imported>Ohtashinichiro：/* 外部链接 */

2026-02-10T02:53:57Z

外部链接

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{{noteTA
|G1=IT
|1=zh-tw:應用程式;zh-cn:应用
|2=zh-tw:元件;zh-cn:组件
|3=zh-tw:透過;zh-cn:通过
|4=zh-tw:客製化;zh-cn:定制化
|5=zh-tw:版面配置;zh-cn:布局
|6=zh-tw:原始碼儲存庫;zh-cn:源代码库
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Flutter
| logo = Google-flutter-logo.svg
| logo_size =
| author = Google
| developer = [[Google]]与社区
| released = Alpha (v0.0.6) / {{Start date and age|2017|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/flutter/flutter/releases/tag/v0.0.6 |title=Release v0.0.6: Rev alpha branch version to 0.0.6, flutter 0.0.26 (#10010) · flutter/flutter |author=Chris Bracken |date= |website=[[GitHub]] |publisher= |access-date=2018-08-08 |quote= |archive-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205055416/https://github.com/flutter/flutter/releases/tag/v0.0.6 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| programming language = [[Dart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://flutter.io/faq/ |title=FAQ - Flutter |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=2018-08-08 |quote= |archive-date=2018-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060204/https://flutter.io/faq/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| platform = [[Android]]、[[iOS]]、[[Google Fuchsia]]、Web平台、[[Windows]]、[[macOS]]和[[Linux]]
| genre = [[应用框架]]
| website = {{URL|flutter.dev}}
}}
'''Flutter'''是一个由[[谷歌]]开发的[[开源软件|-{zh-tw:開放原始碼;zh-cn:开源}-]]跨平台应用软件开发工具包，用于为[[Android]]、[[iOS]]、[[Windows]]、[[macOS]]、[[Linux]] Desktop、[[Google Fuchsia]]开发应用<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/googles-fuchsia-smartphone-os-dumps-linux-has-a-wild-new-ui/
|title=Google’s "Fuchsia" smartphone OS dumps Linux, has a wild new UI
|publisher=Ars Technica
|accessdate=2018-04-03
|archive-date=2019-09-26
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926205306/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/googles-fuchsia-smartphone-os-dumps-linux-has-a-wild-new-ui/
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>。

Flutter第一个版本支持[[Android]]操作系统，開發代號称作“Sky”。它于2015年4月的Flutter开发者会议上被公布<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnIWl33YMwA|title=Sky: An Experiment Writing Dart for Mobile (Dart Developer Summit 2015)|accessdate=2020-06-12|archive-date=2020-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614140950/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnIWl33YMwA|dead-url=no}}</ref>，宣称其目标为实现120[[帧率|FPS]]的[[渲染]]性能<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/05/googles-dart-language-on-android-aims-for-java-free-120-fps-apps/
|title=Google’s Dart language on Android aims for Java-free, 120 FPS apps
|date=1 May 2015
|last=Amadeo
|first=Ron
|publisher=Ars Technica
|accessdate=2018-04-03
|archive-date=2015-05-06
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506182812/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/05/googles-dart-language-on-android-aims-for-java-free-120-fps-apps/
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>。在上海Google Developer Days的主题演讲中，Google宣布了Flutter Release Preview 2，这是Flutter 1.0之前的最后一个重要版本。2018年12月4日，Flutter 1.0在Flutter Live活动中发布，是该框架的第一个“稳定”版本。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appetiser.com.au/blog/speed-up-native-development-as-google-flutter-comes-out-of-beta/|title=Speed Up Native Development As Google Flutter Comes Out Of Beta|language=en|access-date=2018-12-21|publisher=Appetiser Apps|archive-date=2019-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312102703/https://appetiser.com.au/blog/speed-up-native-development-as-google-flutter-comes-out-of-beta/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>2019年12月11日，在Flutter Interactive活动上发布了Flutter 1.12，宣布Flutter是第一个为环境计算设计的UI平台<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.googleblog.com/2019/12/flutter-ui-ambient-computing.html|title=Flutter: the first UI platform designed for ambient computing|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11|publisher=Flutter blog|archive-date=2019-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211172553/https://developers.googleblog.com/2019/12/flutter-ui-ambient-computing.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2022年5月12日，在 Google I/O 2022 发布了 Flutter 3<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneath |first=Tim |date=2022-05-11 |title=Introducing Flutter 3 |url=https://medium.com/flutter/introducing-flutter-3-5eb69151622f |website=Flutter |language=en |access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>，正式支援了 Windows、macOS、Linux 等操作系统。

== 框架组织 ==
Flutter的主要组成部分包括：
* [[Dart]]平台
* Flutter引擎<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/flutter/engine |title=Flutter Engine Source Code |date= |website=[[GitHub]] |publisher= |access-date=2022-03-03 |dead-url=no |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510212818/https://github.com/flutter/engine }}</ref>
* 基础-{zh-tw:程式庫;zh-cn:库}-
* 客製化[[设计语言]]的组件
* Flutter DevTools

=== Dart平台 ===
Flutter是使用[[Dart]]语言编写，并利用该语言的许多高级功能。<ref name=":0" />

在[[Windows]]、[[macOS]]和[[Linux]]上，Flutter在Dart虚拟机中运行，该虚拟机具有[[即時編譯]]执行引擎。在编写和调试应用时，Flutter使用即时编译功能进行“热重-{}-载”(Hot Reload)，可以将对源文件的修改注入正在运行的应用中。Flutter通过支持有状态的热重载来扩展此功能，在大多数情况下，对源代码的更改可以立即在运行的应用中反映出来，而无需重新启动或丢失任何状态。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackernoon.com/why-flutter-uses-dart-dd635a054ebf|title=Why Flutter Uses Dart|last=Lelel|first=Wm|date=26 February 2018|website=HackerNoon|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=2019-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116112146/https://hackernoon.com/why-flutter-uses-dart-dd635a054ebf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Flutter实现的此功能已广受赞誉。

Flutter应用的发布版本在Android和iOS上都进行了提前（AOT, Ahead Of Time）编译<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://proandroiddev.com/flutters-compilation-patterns-24e139d14177|title=Flutter’s Compilation Patterns|last=stephenwzl|date=2018-08-01|website=ProAndroidDev|access-date=2018-12-06|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609092357/https://proandroiddev.com/flutters-compilation-patterns-24e139d14177?gi=d859295eb74b|dead-url=no}}</ref>，使Flutter在移动设备上可以高性能地运行。

=== Flutter 引擎 ===
Flutter的引擎主要使用[[C++]]开发，通过Google的[[Skia Graphics Library|-{zh-tw:Skia圖形函式庫;zh-cn:Skia图形库}-]]提供底层渲染支持，亦提供平台相关的[[软件开发工具包|SDK]]，例如[[Android]]和[[iOS]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web
|url=https://flutter.io/technical-overview/
|title=Technical Overview - Flutter
|language=en
|website=flutter.io
|access-date=2017-12-13
|archive-date=2017-12-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201209/https://flutter.io/technical-overview/
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>。Flutter引擎是用于托管Flutter应用的可移植的运行环境。它实现了Flutter的核心-{zh-tw:程式庫;zh-cn:库}-，包括动画和图形、文件和网络I/O、可访问性支持、插件架构以及Dart运行环境和编译工具链。大多数开发人员将通过Flutter框架与Flutter进行交互，该框架提供了一个现代、响应式的框架，以及一组丰富的平台、布局和基础组件。

=== -{zh-tw:基礎程式庫;zh-cn:基础库}- ===
基础-{zh-tw:程式庫;zh-cn:库}-由[[Dart]]编写，提供了用Flutter-{zh-cn:构建;zh-tw:組建}-應用程式所需的基本的-{zh-tw:類別;zh-cn:类}-和函数，例如与引擎通讯的[[应用程序接口|API]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://docs.flutter.io/flutter/foundation/foundation-library.html
|title=foundation library - Dart API
|accessdate=2017-12-13
|language=en
|archive-date=2017-12-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213143153/https://docs.flutter.io/flutter/foundation/foundation-library.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>。

==== 元件 ====
Flutter是通过组织、创建不同的组件完成[[用户界面设计]]的。在Flutter中，一个组件代表用户界面中[[不可變物件|不可变]]的一部分；包括文本、多边形以及动画在内的所有图形都是用组件创建的。复杂的组件由简单的组件结合而成。

=== -{zh-tw:客製化設計風格的元件;zh-cn:定制化设计风格的组件}- ===
Flutter框架包含了两套符合特定[[设计语言]]的[[Flutter (软件)#组件|组件]]。称作[[质感设计|Material Design]]的组件-{zh-tw:實作;zh-cn:实现}-的是同名的谷歌设计语言，称作''Cupertino''的组件-{zh-tw:實作;zh-cn:实现}-[[苹果公司]][[iOS]]的人机接口指南（Human interface guidelines）<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flutter.dev/widgets/material/|title=Material Design Widgets - Flutter|website=flutter.dev|language=en|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=2020-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616033713/https://flutter.dev/docs/development/ui/widgets/material|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flutter.dev/widgets/cupertino/|title=Cupertino (iOS-style) Widgets - Flutter|website=flutter.dev|language=en|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=2020-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616033713/https://flutter.dev/docs/development/ui/widgets/cupertino|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/ios/overview/themes/|title=Human Interface Guidelines|website=developer.apple.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128103056/https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/ios/overview/themes/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
。

==-{zh-tw:第三方擴充;zh-cn:第三方扩展}-==
Flutter 使用 [https://pub.dev/ pub] {{Wayback|url=https://pub.dev/ |date=20220509011858 }} 管理第三方依赖包。在项目的 '''pubspec.yaml''' 中，开发者可以指定每个-{zh-tw:相依項;zh-cn:依赖}-的版本范围，或者固定版本号。

==IDE==
Flutter支持使用 [[Visual Studio Code]] 或 [[Android Studio]] ，需要安装 Flutter 插件和 Dart 插件。<br>

在中国大陆，由于[[防火长城]]的存在，需要切换软件源才能正常安装Flutter<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://docs.flutter.dev/community/china |title=存档副本 |access-date=2024-04-09 |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521031523/https://docs.flutter.dev/community/china |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==-{zh-tw:Hello World 範例;zh-cn:Hello World 示例}-==

一个Flutter中的[[Hello World]]程序如下所示：

<syntaxhighlight lang="dart" line="1">
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() => runApp(HelloWorldApp());

class HelloWorldApp extends StatelessWidget {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Hello World App',
home: Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: const Text('Hello World App'),
),
body: const Center(
child: Text('Hello World'),
),
),
);
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist}}

== 外部链接 ==
* {{Official}}

{{Google公司}}

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Flutter - 版本历史

imported>Ohtashinichiro：​/* 外部链接 */

imported>Ohtashinichiro：/* 外部链接 */