imported>CataPunero：修饰语句

2025-09-09T00:27:43Z

修饰语句

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{{NoteTA|G1=IT|G2=FL}}
{{Distinguish|Linux|Linux核心}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Linux-libre
| title = Linux-libre
| logo = Freedo.svg
| logo_size = 68px
| logo_alt = Freedo, official mascot of Linux-libre
| screenshot = Linux-Libre 3.0.66-1 Boot.png
| caption = Linux-libre核心3.0.66啟動畫面
| collapsible =
| developer = {{link-en|拉丁美洲自由软件基金会|Free Software Foundation Latin America}}
| released = {{Start date|2008|02|20}}<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://lists.autistici.org/message/20080221.002845.467ba592.en.html
|title = [blag-devel] linux-libre
|author = blag-announce
|authorlink =
|date = February 20, 2008
|accessdate = March 5, 2013
|archive-date = 2014-02-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203134408/http://lists.autistici.org/message/20080221.002845.467ba592.en.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>
| discontinued =
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| programmed in = [[C語言]]、[[汇编语言]]
| kernel type = [[整塊性核心]]
| license = [[GNU通用公共许可证#GPLv2|GNU通用公共许可证]]第二版
| website = {{URL|https://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html}}
}}

'''Linux-libre'''（{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|ə|k|s|_|ˈ|l|iː|b|r|ə}}）是一种[[电子计算机|计算机]][[作業系統]][[内核]]，它是由[[Linux核心]]修改而來的[[GNU软件包列表|GNU自由软件]] <ref>[[自由軟體基金會]] (2013), [http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU_Linux-libre Directory.fsf.org] {{Wayback|url=http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU_Linux-libre |date=20131221093218 }}</ref>。此專案的目的是移除Linux核心內不包含[[源代码]]、含有[[代码混淆]]以及使用[[專有軟體|專有許可證]]釋出的部份，使其变得完全自由。当中沒有源代码的部份稱為[[二進位大型物件|blob]]，通常是[[韌體]]，此部份一般是可再散佈的，但不允许使用者閱讀或修改原始碼。而Linux-libre则是完全的[[自由軟體]]。

== 歷史 ==
Linux核心從1996年開始就包含了二進制blob<ref>[http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en Take your freedom back, with Linux-2.6.33-libre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en |date=20121219081431 }} FSFLA, 2010.</ref>。而清除二進制blob的工作則由[[gNewSense]]在2006年開始。2007年，BLAG有了更多的進展，Linux-libre就此誕生<ref>Alexandre Oliva: [http://fsfla.org/~lxoliva/fsfla/Linux-libre.en.pdf Linux-libre and the prisoners’ dilemma] {{Wayback|url=http://fsfla.org/~lxoliva/fsfla/Linux-libre.en.pdf |date=20160127182615 }} FSFLA, 2009.</ref><ref name="blag">jebba: [http://forums.blagblagblag.org/viewtopic.php?t=4665 BLAG :: View topic - Linux Libre] {{Wayback|url=http://forums.blagblagblag.org/viewtopic.php?t=4665 |date=20150905160356 }} BLAG forums, 2008.</ref>。Linux-libre是由{{link-en|拉丁美洲自由软件基金会|Free Software Foundation Latin America}}(FSFLA)所開發，[[自由软件基金会]]認可<ref>{{cite web|url= http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux_%28BLOB_free_version%29|title= Linux (BLOB free version)|accessdate= 2011-12-06|author= 自由軟體基金會|authorlink= 自由軟體基金會|work= 自由軟體目錄|quote= [...] in the interest of freedom, we are providing a link to a version of the kernel in which this proprietary code has been removed so that it is entirely free software|archive-date= 2012-03-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025441/http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux_(BLOB_free_version)|dead-url= no}}</ref>，作為[[自由軟體基金會認可的Linux發行版]]的一部份。它在2012年3月成為了GNU計畫的其中一個軟體包<ref name="gnu">{{cite mailing list |last=Oliva |first=Alexandre |authorlink=Alexandre Oliva |title=GNU Linux-libre 3.3-gnu is now available |publisher=info-gnu |date=March 19, 2012 |url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2012-03/msg00013.html |accessdate=August 7, 2012 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603233038/http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2012-03/msg00013.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>，Alexandre Oliva是此專案的維護者。

== 專有韌體的移除方法 ==
移除過程需要用到稱為''deblob-main''的[[脚本语言|指令碼]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html#how
|title = How it is done
|accessdate = December 6, 2011
|author = Free Software Foundation Latin America
|work = Linux-libre, Free as in Freedo
|archive-date = 2012-12-22
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121222022721/http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html#how
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>。這個指令碼是由[[gNewSense]]所啟發。Jeff Moe做了後續的修改以符合{{link-en|BLAG Linux and GNU|BLAG Linux and GNU}}發行版的需求。而有另一個''deblob-check''腳本是用來檢查被懷疑包含了專有軟體的核心源檔案、[[修補程式]]或是被壓縮的源檔案<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/
|title = fsfla - Revision 8200: /software/linux-libre/scripts
|accessdate = 2011-12-06
|work = Free Software Foundation Latin America
|archive-date = 2016-02-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201002159/http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>。

== 移除專有韌體的影響 ==
除了整個系統都是執行[[自由軟體]]以外，移除使用者無法研究或修改的裝置韌體同時有正反兩面的影響。

移除裝置韌體的好處是可以免除專有韌體無法被直接從原始碼看見的程式問題，或是可以由Linux核心維護者修復的程式錯誤或是安全問題。惡意的韌體可能會破壞整個系統，而且專有韌體無法讓其他開發者進行安全審查。即使是一個看似無害的程式錯誤都可能會破壞整個系統的安全性<ref>{{cite conference |conference=hack.lu |url=http://esec-lab.sogeti.com/dotclear/public/publications/10-hack.lu-nicreverse_slides.pdf |title=Reversing the Broacom NetExtreme's Firmware |date=2010-11-21 |accessdate=2012-04-18 |first=Guillaume |last=Delugré |format=PDF |publisher=Sogeti |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425194643/http://esec-lab.sogeti.com/dotclear/public/publications/10-hack.lu-nicreverse_slides.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref>。

而從核心移除專有韌體的缺點則是可能會導致部份硬體功能的缺失，因為其尚未有可替代的自由軟體。這可能會影響部份的[[声卡]]、[[显示卡]]、{{link-en|電視卡|TV tuner card}}以及[[网卡]]，或是其他設備。通常自由韌體是作為可選的替代品提供<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libreplanet.org/wiki/LinuxLibre:Devices_that_require_non-free_firmware |title=LinuxLibre:Devices that require non-free firmware |publisher=LibrePlanet |date=2011-02-05 |accessdate=2012-04-17 |archive-date=2013-01-10 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DYjGIMdc?url=http://libreplanet.org/wiki/LinuxLibre:Devices_that_require_non-free_firmware |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 可用性 ==
去除專有軟體的Linux核心的源代码及[[編譯器|預編譯]]軟體包在使用Linux-Libre腳本的發行版提供。Freed-ora是一個維護基於[[Fedora (作業系統)|Fedora]]核心的[[RPM套件管理員|RPM]]軟體包的子專案<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/freed-ora
|title = Linux-libre's Freed-ora project
|accessdate = 2011-12-06
|author = {{link-en|拉丁美洲自由软件基金会|Free Software Foundation Latin America}}
|quote = Freed-ora is a sub-project that prepares and maintains 100% Free RPMs that track Fedora's non-Free kernels
|archive-date = 2013-01-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130101071904/http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/freed-ora
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>。也在提供[[Debian]]<ref>{{cite mailing list
|url = http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2009/04/msg00010.html
|title = Linux-libre for Debian Lenny
|date = 2009-04-23
|accessdate = 2009-05-12
|mailinglist = [Debian Mailing Lists] Announcements for developers
|last = Millan
|first = Robert
|quote = This is to announce that Debian packages of Linux-libre [...] are now available for Lenny users who want to use them [...]
|archive-date = 2016-02-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203213042/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2009/04/msg00010.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>及其衍生發行版中提供，如[[Ubuntu]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://aligunduz.org/gNewSense/
|title=Uncle Gnufs' World Famous Home Baked Free Kernel Shoppe
|accessdate=2011-12-06
|last=Gündüz
|first=Ali
|work=aligunduz.org
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216050448/http://www.aligunduz.org/gNewSense/
|archivedate=2012-02-16
}}</ref>。

== 發行版 ==
[[File:Parabola13.png|thumb|[[Parabola GNU/Linux-libre]]使用Linux-libre作為預設核心。]]
[[File:Trisquel_6.0_LTS_screenshot.png|thumb|[[Trisquel]]自2.1版起提供基於Linux-libre的100%自由核心。]]

下列發行版預設使用Linux-libre核心：

* [[Guix|GNU Guix System]]
* {{link-en|BLAG Linux and GNU|BLAG Linux and GNU}}<ref name="blag"/>
* {{link-en|Dragora GNU/Linux|Dragora GNU/Linux}}<ref>[http://www.dragora.org/en/overview.html Dragora overview] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dragora.org/en/overview.html |date=20151001193931 }} dragora.org</ref>
* {{link-en|dyne:bolic|dyne:bolic}}<ref name="dyne:bolic freeeee">{{cite mailing list
|url = http://lists.linuxaudio.org/pipermail/linux-audio-tuning/2008-September/000059.html
|title = <nowiki>[</nowiki>LAT<nowiki>]</nowiki> hello, dyne:bolic -rt and freeeee
|date = 2008-09-10
|accessdate = 2011-12-06
|mailinglist = [Fundación Software Libre América Latina] Linux-audio-tuning
|author = jaromil
|archive-date = 2013-09-11
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130911060039/http://lists.linuxaudio.org/pipermail/linux-audio-tuning/2008-September/000059.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>
* [[gNewSense]]
* {{link-en|Musix GNU/Linux|Musix GNU/Linux}}
* [[Parabola GNU/Linux-libre]]
* [[Trisquel]]
* 參見[[自由軟體基金會認可的Linux發行版]]
下列发行版实际上使用与Linux-libre等效的核心
* [[Debian GNU/Linux]]（2022年通过的社区决议使其安装器默认加载非自由固件）<ref>{{cite news |author1=corbet |title=Debian's firmware vote results |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/910065/ |accessdate=2025-09-09 |work=LWN.net}}</ref>

下列發行版預設使用標準的Linux核心，但也提供Linux-libre做為替代核心：

* [[Arch Linux]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/linux-libre
|title = linux-libre
|accessdate = 2017-02-23
|author = Arch Linux
|authorlink = Arch Linux
|date = 2017-02-21
|work = AUR
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170223110119/https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/linux-libre/
|archivedate = 2017-02-23
}}</ref>
* {{link-en|Canaima|Canaima (operating system)}}<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://forja.softwarelibre.gob.ve/projects/linux-libre/
|title = Linux-Libre: Resumen del proyecto
|accessdate = 2001-12-06
|last = Fossi
|first = Damián
|date = 2009-08-24
|work = Forja
|language = es
|trans_title = Linux-Libre: Proyect abstract
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127120659/http://forja.softwarelibre.gob.ve/projects/linux-libre/
|archive-date = 2016-01-27
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
* [[Gentoo Linux]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=266157
|title = Bug 266157
|accessdate = 2011-12-06
|last = O'Kelly
|first = Tim
|date = 2009-04-14
|work = Gentoo's Bugzilla
|publisher = Gentoo Linux
|archive-date = 2016-12-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161209124604/https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=266157
|dead-url = no
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Licenses#Common_Setups
|title = Licenses: Common Setups
|accessdate = 2012-08-08
|date = 2012-08-06
|work = Gentoo Wiki
|publisher = Gentoo Linux
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111459/http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/LICENSES#Common_Setups
|archivedate = 2012-07-18
}}</ref>

== 即時內核版本 ==
{{link-en|dyne:bolic|dyne:bolic}}發行版的核心是編譯成用來[[实时计算]]的，可以讓多媒體剪輯及其他需要低延遲的工作得到更好的性能表現<ref name="dyne:bolic freeeee" />。 [[Trisquel]]與[[Parabola GNU/Linux-libre]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://repo.parabolagnulinux.org/kernels/os/i686/
|title = Parabola GNU/Linux的套件庫
|accessdate = 2011-12-06
}}</ref>也提供了即時內核的版本。

== 參見 ==
{{Portal|自由軟體}}
{{Portal|Linux}}
* [[Linux]]
* [[GNU Hurd]]：由GNU計畫所開發的一個[[微核心]]

== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== 外部链接 ==
{{commons category|Linux-libre}}
* {{official website|http://fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html}}
* [http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux_%28BLOB_free_version%29 Linux （去除專有韌體版本）] {{Wayback|url=http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux_%28BLOB_free_version%29 |date=20120314025441 }} 在 FSF.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121015183120/http://www.fscorsica.org/index-en.html 拉丁美洲自由软件基金会官方的.deb構建器]

{{Linux}}
{{Linux内核}}
{{GNU}}

[[分類:GNU計劃軟體]]
[[分類:Linux內核]]

Linux-libre - 版本历史

imported>CataPunero：​修饰语句

imported>CataPunero：修饰语句