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2022-07-25T13:50:51Z

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{{更新|time=2018-12-09T23:18:19+00:00}}
{{Otheruses|subject=日本的太空探測器|other=希腊神话人物|伊卡洛斯}}
{{Infobox spacecraft
| Name = IKAROS
| Image = [[File:IKAROS IAC 2010.jpg|IKAROS model|300px]]
| Caption = IKAROS 模型，未按實際比例
| Organisation = [[JAXA]]
| Major_Contractors =
| Bus =
| Mission_Type =
| Flyby_Of = [[金星]]
| Satellite_Of = [[太陽]]
| Orbital_Insertion_Date = 2010-05-21
| Orbits =
| Decay =
| Launch = {{nowrap|2010-05-20 21:58:22 [[UTC]]}}
| Carrier_Rocket = [[H-IIA|H-IIA 202]]
| Launch_Site = [[日本]][[種子島宇宙中心]]
| Mission_Duration = 預定 0.5 年 <br />已持續： {{For year month day| year=2010 | month=05 | day=20}}
| NSSDC_ID = 2010-020E
| Webpage = http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html
| Mass = 315 kg
| Power = 
| Refs = <ref>Mori ''et al.'' (2009)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ikaros/index_e.html |title=Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS" |publisher=JAXA |accessdate=2010-10-01 |archive-date=2013-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030175323/http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ikaros/index_e.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=spaceflightnow>{{cite news | author=Stephen Clark | title=H-2A Launch Report – Mission Status Center | url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/h2a/akatsuki/status.html | work=Spaceflight Now | date=20 May 2010 | accessdate=2010-05-21 | archive-date=2010-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520013452/http://spaceflightnow.com/h2a/akatsuki/status.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Samantha Harvey | title=Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Venus: Future: Akatsuki | url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Akatsuki | publisher=NASA | date=21 May 2010 | accessdate=2010-05-21 | archive-date=2010-05-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527210311/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Akatsuki | dead-url=no }}</ref>
}}

'''IKAROS'''（'''Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun'''，可譯為'''依靠太陽輻射加速的星際風箏'''）是由[[日本]][[宇宙航空研究開發機構]]開發的試驗性太空探測器。IKAROS於2010年5月21日以日本的 [[H-IIA]] 火箭和[[破曉號]]金星氣象衛星以及其他四個小衛星一起發射。IKAROS 是世界第一個成功在行星際空間運作的[[太陽帆]]<ref name=spaceflightnow/><ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Launch Day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17(H-IIA F17) | url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/03/20100303_h2af17_e.html | publisher=JAXA | date=March 3, 2010 | accessdate=2010-05-07 | archive-date=2013-06-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603022829/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/03/20100303_h2af17_e.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>。該太陽帆的名字由日本航太工程師[[森治]]取名自希臘神話中的人物[[伊卡洛斯]]<ref>ISASメールマガジン第192号 [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/j/mailmaga/backnumber/2008/back192.shtml ★01：勇気一つを友にして♪] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/j/mailmaga/backnumber/2008/back192.shtml |date=20141015042253 }} - 森治</ref><ref name="nikkeiscience">{{Cite journal|language=ja
|author=中島林彦
|title=快走! 宇宙ヨット「イカロス」
|journal=別冊日経サイエンス宇宙大航海日本の天文学と惑星探査の今
|pages=pp. 22-33
|publisher=日本経済新聞
|date=2010年11月}}</ref>。

2010年12月8日，IKAROS 在距離金星 80,800 公里處飛掠過，並進入延伸任務階段<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/IKAROS-blog/?itemid=783 |title=今日の IKAROS(12/10)　- Daily Report - Dec 10, 2010 |work=IKAROS Blog |publisher=JAXA |date=December 10, 2010 |accessdate=January 22, 2011 |archive-date=2018-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034844/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/IKAROS-blog/?itemid=783 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/IKAROS-blog/?itemid=796 |title=2010年の締めくくり(12/26)　- Daily Report - Dec 26, 2010 |work=IKAROS Blog |publisher=JAXA |date=December 26, 2010 |accessdate=January 22, 2011 |archive-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913165439/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/IKAROS-blog/?itemid=796 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asahi.com/special/space/TKY201012100622.html |title=宇宙帆船イカロス、お疲れさま…実験終え「人工惑星」に |publisher=Asahi Shimbun |date=December 10, 2010 |accessdate=January 22, 2011 |archive-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530220539/http://www.asahi.com/special/space/TKY201012100622.html/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=jaxa20110126>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2011/01/20110126_sac_ikaros.pdf |title=小型ソーラー電力セイル実証機（IKAROS）の定常運用終了報告 |first=Osamu |last=Mori |publisher=JAXA |format=PDF |date=January 26, 2011 |accessdate=February 2, 2011 |archive-date=2015-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231153453/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2011/01/20110126_sac_ikaros.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==目的==
IKAROS 是世界第一個以太陽帆為動力的探測器。將會進行以下四個關鍵技術的測試：
#使用和控制大面積的薄膜式太陽帆（設計圖的 3 號藍色區域）
#嵌入太陽帆的薄膜式太陽電池是否可啟動酬載儀器（設計圖的 4 號黑色長方形區域）
#量測太陽帆上輻射壓產生的加速度
#以可變反射率的液晶板控制航行姿勢（設計圖的 2 號橘色長方形區域）

本任務也將同時探測行星際空間，例如[[伽玛射线暴]]、[[太陽風]]和[[宇宙塵]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100714_ikaros_j.html |title=小型ソーラー電力セイル実証機「IKAROS（イカロス）」のガンマ線バーストの観測成功について |publisher=JAXA |date=2010-07-14 |accessdate=2010-07-15 |archive-date=2019-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911175251/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100714_ikaros_j.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

探測器上的儀器 ALADDIN（ALDN-S 和 ALDN-E）在六個月的航行期間當伽瑪射線爆的偏極化被伽瑪射線爆偏振儀（Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter, GAP）偵測到時<ref>{{cite arxiv|eprint=1010.5305|title=Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter - GAP - aboard the Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator IKAROS|last=Yonetoku|first=D.|coauthors=et al|date=26 October 2010|class=astro-ph.IM}}</ref>，可量測塵埃密度<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2647.pdf|title=COSMIC DUST DETECTION BY THE IKAROS-ARRAYED LARGE-AREA DUST DETECTORS IN INTERPLANETARY SPACE (ALADDIN) FROM THE EARTH TO VENUS|last=Yano|first=H.|coauthors=et al|work=42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011)|accessdate=14 February 2011|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171309/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2647.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

如果任務成功，在 IKAROS 之後將發展寬 50 公尺太陽帆以在下一個十年探測[[木星]]和[[特洛伊小行星|木星特洛伊]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html |title=IKAROS Project |accessdate=2010-07-12 |year=2008 |publisher=JAXA |quote=The second mission will take place in the late 2010s. It will involve a medium-sized solar power sail with a diameter of 50m, and will have integrated ion-propulsion engines. The destinations of the spacecraft will be Jupiter and the Trojan asteroids. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922170700/http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html |archivedate=2008-09-22 }}</ref>。

==設計==
[[File:Ikaros solar sail key numbered bottom line.svg|thumb|250px|[[:File:Ikaros solar sail key numbered bottom line.svg|IKAROS 太陽帆設計圖]]：<br /><div align=left>1 （線上的藍色正方形）末端載重 0.5 公斤，共有 4 個<br />2 （橘色長方形）液晶裝置，共 80 個<br />3 （藍色正方形）厚 7.5 [[微米|μm]] 的薄膜，直徑 20 公尺<br />4 （黑色長方形）厚 25 μm 的太陽能電池<br />5 （黃和藍線）繫繩<br />6 （藍色圓形）本體<br />7 （黃點）儀器</div>]]
[[File:IKAROS solar sail.jpg|thumb|250px|IKAROS 在太空中航行想像圖]]

IKAROS 是一個正方形的帆，以四個角落的 0.5 公斤末端載重（設計圖的 1 號元件）控制旋轉，帆的對角線長 20 公尺，使用厚 7.5 μm 的[[聚酰亚胺]]薄膜（設計圖的 3 號元件）。薄膜式的太陽能電池陣列則嵌在帆內（設計圖的 4 號元件）。太陽能電池由 [[PowerFilm, Inc.]] 製造<ref>{{cite web | author=Claire M. Umali | title=Japan tests power of solar sails in deep space | url=http://www.ecoseed.org/en/technology/emerging-renewables/article/28-emerging-renewables/7067-japan-tests-power-of-solar-sails-in-deep-space | work=EcoSeed | date=May 4, 2010 | accessdate=25 January 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202070314/http://ecoseed.org/en/technology/emerging-renewables/article/28-emerging-renewables/7067-japan-tests-power-of-solar-sails-in-deep-space | archivedate=2010年12月2日 }}</ref>。80個 [[液晶显示器|LCD]] 板被嵌在帆內<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100723_ikaros_e.html|title=Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator 'IKAROS': Successful Attitude Control by Liquid Crystal Device|date=July 23, 2010|publisher=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)|accessdate=2011-09-08|archive-date=2014-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413230453/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100723_ikaros_e.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>，是以其反射率進行姿勢控制（設計圖的 2 號元件）。IKAROS 的科學酬載也包含了在帆的另一面裝設的 8 個塵埃計數器<ref name=jaxa20100311>{{cite web | author= | title=Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator | url=http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ikaros/index_e.html | publisher=JAXA | date=11 March 2010 | accessdate=2010-05-07 | archive-date=2013-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030175323/http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ikaros/index_e.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html |title=IKAROS Project |year=2008 |publisher=JAXA |accessdate=30 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922170700/http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html |archivedate=2008-09-22 }}</ref>。

== 任務歷程 ==
IKAROS 於2010年5月21日於日本的[[種子島太空中心]]使用 [[H-IIA運載火箭|H-IIA 火箭]]和[[破曉號]]金星氣象衛星一起發射成功。

IKAROS 每分鐘旋轉 20 至 25 次，直到2010年6月11日太陽帆完全展開為止<ref>{{cite news | last=Edwards | first=Lin | title=IKAROS unfurls first ever solar sail in space | publisher=PhysOrg | date=11 June 2010 | url=http://www.physorg.com/news195460006.html | accessdate=2010-06-11 | archive-date=2011-06-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606222801/http://www.physorg.com/news195460006.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Staff writers | title=Japanese Spacecraft Deploys Solar Sail | work=Space.com | date=11 June 2010 | url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/japan-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail-100611.html | accessdate=2010-06-11 | archive-date=2010-06-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612032032/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/japan-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail-100611.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。IKAROS 包含兩個小型的彈出式的攝影機 DCAM1 和 DCAM2。DCAM2 在太陽帆部署完成後於2010年7月14日開始拍攝太陽帆<ref>{{cite news | author=Staff writers | title=Mini-camera pictures Japan's Ikaros solar sail | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/science_and_environment/10328584.stm | work=BBC News | accessdate=2010-06-17 | date=16 June 2010 | archive-date=2019-10-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017110952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10328584 | dead-url=no }}</ref>。

太陽帆於2010年6月10日部署完成<ref name="Jonathan Amos">{{cite news| last=Amos| first=Jonathan| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10293284.stm| title=Japan unfurls Ikaros solar sail in space| work=BBC News| date=11 June 2010| accessdate=25 January 2011| archive-date=2010-06-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627102616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10293284.stm| dead-url=no}}</ref>。

在之後六個月前往[[金星]]的航行中，加速和姿勢控制的測試成功。2010年7月9日 JAXA 確定 IKAROS 是使用太陽帆進行加速<ref name=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100709_ikaros_j.html>{{cite press release | title=About the confirmation of photon acceleration of "IKAROS" the small solar-sail demonstrating craft | work=JAXA website press release | publisher=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency | date=9 July 2010 | url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100709_ikaros_j.html | accessdate=25 January 2011 | quote=Graph suggests approx 1.1mN force | archive-date=2011-06-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617080240/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100709_ikaros_j.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>，再於7月23日宣布姿勢控制成功<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100723_ikaros_e.html |title=Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator 'IKAROS'Successful Attitude Control by Liquid Crystal Device |publisher=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) |date=23 July 2010 |accessdate=25 January 2011 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413230453/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/07/20100723_ikaros_e.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

IKAROS 在航行中持續以 2 [[每分鐘轉速|rpm]] 速度旋轉以提供 LCD 板控制姿勢時所需的循環時間。

== 參見 ==
* [[NanoSail-D2]]
* [[伊卡洛斯]]
* [[光帆1號]]（LightSail-1），[[行星學會]]開發的太陽帆
* [[太陽系探測器列表]]

== 注釋 ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== 參考資料 ==
* {{cite web |url=http://archive.ists.or.jp/upload_pdf/2008-d-57.pdf |title=Development of Deployment System for Small Size Solar Sail Mission |author=Osamu Mori ''et al.'' |work=26th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science |date=July 6, 2008 |accessdate=May 9, 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811172338/http://archive.ists.or.jp/upload_pdf/2008-d-57.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |url=http://archive.ists.or.jp/upload_pdf/2009-o-4-07v.pdf |title=First Solar Power Sail Demonstration by IKAROS |author=Osamu Mori ''et al.'' |work=27th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science |date=July 9, 2009 |accessdate=March 6, 2010 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811172424/http://archive.ists.or.jp/upload_pdf/2009-o-4-07v.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* ISAS年次要覧 [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2000.html 平成12年度]{{Wayback|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2000.html |date=20160322233718 }}[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2002.html 平成14年度]{{Wayback|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2002.html |date=20160306214548 }}[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2003.html 平成15年度]{{Wayback|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2003.html |date=20120524145137 }}[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2006.html 平成18年度]{{Wayback|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/publications/annalreport/index2006.html |date=20160322233723 }}
* 2007年度小惑星ライトカーブ研究会 [http://www.toybox.gr.jp/mp366/lightcurve/workshop2007/HY-Lightcurve-Trojans-Final.pdf ''世界初の木星トロヤ群直接探査を目指して～木星トロヤ群研究の現状とソーラー電力セイル計画～'']{{dead link|date=2017年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - 矢野創

== 外部連結 ==
{{commons|Category:IKAROS}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004155516/http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/ikaros_channel/e/ IKAROS news channel]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922170700/http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html IKAROS Project webpage]
* [http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/06/20100628_ikaros_e.html Successful Image Shooting by the Second Separation Camera]{{Wayback|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/06/20100628_ikaros_e.html |date=20110925070841 }} - 28 June 2010 JAXA press release
* [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/forefront/2011/tsuda/index.shtml Solar Sail Navigation Technology of IKAROS]{{Wayback|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/forefront/2011/tsuda/index.shtml |date=20110809122131 }}
* [http://twitter.com/ikaroskun Twitter]{{Wayback|url=http://twitter.com/ikaroskun |date=20110307174352 }} {{ja}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142848/http://www.jaxa.jp/pr/jaxas/pdf/jaxatoday002_p.pdf JAXA TODAY No. 2]

{{金星任務}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ikaros}}
[[Category:日本太空探測器]]
[[Category:金星探測器]]
[[Category:太阳帆航天器]]

IKAROS - 版本历史

imported>Easterlies：​使用HotCat已添加Category:太阳帆航天器

imported>Easterlies：使用HotCat已添加Category:太阳帆航天器