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G418 - 版本历史
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<p><b>新页面</b></p><div>{{About|抗生素|高铁列车车次|邕港高速动车组列车}}<br />
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| Verifiedfields = changed<br />
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| verifiedrevid = 461115152<br />
| ImageFile = G418.svg<br />
| ImageSize = 160<br />
| IUPACName = (2''R'',3''S'',4''R'',5''R'',6''S'')-5-Amino-6-[(1''R'',2''S'',3''S'',4''R'',6''S'')-4,6-diamino-3-[(2''R'',3''R'',4''R'',5''R'')-3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-4-methylaminooxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-<br />
2-(1-hydroxyethyl)oxane-3,4-diol<br />
| SystematicName = <br />
| OtherNames = 遺傳黴素<br>''O''-2-Amino-2,7-didesoxy-<small>D</small>-glycero-α-<small>D</small>-gluco-heptopyranosyl-(1→4)-''O''-(3-desoxy-4-''C''-methyl-3-(methylamino)-β-<small>L</small>-arabinopyranosyl- (1→6))-<small>D</small>-streptamin<br />
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'''G418'''，即'''遺傳黴素'''（Geneticin），是一種[[氨基糖苷類抗生素]]，結構與慶大黴素B1相似。G418最初是於[[細菌]]{{link-en|小单孢菌|Micromonospora}}中發現<ref name=In>{{cite web|title=Geneticin|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/selection/g418.html|work=Thermo Fisher Scientific|accessdate=2017-11-29|archive-date=2017-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034522/https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/selection/g418.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。G418是[[新黴素]]的類似物，其作用機理也與新黴素相似。即，G418可以通過阻斷[[轉譯|多肽合成（蛋白轉譯）]]殺死[[原核細胞]]或[[真核細胞]]<ref name=In />。新黴素抗性基因''neo''可以編碼一種能使G418失效的酶{{link-en|氨基糖苷3'磷酸转移酶|aminoglycoside-3’-phosphotransferase}}，進而使細胞獲得對G418的抗性<ref name=In />。在實驗室中，利用上述機制，可以使用G418篩選[[基因工程]]改造後的細胞<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exactantigen.com/review/G418.html|title=G418|accessdate=2010-01-09|work=labome.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229191551/http://www.exactantigen.com/review/G418.html|archivedate=2009-12-29}}</ref>。<br />
<br />
==作用機理及抗性機理==<br />
G418是一種特殊的[[抗生素]]。G418既可以殺死[[真核細胞]]，也可以殺死[[原核細胞]]。G418的作用機理是通過與[[核糖體|80S核糖體]]（真核細胞）或70S核糖體（原核細胞）結合，進而阻止蛋白轉譯過程中的延長過程，使合成中的多肽鏈合成中止。最終，細胞會因爲缺乏必要的蛋白而死亡<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.promega.com/-/media/files/resources/technical-references/antibiotic-mode-of-action.pdf|title=Antibiotics: Mode of Action and Mechanism of Resistance.|publisher=Promega|accessdate=2017-11-29|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032931/https://www.promega.com/-/media/files/resources/technical-references/antibiotic-mode-of-action.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invivogen.com/PDF/G418_TDS.pdf|title=G418 manual|publisher=invivogen|accessdate=2017-11-29|archive-date=2018-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127124021/http://www.invivogen.com/PDF/G418_TDS.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。基於G418的作用機理，對蛋白質需求較高的細胞，如分裂中的細胞，會比對蛋白質需求相對較少的細胞更快被G418殺死<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invivogen.com/g418|title=G418 introduction|publisher=invivogene|accessdate=2017-11-29|archive-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119060044/http://www.invivogen.com/g418|dead-url=no}}</ref>。新黴素抗性基因''neo''可以使細胞在含有G418的培養基中存活。''neo''基因抵抗G418的機理在於，neo基因能編碼一種{{link-en|氨基糖苷3'磷酸转移酶|aminoglycoside-3’-phosphotransferase}}。該酶可使G418磷酸化，減小其與核糖體的親和力，達到讓G418失效的作用<ref name="Kotra 2000">{{cite journal|title=Aminoglycosides: Perspectives on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance and Strategies to Counter Resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antimicrobial-agents-and-chemotherapy_2000-12_44_12/page/3249 |authors=Kotra, LP, Haddad J, Mobashery, S|PMID= 11083623|year=2000|PMC=90188|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|volume=44|issue=12|pages=3249–56|doi=10.1128/aac.44.12.3249-3256.2000}}</ref>。<br />
<br />
==細胞生物學中的應用==<br />
導入''neo''基因等G418抗性基因的真核細胞可以於含有G418的[[培養基]]中存活，而無這類基因的細胞則會在這種培養環境中死亡。研究人員可以利用這一點，於載體上加入''neo''基因。這樣，當把載體導入細胞時，''neo''基因也會一併導入。之後，在培養基中加入G418即可殺死未能成功導入載體的細胞，而留下成功導入載體的細胞，利於後續研究的進行<ref name=In/><ref name=Lodish2013>{{cite book|year=2013|title=Molecular Cell Biology (7th edition)|section=Chapter5: Molecular Genetic Techniques|publisher=Macmillan Higher Education|author=Harvey Lodish et al.|ISBN=978-1-4641-0981-2|pages=171-223}}</ref>。<br />
<br />
==參見==<br />
*[[滅瘟素]]（Blast）<br />
*[[嘌呤黴素]]（Puromycin）<br />
*[[新黴素]]<br />
<br />
==參考==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:抗生素]]</div>
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