imported>菜國人：修改優化

2025-12-30T16:03:26Z

修改優化

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{{Infobox website
| name = Knol
| logo = Knol-logo.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| screenshot = Knol screenshot.png
| screenshot_size = 250px
| caption = 一篇關於膝蓋手術的Knol文章
| commercial = 是
| type = 參考資料
| language =
| registration = 是
| owner = [[Google]]
| author = [[Google]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2008|7|23}}
| dissolved = {{end date|2012|10|1}}
| current_status = 已關閉
| revenue =
| url = knol.google.com（已離線）
}}

'''Knol'''是[[Google公司]]於2008年推出的一項計劃，旨在收錄由使用者撰寫涵蓋各類主題的文章。「Knol」是Google自創的新詞，取自知識的英文「Knowledge」，這個小寫的術語「knol」被定義為「一個知識單位」的意思（{{Lang|en|A unit of knowledge}}）。每一篇文章亦可以用Knol來稱呼。<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/2821145/Google%27s-%27knol%27-may-challenge-Wikipedia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207032939/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/2821145/Google%27s-%27knol%27-may-challenge-Wikipedia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-07|title=Google's 'knol' may challenge Wikipedia|last=Monaghan|first=Angela|date=2007-12-14|publisher=[[每日電訊報|The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=2007-12-15}}</ref>該平台強調個人署名、內容所有權以及透過廣告獲利的潛力，Knol常被視為[[維基百科|Wikipedia]]的競爭對手。<ref name="nyt-july"/><ref name="sarvary">{{cite book |title=Gurus and Oracles: The Marketing of Information|author-first=Miklos|author-last=Sarvary|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mAAOkaEmqMC&pg=PA140|pages=139–140|isbn=9780262300384}}</ref><ref name="tc-2011"/>該網站優先考慮品質而非數量，並強調專家權威而非社群共識。<ref name="wired2007">{{Cite news |title=Google's Knol Ventures Into Wikipedia Territory |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/12/googles-knol-ve/ |last=Russell |first=Terrence |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

== 歷史 ==
該計畫由Google工程副總裁{{tsl|en|Udi Manber||烏迪·曼伯爾}}領導。<ref name="wired" />Google於2007年12月13日發表此計畫，在內部測試期間，需要以邀請的方式才可加入。2008年7月23日，開放[[軟體版本週期|測試版]]給大眾使用，<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-9997426-93.html|title=Google's Wikipedia rival, Knol, goes public|last=Mills|first=Ellis|date=2008-07-23|work=[[CNET|CNET News]]|access-date=2008-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312164412/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-9997426-93.html|archive-date=2012-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref>其平台采用基于[[Wordpress]]的Annotum<ref name="google2011">{{cite web |title=more spring cleaning out of season |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/more-spring-cleaning-out-of-season.html |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124062239/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/more-spring-cleaning-out-of-season.html |archive-date=2011-11-24 |accessdate=2011-11-23 |publisher=Google}}</ref>。上線初期約有數百篇文章，大多集中於[[健康]]與[[醫學]]領域。<ref name="wired">{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2008/07/google_knol?currentPage=all|title=Google Throws Open Rival for Wikipedia — Anon Authors Discouraged|last=Levy|first=Steven|date=2008-07-23|work=[[連線|Wired News]]|access-date=2008-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726015054/http://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2008/07/google_knol?currentPage=all|archive-date=2008-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt-july" />2008年10月，Knol 增加了多語言支持。<ref name="marketingsherpa2">{{Cite web |title=Google Knol Primer: Strategies for Writing Content, Getting Started, Designing Layout |url=https://marketingsherpa.com/article/how-to/strategies-writing-content-getting-started |website=MarketingSherpa |date=2008-10-28 |language=en |last=MECLABS |first=content: MarketingSherpa, design: Scott McDaniel, code: Steve Beger |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

Knol最終未能吸引大量讀者，被外界視為失敗之作。<ref name="sarvary" /><ref name="tc-2011" />2011年11月，Google公司宣布Knol在2012年4月30日將停止運作，用户只能下载自己的文章或者导出到[[WordPress.com|Wordpress.com]] ，所有內容在2012年10月1日後被刪除。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-13-fifteen-amazing-google-projects-that-failed/20131021.htm|title=15 amazing Google projects that failed|date=21 October 2013|publisher=Rediff|access-date=8 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229235750/http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-13-fifteen-amazing-google-projects-that-failed/20131021.htm|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson|first=Frank|date=2011-11-23|title=Google Shutting Down Knol & 6 More Failed Products|url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2011/11/23/google-shutting-down-knol-6-more-failed-products/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Search Engine Watch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="tc-2011">{{Cite web|last=Kincaid|first=Jason|date=2011-11-22|title=Google Announces Plans To Shutter Knol, Friend Connect, Wave, And More|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/11/22/google-announces-plans-to-shutter-knol-friend-connect-and-more/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>[[互联网档案馆|網際網路檔案館]]保留了Knol在2008年7月至2012年5月間的快照。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://knol.google.com/k knol.google.com/k]於[[網際網路檔案館|Internet Archive]]的存檔</ref>

== 運作方式 ==

=== 編寫方式 ===
Knol的編寫模式強調作者身分與個人責任。所有貢獻者必須以Google帳號登入，且原則上應註明真實姓名，作者亦可選擇在頁面附上個人照片。<ref name="wired" />與維基百科由社群共同協作的模式不同，Knol的條目（文章頁面）通常由單一作者主導編輯與修改，雖然也允許由多人合作完成，但讀者若有意更改文章內容，必須事先取得原作者的同意。<ref name="wired" />讀者可以針對頁面進行評分、提出建議或提交修改提案，但最終修改權仍掌握在原作者手中。<ref>{{cite web |title=谷歌推出知識庫與維基百科競爭 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7140000/newsid_7145800/7145829.stm |date=2007-12-15 |publisher=[[BBC]]中文網 |accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google的维基百科正式登场：Knol |url=http://news.mydrivers.com/1/112/112056.htm|accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref>

此外，Knol 允許針對同一個主題存在多篇內容不同的文章，由不同作者各自表述其觀點。這種機制旨在透過包含作者姓名的網址來強調「以人為本」的特點，藉此吸引各領域專家參與編輯，以提升內容的權威性與可信度。<ref>{{cite news |title=Google opens up Knol, its Wikipedia-for-cash project |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2008/jul/23/googleopensupknolitswikip |last=Schofield |first=Jack |work=The Guardian |date=2008-07-23 |access-date=2008-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014225313/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2008/jul/23/googleopensupknolitswikip |archive-date=2008-10-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blakely">{{cite web |title=Google to tackle Wikipedia with new knowledge service |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article3054287.ece |work=The Times |date=2007-12-15 |last=Blakely |first=Rhys |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615220420/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article3054287.ece|archive-date=2010-06-15 |access-date=2007-12-15}}</ref>

在版權管理方面，作者可自行設定條目內容的授權版本。系統預設採用[[知识共享|創用 CC]] 姓名標示 3.0（CC-BY-3.0）授權，允許他人在註明原作者的前提下進行重製利用；作者亦可選擇改用禁止商業利用的 CC-BY-NC-3.0 授權，或保留傳統的[[著作權]]保護。<ref name="wired" /><ref>Mike Linksvayer, [[ccorg:weblog/entry/8506|Google Code adds content licensing; Google Knol launches with CC BY default]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204031042/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8506|date=2015-12-04}}, ''Creative Commons Blog'', July 23, 2008</ref>技術層面上，Knol 在所有的外部連結中均套用了「[[Nofollow]]」標記，利用 HTML 指令防止文章內的連結影響搜尋引擎的排名算法。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2008-07-24-n22.html |title= Knol's Nofollowing Of Links |access-date= 2008-07-30 |date= 2008-07-24 |first= Philipp |last= Lenssen |publisher= Google Blogoscoped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110709053016/http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2008-07-24-n22.html |archive-date= 2011-07-09 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

=== 廣告 ===
Knol可讓編寫者自己決定是否在編寫的頁面旁讓Google放入[[Google AdSense|Google廣告]]。放入廣告後，Google公司將會提撥一部份廣告收入給該編寫者<ref>{{cite web |title=拚維基 Google 推 Knol 百科 |url=http://udn.com/NEWS/INFOTECH/INF3/4139757.shtml |date=2007-12-16 |author=彭淮棟 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217062659/http://udn.com/NEWS/INFOTECH/INF3/4139757.shtml |archive-date=2007-12-17 |accessdate=2007-12-16 |publisher=《[[聯合新聞網]]》}}</ref>。這種收益分成機制因引發了利益衝突擔憂曾遭批評<ref name="guardian2008">{{Cite news |title=Google attacked over Knol's spam potential |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/aug/07/searchengines.spam |last=Arthur |first=Charles |work=The Guardian |date=2008-08-06 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref><ref name="nytimes2008">{{Cite news |title=Is Google a Media Company? (Published 2008) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/technology/11google.html |date=2008-08-10 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250220081143/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/technology/11google.html |archive-date=2025-02-20}}</ref>，被認為會誘發自我宣傳或[[濫發電子訊息|垃圾訊息]]。<ref name="ars">{{cite web |title=Google Knol six months later: Wikipedia need not worry |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20090119-google-knol-six-months-later-wikipedia-need-not-worry.html |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=Jan 19, 2009 |last=Anderson |first=Nate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122003358/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20090119-google-knol-six-months-later-wikipedia-need-not-worry.html |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |access-date=2009-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Google attacked over Knol's spam potential |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/aug/07/searchengines.spam |last=Arthur |first=Chris |work=[[衛報|The Guardian]] |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=2009-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421191246/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/aug/07/searchengines.spam |archive-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chuck Knol |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2200401/ |last=Manjoo |first=Farhad |work=[[Slate]] |date=September 22, 2008 |access-date=2008-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130201959/http://www.slate.com/id/2200401 |archive-date=November 30, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== 評價 ==
===競爭關係===
Knol被描述為維基百科的競爭對手，同時也是一種補充。它提供的格式解決了許多維基百科的缺點。<ref>{{cite web |url = https://techcrunch.com/2007/12/14/google-knol-a-step-too-far/ |title = Google Knol: A Step Too Far? |date = 2007-12-14 |access-date = 2007-12-14 |first = Duncan |last = Riley |author-link = |publisher = [[TechCrunch]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215074954/http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/12/14/google-knol-a-step-too-far/ |archive-date = 2007-12-15 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Death">{{cite news |url = http://www.newsfactor.com/news/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G |title = Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, About.com |date = 2007-12-14 |access-date = 2007-12-14 |first = Lane |last = Frederick |publisher = NewsFactor Network |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224055504/http://www.newsfactor.com/news/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G |archive-date = 2008-02-24 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20071214/002325.shtml/ |title = Google Decides Organizing The World's Information Is Easier If That Info Is Online |date = 2007-12-14 |access-date = 2007-12-14 |first = Mike |last = Masnick |publisher = {{tsl|en|Techdirt||Techdirt}} |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126052724/http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20071214/002325.shtml |archive-date = 2011-01-26 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Rob Hof">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2007/12/googles_knol_no.html |title=Google's Knol: No Wikipedia Killer |date=2007-12-14 |access-date=2007-12-14 |first=Rob |last=Hof |publisher=[[彭博商業周刊|Businessweek]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216133937/http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2007/12/googles_knol_no.html |archive-date=2007-12-16 }}</ref>[[英國廣播公司新聞部|BBC新聞]]報導指出：「許多專家將此計畫視為對廣泛使用的維基百科社群百科全書的挑戰。」<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7144970.stm |title=Google debuts knowledge project |publisher=BBC |date=2007-12-15 |access-date=2007-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217081942/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7144970.stm |archive-date=2007-12-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>擁有維基百科名稱及其伺服器的非營利組織[[維基媒體基金會]]對Google Knol的啟動表示歡迎，並稱：「[[自由內容]]越多，對世界就越好。」<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=GOOG:US&sid=a59ru6R9d.DE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209233839/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=GOOG:US&sid=a59ru6R9d.DE|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-09|title=Google Starts Web Site Knol to Challenge Wikipedia|last=Levy|first=Ari|date=2007-12-14|access-date=2007-12-15|publisher=[[彭博有限合夥企業|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>維基百科的文章是基於「[[Wikipedia:中立的觀點|中立觀點]]」政策集體撰寫，而Knol則透過強調作者身分來凸顯個人專業知識。<ref name="Blakely" />

在Knol測試版發布後，Google產品經理塞德里克·杜邦（Cedric Dupont）針對Google意圖讓Knol成為「維基百科殺手」的觀點回應道：「Google對維基百科的成功感到非常高興。任何試圖消滅他們的人都會傷害到我們。」<ref name="nyt-july" />《[[紐約時報]]》指出Knol與維基百科在設計上有相似之處，例如使用相同的[[字型|字體]]。<ref name="nyt-july">{{cite news|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/wikipedia-meet-knol/?partner=rssnyt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722125847/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/wikipedia-meet-knol/?partner=rssnyt|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-22|title=Wikipedia, Meet Knol|last=Helft|first=Miguel|date=2008-07-23|access-date=2008-07-23|work=The New York Times}}</ref>杜邦回應稱這純屬巧合，因為該字體非常通用。<ref name="nyt-july" />

由於Knol 的形式，有人認為它比起維基百科更像[[People Inc.|About.com]]。<ref name="Death" />根據{{tsl|en|DailyTech||DailyTech}}作者沃爾夫岡·漢森（Wolfgang Hansson）的說法，Knol原本可能是Google計畫收購About.com時的方案。漢森報導指出，幾位接近該筆交易的消息人士透露Google曾計畫收購About.com，但About.com高層得知Google打算將其模式轉向Wiki式架構，這將導致該網站約500名「嚮導」（Guides）遭到裁員。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Google+Announces+Knol+Wikipedialike+Service/article10043.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121132810/http://www.dailytech.com/Google+Announces+Knol+Wikipedialike+Service/article10043.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-11-21|title=Google Announces Knol Wikipedia-like Service|last=Hansson|first=Wolfgang|date=2007-12-14|access-date=2007-12-14|publisher={{tsl|en|DailyTech||DailyTech}}}}</ref>

===利益衝突===

Google於2007年12月宣布此計畫後，引發了對其動機的質疑，認為Google應作為資訊組織者而非內容生產者。《[[衛報]]》的{{tsl|en|Jack Schofield (journalist)||傑克·斯科菲爾德}}認為：「Knol代表了對整個媒體行業的打擊。」<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2007/dec/15/googletriesknolanencyclope|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207034141/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2007/dec/15/googletriesknolanencyclope|url-status=live|archive-date=2008-12-07|title=Google tries Knol, an encyclopedia to replace Wikipedia|last=Schofield|first=Jack|date=2007-12-15|access-date=2007-12-15|work=The Guardian|author-link=Jack Schofield (journalist)}}</ref>

關於Google搜尋結果能否因潛在的[[利益衝突]]而保持[[中立性 (哲學)|中立]]也引發了辯論。<ref name="forbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/technology/2007/12/14/google-knols-wikipedia-tech-intel-cx_ag_1214knol.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321173019/https://www.forbes.com/technology/2007/12/14/google-knols-wikipedia-tech-intel-cx_ag_1214knol.html/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-03-21|title=Google's Know-It-All Project|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2007-12-14|access-date=2007-12-16|work=[[福布斯|Forbes]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/technology/15web.html?ref=business |title=Wikipedia Competitor Being Tested by Google |first=Miguel |last=Helft |work=[[紐約時報|New York Times]] |date=2007-12-15 |access-date=2007-12-15 |quote=Some critics said that shift could compromise Google’s objectivity in presenting search results. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501074635/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/technology/15web.html?ref=business |archive-date=2011-05-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>根據《Search Engine Land》編輯{{tsl|en|Danny Sullivan (technologist)||丹尼·蘇利文}}的說法：「Google希望讓Knol頁面易於搜尋，這可能與其保持客觀的需求產生衝突。」<ref name="nytimes" />數位民主中心執行長傑夫·徹斯特（Jeff Chester）也表達了類似的擔憂：<ref name="wired20071215">{{cite web |url= https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/12/google_knol |title= Knol Launch: Google's 'Units of Knowledge' May Raise Conflict of Interest |access-date= 2007-12-15 |last= Schiffman |first= Betsy |date= 2007-12-14 |publisher= Wired |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080516195037/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/12/google_knol |archive-date= 2008-05-16 |url-status= live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|歸根究底，Google的商業利益與其社會目標之間存在根本衝突。我們在這裡慢慢看到的是，Google正在擁抱廣告驅動模式，在這種模式下，金錢將對人們獲取資訊的難易程度產生更大的影響。}}

針對此類疑慮，有人認為<ref name="Rob Hof" /><ref name="forbes" />Google已經在[[Google協作平台|Google Sites]]、[[YouTube]]、[[Blogger]]和[[Google網上論壇|Google Groups]]等網站託管了大量內容，因此Knol並無顯著差異。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119766297294329983?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Google Targets Wikipedia with New 'Knol' Pages |last=Morrison |first=Scott |date=2007-12-14 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2008-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217142006/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119766297294329983?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-date=2018-02-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==關閉==

Google Knol在發布初期獲得的媒體關注很快就消退了。<ref name="tc-2011" />該網站未能獲得龐大的讀者群——到2009年年中，Knol整體的每月瀏覽量僅約17.5萬次，<ref name="tc-2009">{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/08/11/poor-google-knol-has-gone-from-a-wikipedia-killer-to-a-craigslist-wannabe/ | title=Poor Google Knol Has Gone From A Wikipedia Killer To A Craigslist Wannabe | author-first=Erick | author-last=Schonfeld | website=TechCrunch | date=2009-08-11}}</ref>相比之下，維基百科的瀏覽量則高達數十億次。因此，Knol背後的財務模型從未實現。<ref name="tc-2010" />Google隨後停止推廣Knol，<ref name="tc-2011" />在成立兩年後，鮮少有人知曉Knol的存在。<ref name="sarvary" />

在2010年期間，Knol網站經歷了長時間的斷線，但Google似乎甚至沒有發現，直到媒體詢問才得知此事。<ref name="tc-2010">{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/07/28/looks-like-even-google-forgot-knol-existed/ | title=Looks Like Even Google Forgot Knol Existed | author-first=Leena | author-last=Rao | website=TechCrunch | date=2010-07-28}}</ref><ref name="tc-2011" />2011年11月，Google正式宣布Knol將走入歷史，這是Google針對不成功計畫進行的「非季節性大掃除」的一環。<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93764419/ | title=Google culls research projects to cut costs | author-first=Stephen | author-last=Foley | newspaper=The Independent | location=United Kingdom | date=November 24, 2011 | page=60 | via =Newspapers.com}}</ref>如一位[[TechCrunch]]作者在公告發布時所言：「這對我來說有點意外——因為我以為Google早就把它關掉了。」<ref name="tc-2011" />

==參見==
* [[EHow]]
* [[Google Answers]]

[[Category:已終止的Google服務]]
[[Category:在線百科全書]]
[[Category:2007年建立的網站]]
[[Category:2012年關閉的網站]]
==參考資料==
{{reflist}}

== 外部連結 ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820084620/http://knol.google.com/ Knol.com]{{en}}
*[https://knol.Google.com/ Knol.com]{{Wayback|url=http://knol.google.com/ |date=20080820084620 }}（Https安全连接） {{en}}
*[http://www.Google.com/help/knol_screenshot.html Knol screenshot] {{Wayback|url=http://www.google.com/help/knol_screenshot.html |date=20071216162430 }}
*[http://Googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/12/encouraging-people-to-contribute.html Official Google Blog: Encouraging people to contribute knowledge]{{Wayback|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/12/encouraging-people-to-contribute.html |date=20101202044628 }}
*[http://www.worldjournal.com/wj-tc-news.php?nt_seq_id=1749906 《世界新聞網》，Knol 由專業人士署名撰寫，文責自負]{{dead link|date=2017年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://mag.udn.com/mag/digital/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=138272 《聯合報》，維基與 Knol 比一比] {{Wayback|url=http://mag.udn.com/mag/digital/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=138272 |date=20080916210927 }}

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[[Category:已終止的Google服務]]
[[Category:Web 2.0]]
[[Category:在线百科全书]]

Knol - 版本历史

imported>菜國人：​修改優化

imported>菜國人：修改優化