。依此，扩充系统时候添加服务器更容易，并且扩大了对服务器失效的承受能程度。<ref>{{cite web |url = http://static.last.fm/johan/nosql-20090611/cassandra_nosql.pdf |title = Cassandra: Structured Storage System over a P2P Network |format = PDF |date = |accessdate = 2010-03-29 |archive-date = 2009-08-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090824010940/http://static.last.fm/johan/nosql-20090611/cassandra_nosql.pdf |dead-url = no }}</ref>

== 分类 ==
=== 文档存储 ===
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable sortable"
! 名稱 !! 語言
|-
| [[BaseX]] || [[XQuery]]，[[Java]]
|-
| [[CouchDB]] || [[Erlang]]
|-
| [[eXist]] || [[XQuery]]
|-
| [[iBoxDB]] || [[Java]]，[[C♯|C#]]
|-
| [[Jackrabbit]] || [[Java]]
|-
| [[Lotus Notes]] || [[LotusScript]]，[[Java]]等
|-
| [[MarkLogic Server]] || [[XQuery]]
|-
| [[MongoDB]] || [[C++]]
|-
| RethinkDB || [[C++]]
|-
| [[OrientDB]] || [[Java]]
|-
| [[SimpleDB]] || [[Erlang]]
|-
| [[Terrastore]] || [[Java]]
|-
| [[Elasticsearch]] || [[Java]]
|-
| [[No2DB]] || [[C♯|C#]]
|}

=== 图数据库 ===
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable sortable"
! 名稱 !! 語言
|-
| [[AllegroGraph]] || [[SPARQL]]
|-
| [[Sparksee (graph database)|Sparksee]] || [[Java]] ， [[C♯|C#]]
|-
| [[Neo4j]] || [[Java]]
|-
| [[FlockDB]] || [[Scala]]
|-
| [[JanusGraph]] || Java
|}

=== 鍵-值（key‐value）儲存 ===
==== [[最終一致性]]的[[鍵-值儲存]] ====
* [[Cassandra]]
* {{tsl|en|Dynamo (storage system)|Dynamo}}
* {{tsl|en|Hibari (database)|Hibari}}
* {{tsl|en|Project Voldemort|}}
* {{tsl|en|Riak|}} <ref>{{cite web | url = https://wiki.basho.com | title = Riak: An Open Source Scalable Data Store | date = 2010-11-28 | accessdate = 2010-11-28 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231030633/http://wiki.basho.com/ | archivedate = 2010年12月31日 }}</ref>

==== 架構性鍵-值储存 ====
* {{tsl|en|GT.M|}}
* InterSystem Globals<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nosql.mypopescu.com/post/5633789299/intersystems-globals-and-gt-m-compared |title=存档副本 |access-date=2011-06-22 |archive-date=2011-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525102425/http://nosql.mypopescu.com/post/5633789299/intersystems-globals-and-gt-m-compared |dead-url=no }}</ref>

=== 主機式服務 ===
==== Key/value硬盘存储 ====
* [[BigTable]]
* {{tsl|en|MemcacheDB|}}
* [[LevelDB]]

* {{tsl|en|Tokyo Cabinet|}}
* {{tsl|en|Tuple space|}}
* {{tsl|en|TreapDB|}}

==== Key/value RAM存储 ====
* {{tsl|en|Oracle Coherence|}}
* [[memcached]]
* [[Citrusleaf database]]
* {{tsl|en|Velocity (memory cache)|}}
* [[Redis]]
* {{tsl|en|Tuple space|}}

==== Key-value基于Paxos算法的存储 ====
* {{tsl|en|Keyspace (data store)|}}

=== 多数据库 ===
* [[OpenQM]]
* [[Rocket U2]]
* Revelation Software's [[OpenInsight]]
* [[Extensible Storage Engine]]（ESE/NT）

=== 时序型数据库 ===
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable sortable"
! 名稱 !! 語言
|-
| [[Graphite]] || [[Python]]
|-
| [[InfluxDB]] || [[Go語言|Go]]
|-
| [[Informix TimeSeries]] || [[Erlang]]
|-
| [[OpenTSDB]] || [[Java]]
|-
| [[RRDtool]] || [[C语言|C]]
|-
| [[IoTDB]] || [[Java]]
|}

=== 对象数据库 ===
* [[Versant Object Database]]
* [[db4o]]
* [[Gemstone (database)|GemStone/S]]
* [[InterSystems Caché]]
* [[JADE (programming language)|JADE]]
* [[Objectivity/DB]]
* [[ZODB]]
* [[ObjectStore]]

=== 列存储 ===
* [[Cassandra]]
* [[HBase]]
* [[Hypertable]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.sigma.me/2011/06/11/intro-to-nosql.html NoSQL非关系数据库简介] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sigma.me/2011/06/11/intro-to-nosql.html |date=20111025183734 }}
* [http://s3.amazonaws.com/AllThingsDistributed/sosp/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf Amazon数据库论文] {{Wayback|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/AllThingsDistributed/sosp/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf |date=20110316041656 }}
* [http://nosql-databases.org 在互联网上拥有NoSQL相关链接最多的网站。] {{Wayback|url=http://nosql-databases.org/ |date=20191011053610 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110227190046/http://sebug.net/paper/databases/nosql/Nosql.html NoSQL数据库笔谈]
* [http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-redis Cassandra vs MongoDB vs CouchDB vs Redis vs Riak vs HBase vs Membase vs Neo4j comparison] {{Wayback|url=http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-redis |date=20120613215801 }}

== 参见 ==
* [[最终一致性]]（BASE——基本可用、弱状态、最终一致性——的其中一个组成要求，与关系数据库的[[ACID|Acid]]相对）
* [[CAP]]

{{-}}
{{NoSQL}}
{{database}}

[[Category:NoSQL| ]]

NoSQL - 版本历史

imported>Yumeto：​使用DisamAssist清理消歧義連結：Go（改連結至Go語言）。

imported>Yumeto：使用DisamAssist清理消歧義連結：Go（改連結至Go語言）。