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'''LPWAN'''（Low-Power Wide-Area Network，低功率廣域網路）也稱為'''LPWA''' (Low-Power Wide-Area) ，或 '''LPN'''（Low-Power Network，低功率網路），是一種用在[[物聯網]]（例如以電池為電源的[[感測器]]），可以用低[[位元率]]進行長距離通訊的[[無線網路]]<ref>Beser, Nurettin Burcak. "Operating cable modems in a low power mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,389,528. 17 June 2008.</ref><ref>Schwartzman, Alejandro, and Chrisanto Leano. "Methods and apparatus for enabling and disabling cable modem receiver circuitry." U.S. Patent No. 7,587,746. 8 September 2009.</ref>。低電量需求、低位元率與使用時機可以用來區分LPWAN與{{le|無線廣域網路|Wireless WAN}}，無線廣域網路是設計來連接企業或用戶，可以傳輸更多資料但也更耗能。LPWAN每個頻道的傳輸速率介於0.3 kbit/s 到 50 kbit/s之間<ref>Ferran Adelantado, Xavier Vilajosana, Pere Tuset-Peiro, Borja Martinez, Joan Melià-Seguí and Thomas Watteyne. Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN (January 2017) ([https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.08011.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.08011.pdf |date=20201112001607 }})</ref>。

LPWAN可以用來建立一個私有的[[無線感測網路]]，但也可以是一個第三方提供的服務或基礎設施，這使感測器的擁有者可以直接部屬感測器，而不必投資經費於閘道器的建設。

== 特點 ==
LPWAN的運作範圍，從城市的數公里到鄉村的超過十公里不等。也可以在以往不可行的室內以及地下位置進行通訊。

有關LPWAN設備的使用功率，設備商聲稱內建電池的電力可以使用數十年，不過這還沒有在現實世界驗證過<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ritesh Kumar |last2=Puluckul |first2=Priyesh Pappinisseri |last3=Berkvens |first3=Rafael |last4=Weyn |first4=Maarten |date=2020-08-25 |title=Energy Consumption Analysis of LPWAN Technologies and Lifetime Estimation for IoT Application |journal=Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=20 |issue=17 |pages=4794 |doi=10.3390/s20174794 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=7506725 |pmid=32854350 |bibcode=2020Senso..20.4794S |doi-access=free }}</ref>。

==平台和技術==
以下是一些LPWAN裡的競爭標準以及供應商<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Iborra |first1=Ramon |last2=Cano |first2=Maria-Dolores |year=2016 |title=State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services |journal=Sensors |volume=16 |issue=5 |page=708 |doi=10.3390/s16050708 |pmc=4883399 |pmid=27196909 |bibcode=2016Senso..16..708S |doi-access=free}}</ref>：

*{{le|DASH7|DASH7}}是低延遲、雙向的韌體標準，運作在許多的LPWAN廣播技術中（包括[[LoRa]]）。
*{{le|Wize|Wize technology}}是LPWAN的開放標準，不需授權費，源自歐盟標準Wireless Mbus<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheldon|first=John|date=2019-06-25|title=French IoT Satellite Company Kinéis Announces Strategic Partnerships With Objenious And Wize Alliance|url=https://spacewatch.global/2019/06/french-iot-satellite-company-kineis-announces-strategic-partnerships-with-objenious-and-wize-alliance/|access-date=2019-08-02|website=SpaceWatch.Global|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402082442/https://spacewatch.global/2019/06/french-iot-satellite-company-kineis-announces-strategic-partnerships-with-objenious-and-wize-alliance/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

* {{le|啁啾展頻|Chirp spread spectrum}}（CSS）基礎的設備。

* [[Sigfox]]是法國公司，其技術是以UNB為基礎<ref>{{Cite web|title = SIGFOX Technology|url = https://www.sigfox.com/en/#!/technology|access-date = 2016-02-01|archive-date = 2022-12-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221228111231/https://www.sigfox.com/en#!/technology|dead-url = no}}</ref>。

* [[LoRa]]是LoRaWAN、Haystack Technologies及Symphony Link使用的私有啁啾展頻技術<ref>{{Cite web|title = What is LoRaWAN?|url = https://www.link-labs.com/blog/what-is-lorawan|website = Link Labs|access-date = 2023-01-09|language = en-US|archive-date = 2024-02-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240226043501/https://www.link-labs.com/blog/what-is-lorawan|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jesus Sanchez-Gomez |author2=Ramon Sanchez-Iborra | author5=Antonio F. Skarmeta |title=Experimental comparison of LoRa and FSK as IoT-communication-enabling modulations |journal=IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom'17) |year=2017 |doi=10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254530 |s2cid=44010035 }}</ref>。
* {{le|MIoTy|MIoTy}}，使用 telegram splitting 技術的協定。

* {{le|Weightless|Weightless (wireless communications)}}是Ubiik使用的LPWAN開放標準。
* ELTRES是Sony使用的LPWA技術，在移動速度100 km/h時，傳輸距離可超過100公里<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELTRES Technology |url=https://www.sony-semicon.com/en/eltres/index.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Sony Semiconductor Solutions Group |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417175624/https://www.sony-semicon.com/en/eltres/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
*[[IEEE 802.11ah]]，也稱為Wi-Fi HaLow，是低功率、大範圍的802.11無線網路標準，其中使用了sub-gig頻率<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364 |isbn=978-1-5044-3911-4 |title=IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt Operation }}</ref>。

===Ultra-narrow band===
{{le|Ultra Narrowband|Ultra Narrowband}}（UNB），是以下公司使用的LPWAN技術：
* [[Sigfox]]，法國的UNB技術公司<ref>{{Cite web|title = SIGFOX Technology|url = https://www.sigfox.com/en/#!/technology|access-date = 2016-02-01|archive-date = 2022-12-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221228111231/https://www.sigfox.com/en#!/technology|dead-url = no}}</ref>。
* Weightless，是Weightless SIG發展的一組通訊標準<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weightless-N – Weightless |url=http://www.weightless.org/about/weightlessn |access-date=2016-02-01 |website=www.weightless.org |archive-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520000638/http://www.weightless.org/about/weightlessn |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
* {{le|NB-Fi|NB-Fi}}，是由WAVIoT公司開發的技術<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waviot.com/technology/what-is-nb-fi|title=What is NB-Fi Protocol – WAVIoT LPWAN|website=WAVIoT LPWAN|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-18|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502000431/https://waviot.com/technology/what-is-nb-fi|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

==參考資料==
{{reflist}}

==外部連結==
*RPMA: Random Phase Multiple Access by Ingenu, https://www.ingenu.com {{Wayback|url=https://www.ingenu.com/ |date=20201123155958 }} San Diego, US
[[Category:广域网]]
[[Category:无线网络]]

LPWAN - 版本历史

imported>InternetArchiveBot：​补救7个来源，并将0个来源标记为失效。) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

imported>InternetArchiveBot：补救7个来源，并将0个来源标记为失效。) #IABot (v2.0.9.5