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{{Infobox protocol
| name = LoRa

| standard = 
| developer = {{le|Semtech|Semtech}}
| introdate = {{Start date|2003|5}}
| industry = 工業、科學
| connector = SPI/I2C
| hardware = SX1278
| range = 10km+
}}
{{for|深度学习中的一种微调方法（LoRA）|微调_(深度学习)#低秩适应}}

'''LoRa'''（'''Lo'''ng '''Ra'''nge）是Semtech開發的[[LPWAN]]協定，是依{{le|啁啾展頻|chirp spread spectrum|chirp展頻}}（CSS）技術衍生的展頻調變技術為基礎<ref name="modbas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.semtech.com/uploads/documents/an1200.22.pdf|title=LoRa Modulation Basics|last=|first=|date=|website=Semtech|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718200516/https://www.semtech.com/uploads/documents/an1200.22.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-18|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>。是由法國[[格勒诺布尔]]的Cycleo公司所發展，後來被LoRa Alliance的創立成員{{le|Semtech|Semtech}}所收購<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.design-reuse.com/news/28706/semtech-cycleo-acquisition.html|title=Semtech Acquires Wireless Long Range IP Provider Cycleo|website=Design And Reuse|language=en|access-date=2019-10-17|archive-date=2020-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014230659/https://www.design-reuse.com/news/28706/semtech-cycleo-acquisition.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

== 特徵 ==
LoRa用不需申請許可的次GHz[[射頻]]頻段，例如433 MHz、{{le|短範圍設備|Short-range device|868 MHz}}（歐洲）、915 MHz（澳大利亚及北美洲）及923 MHz（亞洲）。LoRa可以在低能耗下進行長距離的通訊（在鄉村可以傳輸超過10公里）<ref name="sanchez">{{cite journal|author1=Ramon Sanchez-Iborra |author2=Jesus Sanchez-Gomez |author3=Juan Ballesta-Viñas |author4=Maria-Dolores Cano |author5=Antonio F. Skarmeta |title=Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions |journal=Sensors |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=772 |year=2018 |doi=10.3390/s18030772 |pmid=29510524 |pmc=5876541 }}</ref>。此技術包括了[[物理层]]，而像其他的技術及協定（例如LoRaWAN）包括了上層的協定。其資料率可以從27 Kbps到0.3 Kbps，依擴散因子而定<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adelantado|first1=Ferran|last2=Vilajosana|first2=Xavier|last3=Tuset-Peiro|first3=Pere|last4=Martinez|first4=Borja|last5=Melia-Segui|first5=Joan|last6=Watteyne|first6=Thomas|date=2017|title=Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN|journal=IEEE Communications Magazine|volume=55|issue=9|pages=34–40|doi=10.1109/mcom.2017.1600613|hdl=10609/93072|s2cid=2798291|issn=0163-6804|hdl-access=free}}</ref>。

2018年1月發佈了新的LoRa晶片組，相較於舊的產品，其功耗降低，傳輸功率提高，體積也比較小<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/01/08/1285003/0/en/Semtech-Enables-IoT-of-the-Future-with-Next-Generation-LoRa-Platform.html|title=Semtech Enables IoT of the Future with Next Generation LoRa Platform|last=Corporation|first=Semtech|date=2018-01-08|website=GlobeNewswire News Room|access-date=2019-10-17|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020013/http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/01/08/1285003/0/en/Semtech-Enables-IoT-of-the-Future-with-Next-Generation-LoRa-Platform.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

LoRa設備有{{le|geolocation|geolocation}}能力，用在設備的位置{{le|三邊量測法|Trilateration|三邊量測}}，利用網關的時間戳記進行<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/130478296/paper_final_2.pdf|title=GPS-free Geolocation using LoRa in Low-Power WANs|author1=Fargas, Bernat Carbones|author2=Petersen, Martin Nordal|date=|website=DTU Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725085909/https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/130478296/paper_final_2.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-25|access-date=|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

LoRa和LoRaWAN讓許多產業的[[物联网]]設備有長程的連線能力<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/coinmonks/lpwan-lora-lorawan-and-the-internet-of-things-aed7d5975d5d|title=LPWAN, LoRa, LoRaWAN and the Internet of Things|last=Ram|first=Prashant|date=2018-08-07|website=Coinmonks|access-date=2019-02-09|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109184412/https://medium.com/coinmonks/lpwan-lora-lorawan-and-the-internet-of-things-aed7d5975d5d|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

LoRaWAN的增程器（Range extender）稱為LoRaX。

==LoRa物理層==
LoRa使用專用的展頻調變技術，類似{{le|啁啾展頻|chirp spread spectrum|chirp展頻}}的擴展。展頻LoRa調變的做法是將酬載的每一個位元用多個chirp資訊來表示。展頻資料送出的速率是符號率，正常符號率和chirp之間的比例是擴散因子（spreading factor、SF）表示每一位元資料對應的符號數<ref name="modbas" />。LoRa可以在固定的頻寛下，在靈敏度和資料率之間取捨, 選擇擴散因子（在7到12之間）。高SF表示每秒送出的chirp越多，因此每秒編碼的資料也較多。低SF表示每秒送出的chirp越少，因此每秒編碼的資料也較少。傳送相同長度的資料，高SF花的傳輸時間（稱為通話時間）會比較長。通話時間越長，表示modem運作時間越長，也越耗能。高SF的好處是通話時間長，讓接收者比較有機會取樣到信號的功率，靈敏度會比較好<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/article/how-spreading-factor-affects-lorawan-device-battery-life|title=How Spreading Factor affects LoRaWAN device battery life|last=Qoitech|website=The Things Network|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009011745/https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/article/how-spreading-factor-affects-lorawan-device-battery-life|dead-url=no}}</ref>

此外，LoRa用前向[[纠错码]]來提昇抗干擾能力。LoRa的寬範圍可以用高無線網路[[链路预算]]來表示，約155 dB至170 dB<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.semtech.com/title-10-things-about-lorawan-nb-iot|title=10 Things About LoRaWAN & NB-IoT|last=Mohan|first=Vivek|website=blog.semtech.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927172533/https://blog.semtech.com/title-10-things-about-lorawan-nb-iot|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

==LoRaWAN==
LoRa定義了通訊棧中較低的物理層，沒有定義上層的網路協定。有許多協定可以定義LoRa上層的網路協定，LoRaWAN（long range wide-area network）就是其中之一。LoRaWAN是以雲為基礎的[[介质访问控制]]（MAC）層協定，但其作用類似網路層，管理[[LPWAN]][[网关]]和終端節點之間的通訊，類似[[路由協定]]，由LoRa聯盟維護。

LoRaWAN定義通訊協定以及網路的系統架構，由LoRa物理層進行長距離的通訊。LoRaWAN也負責管理所有節點的通訊頻率、[[码率单位]]及功率<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lora-alliance.org/lorawan-for-developers|title=LoRaWAN For Developers|website=www.lora-alliance.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204110139/https://lora-alliance.org/lorawan-for-developers|dead-url=no}}</ref>。網路中的設備是非同步的傳輸，在有資料可送出時就會送出。終端節點送出的信號會由多個网关接收，會將資料封包往前轉輸到中心化的網路伺服器<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.link-labs.com/lpwan|title=A Comprehensive Look At LPWAN For IoT Engineers & Decision Makers|date=|website=www.link-labs.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127231400/https://www.link-labs.com/lpwan|archive-date=2020-11-27|access-date=2017-06-22|dead-url=no}}</ref>。網路伺服器會過濾重覆的封包，進行安全檢查，並且管理網路{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}，之後會將資料送到應用伺服器<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/what-is-lorawan.pdf|title=LoRaWAN: What is it?|last=LoRa Alliance|date=2015|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124091814/https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/what-is-lorawan.pdf|archive-date=2020-11-24|access-date=|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。此一技術在中等負載下有高可靠度，不過有些和發送「收到」（acknowledgements）訊號有關的性能問題<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bankov |first1=D. |last2=Khorov |first2=E. |last3=Lyakhov |first3=A. |date=November 2016 |title=On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access |journal=2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT) |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1109/ent.2016.011|isbn=978-1-5090-4553-2 |s2cid=44799707 }}</ref>。

=== 各版本歷史 ===
* 2015年1月：1.0版<ref name="lora0">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/2015_-_lorawan_specification_1r0_611_1.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052219/https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/2015_-_lorawan_specification_1r0_611_1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150616006550/en/LoRaWAN-R1.0-Open-Standard-Released-IoT Version 1.0 of the LoRaWAN specification released] {{Wayback|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150616006550/en/LoRaWAN-R1.0-Open-Standard-Released-IoT |date=20190725085909 }}.</ref>。
* 2016年2月：1.0.1版<ref name="lora1">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/lorawan1.0.1final_05apr2016_1099_1.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205195721/https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/lorawan1.0.1final_05apr2016_1099_1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
* 2016年7月：1.0.2版<ref name="lora2">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/lorawan1_0_2-20161012_1398_1.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228003255/https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/lorawan1_0_2-20161012_1398_1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
* 2017年10月：1.1版，加入Class B<ref name="lora11">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN™ 1.1 Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/lorawantm_specification_-v1.1.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821212056/https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/lorawantm_specification_-v1.1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
* 2018年7月：1.0.3版<ref name="lora3">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN 1.0.3 Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/lorawan1.0.3.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018130111/https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/lorawan1.0.3.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。

=== LoRa聯盟 ===
LoRa聯盟（[https://lora-alliance.org LoRa Alliance] {{Wayback|url=https://lora-alliance.org/ |date=20210201190730 }}）是符合[[501(c)条款|501(c)(6)]]<ref name="pape_Linu">{{Cite journal |title=Linux Foundation is Eating the World |author=Brad Biddle |date=7 May 2019 |quote=Many other organizations formed following this same basic template: incorporation as a mutual benefit non-profit corporation under applicable U.S. state law (with some slight variations of corporate form based on particular state law requirements), and then operation as a tax exempt entity under a provision targeted at “business leagues” and other trade association-style enterprises. This provision, Section 501(c)(6) of Title 26 of the U.S. Code, generally enabled the organizations to avoid paying federal income tax, and often to avoid most state and local taxes as well. Selecting from hundreds of examples, some organizations that follow this model include ... LoRa Alliance |ssrn=3377799 }}</ref>的組織，在2015年建立，目的是為了支援LoRaWAN協定，也確保所有LoRaWAN產品以及技術的互操作性。LoRa聯盟是開放、非營利的組織，其成員已超過500個<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacbiztimes.com/2017/06/29/semtechs-lora-alliance-grows-to-500-members/|title=Semtech's LoRa Alliance grows to 500 members|date=2017-06-29|website=Pacific Coast Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-09|archive-date=2020-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010022328/https://www.pacbiztimes.com/2017/06/29/semtechs-lora-alliance-grows-to-500-members/|dead-url=no}}</ref>，其中有包括[[IBM]]、{{le|Everynet|Everynet}}、{{le|Actility|Actility}}、[[微晶片科技|Microchip]]、[[Orange (公司)|Orange公司]]、[[思科系统]]、[[荷蘭皇家電信]]、[[瑞士电信]]、{{le|Semtech|Semtech}}等<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lora-alliance.org/member-directory|title=Member Directory {{!}} LoRa Alliance|website=lora-alliance.org|access-date=2019-02-09|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203143935/https://lora-alliance.org/member-directory/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2018年時，LoRa聯盟已有超過100個LoRaWAN網路，分佈在超過100個國家<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ept.ca/2019/01/lora-alliance-passes-100-lorawan-network-operator-milestone/|title=LoRa Alliance passes 100 LoRaWAN network operator milestone|date=2019-01-25|website=Electronic Products & Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202054212/https://www.ept.ca/2019/01/lora-alliance-passes-100-lorawan-network-operator-milestone/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

==相關條目==
*{{le|DASH7|DASH7}}：有關LoRa的網路棧
*[[IEEE 802.11ah]]：非專有的低功率長距離標準
*[[NB-IoT]]
*{{le|Narrowband IoT|Narrowband IoT|LTE Cat M1}}
*{{le|Helium Systems|Helium Systems}}：以類似技術建立的專有通訊系統
*{{le|MIoTy|MIoTy}}：針對感測器網路的次GHz LPWAN技術。

==參考資料==
{{reflist}}

==延伸閱讀==
*Lee, Chang-Jae, Ki-Seon Ryu, and Beum-Joon Kim. "Periodic ranging in a wireless access system for mobile station in sleep mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,194,288. 20 March 2007.
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.sghoslya.com/p/lora-is-chirp-spread-spectrum.html|title=How to generate LoRa Symbols|last=Ghoslya|first=Sakshama|date=2019-04-17|website=All About LoRa and LoRaWAN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222014154/https://www.sghoslya.com/p/lora-is-chirp-spread-spectrum.html|archive-date=2020-12-22|access-date=|dead-url=no}}
*Quigley, Thomas J., and Ted Rabenko. "Latency reduction in a communications system." U.S. Patent No. 7,930,000. 19 April 2011.
* Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7810745/ "On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access"]{{Wayback|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7810745/ |date=20201024154611 }}. ''2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT)'': 10–14.
*Seneviratne, Pradeeka. [https://www.apress.com/us/book/9781484243565 "Beginning LoRa Radio Networks with Arduino - Build Long Range, Low Power Wireless IoT Networks."]{{Wayback|url=https://www.apress.com/us/book/9781484243565 |date=20190725085851 }} Apress, 2019, eBook {{ISBN|978-1-4842-4357-2}}, Softcover {{ISBN|978-1-4842-4356-5}}, Ed: 1

==外部連結==
* [https://lora-alliance.org/ LoRa Alliance]{{Wayback|url=https://lora-alliance.org/ |date=20210201190730 }}
*[https://iot.eetimes.com/lorawan-as-wide-area-low-power-private-iot-wireless-network/ LoRaWAN]{{Wayback|url=https://iot.eetimes.com/lorawan-as-wide-area-low-power-private-iot-wireless-network/ |date=20200526081317 }} as wide-area, low-power, private IoT network
*[https://www.rakwireless.com/ RAKwireless]{{Wayback|url=https://www.rakwireless.com/ |date=20190216014508 }} pioneer in LPWA connectivity solutions for IoT infrastructures and Edge Devices.
[[Category:无线网络]]

LoRa - 版本历史

imported>Kunjinkao 来自 2025年12月3日 (三) 09:45