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{{NoteTA|G1=IT}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = GreatFire
| image = [[File:GreatFire-Logo.png|100px]]
| formation = {{start date and age|2011|1}}
| type = 非營利組織
| purpose = 倡議對抗[[中華人民共和國網路審查]]
| motto = 带给您中国防火墙封锁的最新资讯
| website = {{Official URL}}
| founder = 查理·史密斯<ref name=indexoncensorship/><br>马丁·约翰逊<br>佩西.艾尔法<ref name=rfi0401/>
| logo = [[File:GreatFire.Org Logo.svg]]
}}

'''GreatFire'''（GreatFire.org）是一家監控[[中華人民共和國]][[防火長城]]封鎖狀況的[[非營利組織]]，以及幫助中國大陸網路使用者繞過[[中华人民共和国网络审查|網路審查和封鎖]]的工具站<ref name="TC-AntiCensorship-Greatfire-Under-Attack">{{cite web | url=http://techcrunch.com/2015/03/19/anti-censorship-service-greatfire-is-under-attack/ | title=Anti-Censorship Service Greatfire Is Under Attack | publisher=AOL Inc. | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=2015-03-19 | accessdate=2015-04-10 | author=Biggs, John | language=en | archive-date=2020-11-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111040825/https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/19/anti-censorship-service-greatfire-is-under-attack/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="theguardian0320"/><ref name="NYT-Hackers-Attack-GreatFire-Workaround-for-Websites-Censored-in-China">{{cite web | url=http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/hackers-attack-greatfire-org-a-workaround-for-websites-censored-in-china/ | title=Hackers Attack GreatFire.org, a Workaround for Websites Censored in China | publisher=The New York Times Company | work=[[纽约时报]] | date=2015-03-20 | accessdate=2015-04-11 | author=Boehler, Patrick | language=en | archive-date=2020-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222013215/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/hackers-attack-greatfire-org-a-workaround-for-websites-censored-in-china/ | dead-url=no }}</ref>，合作方有泡泡網-{}-民報告<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pao-pao.net/about-us | title=关于泡泡 | publisher=泡泡網民報告 | accessdate=2015-04-12 | language=zh-hans | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315025744/https://pao-pao.net/about-us | archivedate=2015-03-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.solidot.org/story?sid=38506 | title=GreatFire.org合作新闻网站被屏蔽 | publisher=[[Solidot]] | date=2015-02-27 | accessdate=2015-04-12 | language=zh-cn | archive-date=2020-02-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214225057/https://www.solidot.org/story?sid=38506 | dead-url=yes}}</ref>、[[英國廣播公司]]（BBC）。

== 资金来源 ==

[[美联社]]2015年报告称GreatFire从包括[[自由亚洲电台]]旗下的[[开放技术基金会]]等多个来源获取资金<ref name="theguardian0320"/><ref name="otf0417"/>。开放技术基金会2014年为GreatFire提供了114,000美元<ref name=otf2/>。

== 项目 ==
=== Analyzer ===

GreatFire網站提供測試系統，称为 {{lang|en|Analyzer}}，讓用戶能夠即時測試特定網站或关键字是否遭到防火長城封鎖，并能够提供详细的测试数据报告<ref name=aljazeela0621/>。这是GreatFire上线后的第一个项目。

=== 免翻墙镜像 ===
2013年11月，[[路透社]]网站被中国政府屏蔽，GreatFire随即在[[Amazon S3]]上建立了其[[镜像网站]]，声称无法被屏蔽。2014年11月，GreatFire與BBC合作，讓中國大陸網路用戶能夠連線到被防火長城封鎖的[[BBC中文網]]<ref name="GigaOM-BBC-Collateral-Freedom-Bypass-Chinese-Censorship">{{cite web | url=https://gigaom.com/2014/11/24/bbc-uses-collateral-freedom-system-to-bypass-chinese-censorship/ | title=BBC uses “collateral freedom” system to bypass Chinese censorship | publisher=Gigaom, Inc. | work=[[Gigaom]] | date=2014-11-24 | accessdate=2015-04-11 | author=Meyer, David | archive-date=2020-11-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130174008/https://gigaom.com/2014/11/24/bbc-uses-collateral-freedom-system-to-bypass-chinese-censorship/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="GreatFire-BBC-Punch-Uncensored-News-Through-GFW">{{cite web | url=http://betanews.com/2014/11/25/greatfire-org-and-bbc-punch-uncensored-news-through-the-great-firewall-of-china/ | title=GreatFire.org and BBC punch uncensored news through the Great Firewall of China | publisher=BetaNews, Inc. | work=BetaNews | date=2014-11-25 | accessdate=2015-04-11 | author=Wilson, Mark | archive-date=2015-04-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414071232/http://betanews.com/2014/11/25/greatfire-org-and-bbc-punch-uncensored-news-through-the-great-firewall-of-china/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Slate-BBC-Working-With-Transparency-Group-Uncensored-News-China">{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/11/25/greatfire_org_and_the_bbc_are_using_the_collateral_freedom_approach_to_offer.html | title=The BBC Is Working With a Transparency Group to Bring Uncensored News Into China | publisher=The Slate Group LLC | work=[[Slate]] | date=2014-11-25 | accessdate=2015-04-11 | author=Newman, Lily Hay | language=en | archive-date=2018-09-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916002219/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/11/25/greatfire_org_and_the_bbc_are_using_the_collateral_freedom_approach_to_offer.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。透過[[依附的自由]]技術，GreatFire網站也架設其他相似的鏡像网站，有[[Google]]、[[紐約時報]]及[[德國之聲]]等被封鎖的網站，以及在[[GitHub]]上建立連結目錄，普遍使用的[[內容傳遞網路]]像是[[Amazon CloudFront]]和[[CloudFlare]]，讓網路封鎖系統因要花太多資源而放棄封鎖。<ref name="OpenITP-Collateral-Freedom">{{cite web |url=https://www.upturn.org/static/files/CollateralFreedom.pdf |title=Collateral Freedom - A Snapshot of Chinese Internet Users Circumventing Censorship |publisher=Open Internet Tools Project |date= |accessdate=2021-10-09 |author1=Robinson, David |author2=Yu, Harlan |author3=An, Anne |deadurl=no |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120150100/https://www.upturn.org/static/files/CollateralFreedom.pdf }}</ref>

=== 自由微信 ===
2016年发布，记录了一些由于审查而被删除的[[微信]]文章。<ref name=theguardian0414/>

=== 苹果审查 ===
{{see also|苹果公司的审查}}
[[Image:Apple Censorship logo.png|thumb|“苹果审查”徽标]]
2017年[[苹果公司]]在中国大陆地区的[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]][[中国大陆区App Store下架VPN应用事件|下架]]了大量[[VPN]]应用，GreatFire自此以来一直关注苹果公司的[[审查]]行为，并于2019年2月创建了“苹果审查”（{{langx|en|Apple Censorship}}），一个专注于揭露[[苹果公司]]在App Store上进行的审查的网站。通过监控并比较150个国家的App Store搜索结果，其允许用户查看哪些应用程序被封禁，无法被特定国家访问<ref name=theintercept0201/><ref name=bleeping0201/>。{{lang|en|Apple Censorship}}的项目总监是{{lang|en|Benjamin Ismail}}<ref name=thedailydot0414/>。

=== 应用生成器 ===
2020年8月初，GreatFire针对中国的互联网管控，推出了一款叫做“应用生成器”（{{langx|en|AppMaker}}）的工具，借助“依附的自由”技术，帮助网站被封锁的组织免费创建内置反审查功能的[[安卓]]应用程序，使其用户可以自由浏览信息。[[美國人權基金會]]是首个使用应用生成器的组织<ref name=voa0820/><ref name=scmp0805/>，[[香港自由新闻]]也使用它创建并发布在中国可用的应用程序<ref name=hkfp0805/>。

=== 自由知乎 ===
2021年10月4日发布，记录了一些由于审查而被删除的[[知乎]]问题以及回答<ref name=dw0821/>。

==评价==

2015年1月17日，[[Outlook.com]]遭到了[[中間人攻擊]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pao-pao.net/article/344 | title=Outlook在中国遭中间人攻击 | publisher=泡泡網民報告 | date=2015-01-21 | accessdate=2015-04-12 | language=zh-hans | archive-date=2020-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124124826/https://pao-pao.net/article/344 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/21/microsoft-says-outlook-hacked-in-china/?mod=WSJBlog | quote=Outlook users in China accessing their email through an email client saw a pop-up message saying “Cannot Verify Server Identity” and asking if they wanted to continue anyway | title=Microsoft Says Outlook Hacked in China | publisher=[[華爾街日報]] | date=2015-01-21 | accessdate=2021-10-09 | language=en | archive-date=2020-02-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214225156/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/21/microsoft-says-outlook-hacked-in-china/?mod=WSJBlog }}</ref>。19日，GreatFire撰文稱懷疑此攻擊是由[[网信办|国家互-{}-联网信-{}-息办公室]]（網信辦）發起的；22日，網信辦對此文作出了回應，稱「Greatfire.org是境外[[反华]]组织创办的反华网站」<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cac.gov.cn/2015-01/22/c_1114097853.htm | title=国家网信办发言人：“Outlook受中国攻击”的说法纯属污蔑 |quote= Greatfire.org是境外反华组织创办的反华网站，长期对中国政府进行无端攻击。此次炒作选在国家网信办宣布依法关闭一批违法违规网站、栏目和微信公众账号之时，蓄意引发不满情绪，污蔑指责中国网络空间治理制度。 | publisher=中国国家互联网信息办公室 | date=2015-01-22 | accessdate=2015-04-12 | language=zh-cn | archive-date=2020-10-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029044107/http://www.cac.gov.cn/2015-01/22/c_1114097853.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref>。

2016年获得[[审查指数]]数字行动主义奖，维基百科创始人[[吉米·威爾斯]]代其发表获奖感言。<ref name=indexoncensorship>{{cite web|url= https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2016/04/indexawards2016-greatfire-acceptance-speech/|title= GreatFire: "Technology has been used to censor online speech -- and to circumvent this censorship"|date= 2016-04-13|website= [[审查指数]]|access-date= 2023-03-30|archive-date= 2022-01-31|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220131055630/https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2016/04/indexawards2016-greatfire-acceptance-speech/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== 相关事件 ==
{{see also|对GitHub的审查和封锁#DDoS攻击}}
2015年3月，GreatFire的镜像站受到大量[[分散式阻斷服務攻擊]]<ref name=paopao>{{cite web | url=https://pao-pao.net/article/396 | title=互联网自由在中国遭受新攻击 | publisher=泡泡網民報告 | date=2015-03-20 | accessdate=2015-04-12 | language=zh-hans | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927113644/https://pao-pao.net/article/396 | archivedate=2015-09-27 }}</ref>，疑似被中國政府的網路攻擊工具“[[大炮 (中國網路審查)|大炮]]”鎖定，被導入大量的[[網路流量]]。
随后，其托管在GitHub的两个项目主页也成为攻击目标。<ref name="Activists-Plotting-to-End-Censorship-in-China">{{cite web | url=http://techcrunch.com/2015/03/30/greatfire/ | title=These Activists Are Plotting To End Internet Censorship In China | publisher=AOL Inc. | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=2015-03-30 | accessdate=2015-04-10 | author=Russel, Jon | archive-date=2020-11-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126120322/https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/30/greatfire/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="NYT-China-Said-to-Use-Powerful-New-Weapon-Censor-Internet">{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/technology/china-is-said-to-use-powerful-new-weapon-to-censor-internet.html | title=China Is Said to Use Powerful New Weapon to Censor Internet | publisher=The New York Times Company | work=[[纽约时报]] | date=2015-04-10 | accessdate=2015-04-11 | author=Perlroth, Nicole | language=en | archive-date=2015-04-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411005836/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/technology/china-is-said-to-use-powerful-new-weapon-to-censor-internet.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>

== 參見 ==
* [[中华人民共和国网络审查]]
* [[突破网络审查]]（俗称“[[翻墙]]”或“[[破网]]”）

=== 类似组织 ===

* [[網絡干擾開放觀測站]]
* [[Turkey Blocks]]

=== GreatFire运营的其他项目 ===
*[[自由浏览]]
*[[自由微博]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name=voa0820>{{cite news
|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/usagm-firewall-circumvention-tool-20200819/5550297.html
|title=规避中共防火墙美国政府民间投入新努力
|author=魏之
|date=2020-08-20
|work=[[美国之音]]
|accessdate=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2023-03-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330113220/https://www.voachinese.com/a/usagm-firewall-circumvention-tool-20200819/5550297.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name=scmp0805>{{cite news
|url=https://www.scmp.com/abacus/tech/article/3096047/new-anticensorship-tool-greatfire-turns-any-website-unblocked-app-china
|language=en
|title=A new anticensorship tool from GreatFire turns any website into an unblocked app in China
|date=2020-08-05
|first=Masha
|last=Borak
|work=[[南华早报]]
|accessdate=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2023-04-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410092902/https://www.scmp.com/abacus/tech/article/3096047/new-anticensorship-tool-greatfire-turns-any-website-unblocked-app-china
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name=aljazeela0621>{{cite web
|first=Yarno
|last=Ritzen
|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/6/21/meet-the-activists-fighting-the-great-chinese-firewall
|date=2018-06-21
|language=en
|title=Meet the activists fighting the Great Chinese Firewall
|work=[[半岛电视台]]
|access-date=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2023-05-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525010623/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/6/21/meet-the-activists-fighting-the-great-chinese-firewall
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name=theguardian0414>{{cite news
|quote=The Play Store is particularly sensitive, because it’s one of the primary outlets through which GreatFire works, releasing anti-censorship tools such as FreeBrowser, FreeWeibo and the recently announced FreeWeChat. The group was founded in 2011 to raise awareness about the Great Firewall of China
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/14/greatfire-activist-urges-western-firms-to-help-end-chinese-censorship
|title=GreatFire activist urges western firms to help end Chinese censorship
|language=en
|date=2016-04-14
|first=Alex
|last=Hern
|work=[[衛報]]
|accessdate=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2020-11-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105830/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/14/greatfire-activist-urges-western-firms-to-help-end-chinese-censorship
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name=theintercept0201>{{cite news
|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/02/01/apple-apps-china-censorship/
|language=en
|title=New Site Exposes How Apple Censors Apps in China
|first=Ryan
|last=Gallagher
|date=2019-02-01
|work=[[The Intercept]]
|accessdate=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2023-05-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510021951/https://theintercept.com/2019/02/01/apple-apps-china-censorship/
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name=thedailydot0414>{{cite news
|work=[[The Daily Dot]]
|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/digital-groups-rally-app-legislation/
|first=Jacob
|last=Seitz
|title=Digital groups rally as Apple pushes back against App Store legislation
|date=2022-04-14
|language=en
|accessdate=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2023-03-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330125604/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/digital-groups-rally-app-legislation/
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name=bleeping0201>{{cite news
|title=New Site Monitors Censorship on Apple's Chinese App Store
|date=2019-02-01
|language=en
|url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/apple/new-site-monitors-censorship-on-apples-chinese-app-store/
|work={{link-en|Bleeping Computer|Bleeping Computer}}
|first=Sergiu
|last=Gatlan
|accessdate=2023-03-30
|archive-date=2023-03-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330125606/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/apple/new-site-monitors-censorship-on-apples-chinese-app-store/
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

<ref name="theguardian0320">{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/20/chinese-anti-censorship-group-greatfire-org-suffers-massive-hack-google | title=Chinese anti-censorship group Greatfire.org suffers massive hack | publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited | work=[[卫报]] | date=2015-03-20 | accessdate=2015-04-11 | language=en | archive-date=2020-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813041047/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/20/chinese-anti-censorship-group-greatfire-org-suffers-massive-hack-google | dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="otf0417">{{Cite web|url=https://www.opentech.fund/news/chinas-great-cannon/|title=China's Great Cannon|website=[[开放技术基金会]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-30|first=Dan|last=McDevitt|date=2015-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330142432/https://www.opentech.fund/news/chinas-great-cannon/|archive-date=2023-03-30}}</ref>

<ref name=otf2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opentech.fund/results/supported-projects/greatfire-expanding-collateral-freedom/|title=Greatfire - Expanding Collateral Freedom|website=[[开放技术基金会]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330142316/https://www.opentech.fund/results/supported-projects/greatfire-expanding-collateral-freedom/|archive-date=2023-03-30}}</ref>

<ref name=hkfp0805>{{cite news
|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2020/08/05/editorial-hkfp-relaunches-mobile-apps-including-an-anti-censorship-app-to-unblock-site-in-china/
|title=Editorial: HKFP relaunches mobile apps, including an anti-censorship app to unblock site in China
|author=Tom Grundy
|website=[[香港自由新闻]]
|date=2020-08-05
}}</ref>

<ref name=dw0821>{{cite news
|url=https://www.dw.com/zh/从自由微博到自由知乎/a-66591899
|title=从“自由微博”到“自由知乎”
|date=2023-08-21
|newspaper=[[德国之声]]
|access-date=2023-08-21
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230821150859/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%BB%8E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E5%88%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E/a-66591899
|archive-date=2023-08-21
}}</ref>

<ref name=rfi0401>{{cite web
|url=https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20160401-%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99%E4%B9%8D%E6%B3%84%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%A2%AB%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8B%E6%AF%92%E2%80%9D
|title=专家：中国防火墙乍泄之后谷歌域名系统被“下毒”
|date=2014-04-01
|work=[[法国国际广播电台]]
|author=甄树基
|access-date=2024-05-28
|archive-date=2024-01-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113082608/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20160401-%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99%E4%B9%8D%E6%B3%84%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%A2%AB%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8B%E6%AF%92%E2%80%9D
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

}}

==外部链接==
*{{Official website}}
*{{github|GreatFire|GreatFire.org}}
*{{twitter}}
===其他项目主页===
*{{URL|https://blocky.greatfire.org/|Blocky}}
*{{URL|https://freewechat.com/|自由微信}}
*{{URL|https://applecensorship.com|苹果审查}}
*{{URL|https://freezhihu.org/|自由知乎}}

{{突破网络封锁技术}}

[[Category:中华人民共和国网络审查]]
[[Category:中华人民共和国互联网]]
[[Category:被防火长城封锁的网站]]
[[Category:互联网相关组织]]
[[Category:2011年建立的组织]]

GreatFire - 版本历史

imported>Kankachi1980Kan：​/* 其他项目主页 */

imported>Kankachi1980Kan：/* 其他项目主页 */