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{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = [[梅西耶天體|M]]77
|image = [[File:Messier 77 spiral galaxy by HST.jpg|350px]]
| caption = [[哈伯太空望遠鏡]]拍攝的M77核心。
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| ra = {{RA|02|42|40.771}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
| dec = {{DEC|−00|00|47.84}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
| dist_ly = {{Convert|14.4|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name="xiv"/>
| z = {{Val|1137|3|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name="ned" />
| appmag_v = 9.6<ref name="ned" />
| type = (R)SA(rs)b<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>
| size_v = 7′.1 × 6′.0<ref name="ned" />
| constellation name = [[鯨魚座]]
| mass = ~1{{e|9}}<ref name=messier/>
| notes = 梅西耶天體中<br />最大的星系之一<br />估計傾斜40°<ref name="xiv"/>。
| names = 鯨魚座A、[[特殊星系圖集|Arp]] 37、M77、[[NGC天體表|NGC]] 1068、[[主要星系目錄|PGC]] 10266、[[烏普薩拉總目錄|UGC]] 2188<ref name="simbad"/>
}}

'''M77'''或'''梅西耶77'''，也稱為'''[[NGC天體表|NGC]] 1068'''，是位于[[鯨魚座]]的一個[[螺旋星系]]，距離地球大約4,700萬[[光年]]。M77是[[皮埃爾·梅尚]]在1780年發現的，他最初將它描述为星雲。梅尚隨後將他的發現傳達給[[查爾斯·梅西耶]]，他將這個物體列入他的[[梅西耶天體|目錄]]<ref name="jonesbook1991"/>。梅西耶和[[威廉·赫歇爾]]都將這個星系描述為星團<ref name="jonesbook1991" />。現在，我們知道它是一個星系。

==性質==
在[[星系型態分類|型態分類]]，M77（NGC 1068）在[[熱拉爾·佛科留斯]]系統是(R)SA(rs)b<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>，此處的'(R)'表示有外環結構，'SA'表示不是[[棒旋星系|棒狀]]螺旋星系，'(rs)'表示過渡的內環狀結構，而'b'表示螺旋臂中度彎曲<ref name=deVaucouleurs1963/>。Ann等人（2015年）將它歸類為SAa<ref name=Ann2015/>，暗示著有一個螺旋臂緊密纏繞的非棒螺旋星系。然而，[[紅外天文學|紅外光]]的影像顯示出一個在可見光下看不到的顯著條狀特徵<ref name=Thronson1989/>。由於這個原因，它現在被認為是一個棒旋星系<ref name=Alexander2000/>。

M77是一個有[[活躍星系核]]（AGN）的[[活躍星系核|活躍星系]]，但在可見光波段被塵埃遮蔽了。分子盤和熱電漿的直徑是由[[超長基線陣列|VLBA]]和[[甚大天線陣|VLA]]使用電波測量的。隨後，使用[[甚大望遠鏡|VLT]]1號鏡（Antu，太陽）上的中紅外干涉儀（MIDI）在中紅外範圍內量測了核周圍的熱塵埃。它是最亮的<ref name="deVaucouleurs1973"/>、最靠近和最容易研究的<ref name=Alexander2000/>[[西佛星系|西佛2型星系]]<ref name="xiv"/>這個類型的原型<ref name=Alexander2000/>。

在鲸鱼座內的X射線源1H 0244+001已經被確認就是M77<ref name=Wood/>。在M77只發現過一顆[[超新星]]：SN 2018ivc，是在2018年11月24日在DLT40巡天發現的。這顆超新星是[[II型超新星]]，在發現時的亮度是15等並且亮度還在增加中<ref name="King"/>。

== 圖集 ==
<gallery>
Dazzling galaxy Messier 77.jpg|M77的影像展示了它閃閃發光的螺旋臂與交錯塵埃帶。<ref name=eso/>
M77_Galaxy_from_the_Mount_Lemmon_SkyCenter_Schulman_Telescope_courtesy_Adam_Block.jpg|萊蒙山天文中心以寬頻（RGB）拍攝的M77。
File:16_12_19_M77Bfield_NASA_1200.jpg| 在磁場下的M77。
File:M77 CDK Small09.jpg| 在弗吉尼亞州路易莎市使用17英吋的PlaneWave CDK成像的M77。
File:M77 Clr SuperNova 2.jpg|2018年11月出現在M77的II型超新星影像。弗吉尼亞州路易莎市使用16英吋AstroTech RC鏡拍攝。</gallery>

== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad | title=M 77 | access-date=2018-12-14 }}</ref>

<ref name=Alexander2000>{{citation
| title=Infrared Spectroscopy of NGC 1068: Probing the Obscured Ionizing AGN Continuum
| last1=Alexander | first1=Tal | last2=Lutz | first2=Dieter
| last3=Sturm | first3=Eckhard | last4=Genzel | first4=Reinhard
| last5=Sternberg | first5=Amiel | last6=Netzer | first6=Hagai
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=536 | issue=2 | pages=710–717 | date=June 2000
| doi=10.1086/308973 | bibcode=2000ApJ...536..710A
| arxiv=astro-ph/0002107 | s2cid=15617708 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=Thronson1989>{{citation
| title=Near-infrared image of NGC 1068 - Bar-driven star formation and the circumnuclear composition
| last1=Thronson | first1=Harley A., Jr. | last2=Hereld | first2=Mark
| last3=Majewski | first3=Steven | last4=Greenhouse | first4=Matthew
| last5=Johnson | first5=Paul | last6=Spillar | first6=Earl
| last7=Woodward | first7=C. E. | last8=Harper | first8=D. A.
| last9=Rauscher | first9=Bernard J. | display-authors=1
| journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | postscript=.
| volume=343 | date=August 1, 1989 | pages=158–168
| doi=10.1086/167693 | bibcode=1989ApJ...343..158T }}</ref>

<ref name=Ann2015>{{citation
| title=A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ∼ 0.01) Universe
| last1=Ann | first1=H. B. | last2=Seo | first2=Mira
| last3=Ha | first3=D. K. | display-authors=1
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
| volume=217 | issue=2 | pages=27–49 | date=2015
| bibcode=2015ApJS..217...27A | doi=10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27
| arxiv=1502.03545 | s2cid=119253507 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=deVaucouleurs1963>{{citation
| last=de Vaucouleurs | first=Gérard
| title=Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement
| date=April 1963 | volume=8 | page=31 | postscript=.
| doi=10.1086/190084 | bibcode=1963ApJS....8...31D }}</ref>

<ref name=vaucoulerus1991>{{citation | postscript=.
| last1=de Vaucouleurs | first1=G. | last2=de Vaucouleurs | first2=A.
| last3=Corwin | first3=H. G., Jr. | last4=Buta | first4=R. J.
| last5=Paturel | first5=G. | last6=Fouque | first6=P.
| title=Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies
| version=9 | display-authors=1 | date=1991
| publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=New York }}</ref>

<ref name=Skrutskie2006>{{Citation
| first1=M. F. | last1=Skrutskie | first2=R. M. | last2=Cutri
| first3=R. | last3=Stiening | first4=M. D. | last4=Weinberg
| first5=S. | last5=Schneider | first6=J. M. | last6=Carpenter
| first7=C. | last7=Beichman | first8=R. | last8=Capps
| first9=T. | last9=Chester | first10=J. | last10=Elias
| first11=J. | last11=Huchra | first12=J. | last12=Liebert
| first13=C. | last13=Lonsdale | first14=D. G. | last14=Monet
| first15=S. | last15=Price | first16=P. | last16=Seitzer
| first17=T. | last17=Jarrett | first18=J. D. | last18=Kirkpatrick
| first19=J. E. | last19=Gizis | first20=E. | last20=Howard
| first21=T. | last21=Evans | first22=J. | last22=Fowler
| first23=L. | last23=Fullmer | first24=R. | last24=Hurt
| first25=R. | last25=Light | first26=E. L. | last26=Kopan
| first27=K. A. | last27=Marsh | first28=H. L. | last28=McCallon
| first29=R. | last29=Tam | first30=S. | last30=Van Dyk
| first31=S. | last31=Wheelock | display-authors=1
| title=The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
| journal=The Astronomical Journal | postscript=.
| volume=131 | issue=2 | pages=1163–1183 | date=February 2006
| doi=10.1086/498708 | bibcode=2006AJ....131.1163S | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="ned">{{cite web
| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| work=Results for NGC 1068
| url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m77&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
| accessdate=2006-11-18
| archive-date=2019-12-13
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213170003/http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m77&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
| dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name="xiv">
{{cite journal
| author1=R. J. Rand
| author2=J. F. Wallin
| year=2004
| title=Pattern Speeds BIMA-SONG Galaxies with Molecule-Dominated ISMs Using the Tremaine-Weinberg Method
| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-10-10_614_1/page/142
| doi=10.1086/423423
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=614
| issue=1
| pages=142–157
| arxiv=astro-ph/0406426
|bibcode = 2004ApJ...614..142R | s2cid=17095983
}}</ref>

<ref name=messier>{{cite web|url=http://www.messier-objects.com/messier-77-cetus-a/|title=Messier 77: Cetus A - Messier Objects|author=|date=|website=www.messier-objects.com|accessdate=18 April 2018|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201124649/https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-77-cetus-a/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

<ref name="deVaucouleurs1973">
{{cite journal
| last1 = de Vaucouleurs | first1 = Gérard
| date = 1973
| title = Southern Galaxies.VI. Luminosity Distribution in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1566
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1973-04-01_181_1/page/30 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
| volume = 181 | pages = 31–50
| bibcode = 1973ApJ...181...31D
| doi = 10.1086/152028
}}</ref>

<ref name="jonesbook1991">
{{cite book
| author=K. G. Jones
| date=1991 | edition= 2nd
| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters
| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
| isbn=978-0-521-37079-0
}}</ref>

<ref name=Wood>
{{ cite journal
|author=Wood KS
|author2=Meekins JF
|author3=Yentis DJ
|author4=Smathers HW
|author5=McNutt DP
|author6=Bleach RD
|date=1984
|title=The HEAO A-1 X-ray source catalog
|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]]
|volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=507–649
|doi=10.1086/190992
|bibcode=1984ApJS...56..507W
}}</ref>

<ref name="King">{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Bob |title=Supernova Discovered in the Bright Galaxy M77 |url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/supernova-discovered-in-the-bright-galaxy-m77/?k=Pg%2FjMopAjLuymaFqJZqBEJMUEcArttgJ8%2B6vHkAwjlw%3D&cid=DM88427&bid=879626371 |website=Sky & Telescope |accessdate=30 November 2018 |date=2018-11-29 |archive-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022353/https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/supernova-discovered-in-the-bright-galaxy-m77/?k=Pg%2FjMopAjLuymaFqJZqBEJMUEcArttgJ8%2B6vHkAwjlw%3D&cid=DM88427&bid=879626371 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name=eso>{{cite web|title=Dazzling galaxy Messier 77|url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1720a/|website=www.eso.org|accessdate=5 July 2017|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032317/https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1720a/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

}}

== 外部連結 ==
{{commons category|Messier 77}}
* {{WikiSky}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021432/http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M77 "StarDate: M77 Fact Sheet"]
* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m077.html Spiral Galaxy M77 @ SEDS Messier pages] {{Wayback|url=http://messier.seds.org/m/m077.html |date=20150516044544 }}
* [http://www.vlba.nrao.edu/imgmonth/N1068/ VLBA image of the month: radio continuum and water masers of NGC 1068] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vlba.nrao.edu/imgmonth/N1068/ |date=20091119072253 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306093230/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2004/pr-10-04.html Press release about VLTI observations of NGC 1068]
* [http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/news/eso1720/?lang ESO:Dazzling Spiral with an Active Heart] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/news/eso1720/?lang |date=20201027224336 }} incl. Potos & Animation
* {{cite web|last=Gray|first=Meghan|title=M77 – Globular Cluster|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M77.html|work=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author2=Hardy, Liam|accessdate=2020-11-27|archive-date=2020-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010083211/http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M77.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{APOD |date=10 May 2013 |title=Messier 77}}

{{Sky|02|42|40.7|-|00|00|48|47000000}}
{{Ngc15}}
{{Catalogs|M=77|NGC=1068|UGC=2188|PGC=10266|Arp=37}}
{{梅西耶天體}}
{{List of Seyfert galaxies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 077}}
[[Category:棒旋星系]]
[[Category:西佛星系]]
[[Category:電波星系]]
[[Category:亮紅外星系]]
[[Category:鯨魚座]]
[[Category:梅西耶天體|077]]
[[Category:NGC天體]]
[[Category:UGC天體|02188]]
[[Category:PGC天體|10266]]
[[Category:阿普天體|041]]
[[Category:1780年發現的天體]]

M77 - 版本历史

~2026-10963-59 来自 2026年2月19日 (四) 04:58