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{{Infobox rocket engine|image=Blue Origins BE-3 Rocket Engine.jpg|country_of_origin=[[美國]]|first_date={{Start date|2015|04|29}}|designer=[[蓝色起源]]|manufacturer=蓝色起源|type=liquid|fuel={{chem2|LH2|link=LH2}}|specific_impulse_sea_level=|name=BE-3PM|thrust(SL)={{cvt|490|kN|0}}<ref name="tsr20150413"/>|throttle_range=18–100%<ref name="tsr20150413"/>|status=服役中|purpose=第一级发动机|associated=[[新雪帕德火箭]]|oxidiser={{chem2|LOX|link=LOX}}|cycle=泵式[[抽气循环]]|used_in=[[新雪帕德火箭]]第一級}}{{Infobox rocket engine|name=BE-3U|country_of_origin=[[美國]]|manufacturer=[[蓝色起源]]|associated=[[新葛倫火箭]]|status=服役中|type=liquid|oxidizer=[[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]|fuel={{chem2|LH2|link=LH2}}|cycle=[[膨胀循环]]|combustion_chamber=1|thrust(Vac)={{Unbulleted indent list
| 基本型: {{cvt|711.5|kN|0}}
| 改進型: {{cvt|889.5|kN|0}}
| 最高推力: {{cvt|211658|lb-f|kN|order=flip|1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2025 |title=Upgraded Engines and Subcooled Components Drive Enhanced Performance |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-glenn-upgraded-engines-subcooled-components-drive-enhanced-performance |access-date=November 21, 2025 |website=Blue Origin}}</ref>
}}|throttle_range=75–100%<ref name=BO-BE3U> {{cite web |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3u/ |title= BE-3U |publisher= Blue Origin|access-date=January 28, 2025 }}</ref>|thrust_to_weight=90:1|chamber_pressure=|specific_impulse_vacuum={{convert|445|isp|km/s|abbr=on}}|mass_flow=|used_in=[[新葛倫火箭]]上面級}}

'''BE-3''' （蓝色引擎3）是一款使用[[液氢]]和[[液氧]]作为推进剂的低温火箭发动机。[[蓝色起源|蓝色起源公司]]于2010年代初开始研发BE-3，并于2015年初完成验收测试。BE-3PM型发动机用于[[新雪帕德火箭|新谢泼德亚]]轨道火箭，该火箭于2015年4月29日完成首次试飞，并于2021年7月20日完成首次载人飞行。BE-3U型发动机用于[[新葛倫火箭|新格伦]]轨道火箭的第二级，该火箭于2025年1月16日完成首飞。

== 历史 ==
2012年[[Aerojet]]收购[[洛克达因公司|普惠罗克达因]]公司后，美國的火箭引擎公司數量減少，蓝色起源公司总裁罗伯·梅耶森認為研發火箭引擎是填补国防工业基础空白的机会。 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A First Look |url=http://bt.e-ditionsbyfry.com/article/BLUE_ORIGIN_OPENS_UP/2384731/289258/article.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215523/http://bt.e-ditionsbyfry.com/article/BLUE_ORIGIN_OPENS_UP/2384731/289258/article.html |archive-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref>蓝色起源公司通过与联合发射联盟（ULA）合作开发BE-4液体火箭发动机，正式进军液体火箭发动机业务。 <ref name=":0" /> 2017年6月，梅耶森宣布选择[[亚拉巴马州|阿拉巴马州]][[亨茨维尔 (阿拉巴马州)|亨茨维尔]]作为蓝色起源公司火箭生产工厂的所在地。<ref name=":0" />

BE-3发动机是蓝色起源公司在2000年代早期[[火箭发动机]]研发工作的延续。蓝色起源的第一款发动机是一款名为'''BE-1''' 。這是一台简单的单推进剂发动机。它使用[[高浓度过氧化氢|过氧化物]]作為推进剂，功率仅有{{Convert|2000|lbf|kN|disp=flip|abbr=on}}，甚至比[[SpaceX]]的第一枚引擎[[梅林引擎|梅林]]更簡單。

該公司的第二款[[推力|发动机]]名為'''BE-2''' ，是一款使用[[RP-1煤油|煤油]]和过氧化物的双组元推进剂发动机，推力为{{Convert|31000|lbf|kN|disp=flip|abbr=on}}推力。 <ref name="blue20161025">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Technology |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110171630/https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |archive-date=January 10, 2018 |access-date=October 25, 2016 |publisher=[[Blue Origin]]}}</ref>

=== BE-3PM ===
2013年1月，该公司宣布正在研发BE-3（蓝色发动机3号），这是一款新型[[液氢]]/[[液氧]]（ <sub>LH2</sub> /LOX）低温发动机，分為BE-3U和BE-3PM版本。该发动机最初宣布的功率为{{Convert|100000|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=flip}}推力为磅力，计划于 2013 年 2 月中旬在[[美国国家航空航天局|美國太空總署]][[斯坦尼斯航天中心]]进行首次推力室测试。 <ref name="nsj20130117">{{Cite news |title=Updates on commercial crew development |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2013/01/17/updates-on-commercial-crew-development/ |work=NewSpace Journal |date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013}}</ref>BE-3PM的推力室测试于 2013 年进行。 <ref name="pa20131203vid">
{{Cite news |title=Video of Blue Origin Engine Test |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/video-blue-origin-engine-test/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref>

BE-3PM发动机于2013年末进行了首次全時間模拟亚轨道燃烧测试，包括滑行阶段和发动机重新点火。此引擎在一次測試中完整地展示了其深度油门、全功率、长时间燃烧和可重启的能力<ref name="pa20131203">{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Tests New Engine in Simulated Suborbital Mission Profile |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206020133/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>，美国宇航局之後发布了该测试的视频。 <ref name="pa20131203vid">
{{Cite news |title=Video of Blue Origin Engine Test |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/video-blue-origin-engine-test/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref>

2013年12月，蓝色起源公司在地面的海平面壓力试验台上进行了发动机测试，并根據測試的結果更新了发动机规格數據。測試顯示该发动机在全攻略運行時能够产生{{Convert|110000|lbf|kN|disp=flip}}推力，并且可以成功地将推力调低至 110 千牛（25,000 磅力），用于进行受控制[[垂直起降 (火箭)|垂直着陆]]。 <ref name="pa20131203">{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Tests New Engine in Simulated Suborbital Mission Profile |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206020133/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>最终发动机规格于2015年4月在全面[[驗證及確認|测试阶段]]后公布，其中最小推力改为{{Convert|20000|lbf|kN|disp=flip}} ，比初步数据減少20%，同时保持了之前公布的全功率推力规格。 <ref name="sn20150407">
{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Completes BE-3 Engine as BE-4 Work Continues |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-completes-be-3-engine-as-be-4-work-continues/ |author=Foust |first=Jeff |work=Space News |date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref>

{{As of|2013|12}}，BE-3PM引擎在藍色起源位於德州Van Horn的測試台共進行了超過160次啟動，合共運行達{{Convert|9100|s|min}} 。<ref name="pa20131203">{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Tests New Engine in Simulated Suborbital Mission Profile |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206020133/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 附加測試於2014年完成，包括小比例推進器亞軌道任務的全任務隊列需求測試。<ref name="pa20141114">
{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Commercial Crew Development Status Report |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/11/14/blue-origin-commercial-crew-development-status-report/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> 測試台所進行的測試於2015年完全完成，累積了超過450次啟動和超過500分鐘的運行時間，並計劃於2015年5月在[[新雪帕德火箭]]上試飛。<ref name="sn20150407">
{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Completes BE-3 Engine as BE-4 Work Continues |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-completes-be-3-engine-as-be-4-work-continues/ |author=Foust |first=Jeff |work=Space News |date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sky-20220627-12640296"> {{Cite news |title=Space tourism from companies like SpaceX, Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin could undo work to repair ozone layer, study finds |url=https://news.sky.com/story/space-tourism-from-companies-like-spacex-virgin-atlantic-and-blue-origin-could-undo-work-to-repair-ozone-layer-study-finds-12640296 |author=Tim Baker |work=Sky |date=June 27, 2022}} </ref><ref name="BO-BE3"> {{Cite web |title=BE-3 |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3/ |publisher=Blue Origin}} </ref>

2015 年4月29日，搭載BE-3PM引擎的[[新雪帕德火箭|新谢泼德亚]]火箭真人了首次試飛<ref name="BO-BE3"> {{Cite web |title=BE-3 |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3/ |publisher=Blue Origin}} </ref> <ref name="Sky-20220627-12640296"> {{Cite news |title=Space tourism from companies like SpaceX, Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin could undo work to repair ozone layer, study finds |url=https://news.sky.com/story/space-tourism-from-companies-like-spacex-virgin-atlantic-and-blue-origin-could-undo-work-to-repair-ozone-layer-study-finds-12640296 |author=Tim Baker |work=Sky |date=June 27, 2022}} </ref>发动机进行了首次飞行测试，助推飞行高度达到海拔{{Convert|93500|m|sp=us|sigfig=3}} <ref name="sn20150439">
{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin's New Shepard Vehicle Makes First Test Flight |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origins-new-shepard-vehicle-makes-first-test-flight/ |author=Foust |first=Jeff |work=Space News |date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=May 1, 2015}}</ref>。

=== BE-3U ===
虽然用於[[新雪帕德火箭|新谢泼德亚]]火箭的海平面版本的发动机 BE-3PM <ref name="BO-BE3"> {{Cite web |title=BE-3 |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3/ |publisher=Blue Origin}} </ref>的开发工作已于 2015 年初完成，但蓝色起源公司在2015年亦計劃开发[[真空]]版本的BE-3发动机，以便在應用於將會在太空中运行[[新葛倫火箭]]的上面級。 <ref name="bo20150501">{{Cite web |title=Our Approach to Technology |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |website=Blue Origin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110171630/https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |archive-date=January 10, 2018 |access-date=May 1, 2015 |quote='' The BE-3 engine is flying. The engine that powers the New Shepard suborbital vehicle today will be upgraded with a larger nozzle to operate in the vacuum of orbital space.''}}</ref>

[[美国空军]]在2016 年1月向Orbital ATK 公司提供了部分研发资金，為BE-3U引擎的可伸缩[[火箭发动机喷管|喷嘴]]。 <ref name="sn20160113">{{Cite news |title=Orbital ATK, SpaceX Win Air Force Propulsion Contracts |url=http://spacenews.com/orbital-atk-spacex-win-air-force-propulsion-contracts/ |work=SpaceNews |date=January 13, 2016 |quote=''Specifically, Orbital ATK will combine the Air Force money with at least $31 million, and as much as $124 million, of its own to develop [..., including] an extendable nozzle for Blue Origin's BE-3U upper stage engine. Blue Origin uses the BE-3 for its New Shepard suborbital rocket. The BE-3 also is one of three upper-stage engines United Launch Alliance is considering for Vulcan, the Denver company's next-generation rocket. 'We are proud to provide the BE-3U high energy upper stage solution for Orbital ATK's next generation launch vehicle,' Rob Meyerson, Blue Origin's president, said in an email to SpaceNews. 'The BE-3U is a variant of our BE-3 engine that powers our New Shepard space vehicle for both launch and landing.<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' |access-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="dod20160113">{{Cite web |title=Contracts: Air Force |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract-View/Article/642983 |website=U.S. Department of Defense Contracts press release |date=January 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140106/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract-View/Article/642983/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref>

BE-3PM发动机在2021年7月20日被用于[[新雪帕德火箭|新谢泼德]]号的首次载人飞行。 <ref name="WaPo-20210720">{{Cite news |title=Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk and Oliver Daemen reach space, return safely on Blue Origin's New Shepard rocket |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/07/20/bezos-space-flight-live-updates-video/ |work=Washington Post |date=July 20, 2021 |language=en |access-date=July 26, 2021}}</ref>

2022 年9月12日，搭载[[RSS HG Wells]]飞船的[[新雪帕德火箭|新谢泼德亚]]3號推進器上的BE-3PM引擎發生故障，导致发射中止和飞船损毁。<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin to launch next space mission on Aug. 31 |url=https://www.space.com/blue-origin-ns-23-mission-august-31 |website=Space.com |date=2022-08-24 |language=en |author1=Mike Wall |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824212312/https://www.space.com/blue-origin-ns-23-mission-august-31 |archive-date=2022-08-24 |access-date=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Shepard Mission NS-23 Updates |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/ns-23-mission-updates/ |work=[[Blue Origin]] |date=2022-09-07 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913062837/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/ns-23-mission-updates/ |archive-date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-07}}</ref>

2025 年1月16日，BE-3U亞型在[[新葛倫火箭|新格伦]]火箭上進行首次轨道飞行。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin scrubs first New Glenn launch attempt due to “vehicle subsystem issue |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/01/13/live-coverage-blue-origin-to-launch-inaugural-new-glenn-rocket-from-cape-canaveral/ |website=Spaceflight Now |language=en-US |last=Robinson-Smith |first=Will |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121205307/https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/01/13/live-coverage-blue-origin-to-launch-inaugural-new-glenn-rocket-from-cape-canaveral/ |archive-date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2025-01-13}}</ref>

== 引擎设计 ==

=== BE-3PM ===
'''BE-3PM'''是BE-3引擎的海平面推力亞型，用於[[新雪帕德火箭|新谢泼德亚]]火箭的第一級。<ref name="BO-BE3"> {{Cite web |title=BE-3 |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3/ |publisher=Blue Origin}} </ref>此亞型使用泵式[[抽气循环|抽氣循環]]設計，从主[[燃燒室|燃烧室]]抽取少量燃烧气体来驱动发动机涡轮泵，為引擎提供燃料。 <ref name="pa20141114">
{{Cite news |title=Blue Origin Commercial Crew Development Status Report |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/11/14/blue-origin-commercial-crew-development-status-report/ |author=Messier |first=Doug |work=Parabolic Arc |date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref>

=== BE-3U ===
'''BE-3U'''是BE-3引擎的真空推力亞型，用於[[新葛倫火箭|新格伦]]火箭的第二級。該引擎使用开式[[膨胀循环]]，以引擎噴管來加熱液態燃料成氣體來提供推力。[[新葛倫火箭|新格伦火箭的]]第二级使用了两台这样的发动机。

该发动机在2015年11月的研發初期预计在真空下提供{{Cvt|150000|lbf|kN|disp=flip}}推力。<ref name="ispcs20151103">
{{Cite speech |title=ISPCS 2015 Keynote |first=Rob |last=Meyerson |event=ISPCS |date=November 13, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kza02-74NzQ |access-date=November 14, 2015}}</ref>此亞型的可伸缩喷嘴在2016年开始由Orbital ATK 公司進行研發<ref name="sn20160113">{{Cite news |title=Orbital ATK, SpaceX Win Air Force Propulsion Contracts |url=http://spacenews.com/orbital-atk-spacex-win-air-force-propulsion-contracts/ |work=SpaceNews |date=January 13, 2016 |quote=''Specifically, Orbital ATK will combine the Air Force money with at least $31 million, and as much as $124 million, of its own to develop [..., including] an extendable nozzle for Blue Origin's BE-3U upper stage engine. Blue Origin uses the BE-3 for its New Shepard suborbital rocket. The BE-3 also is one of three upper-stage engines United Launch Alliance is considering for Vulcan, the Denver company's next-generation rocket. 'We are proud to provide the BE-3U high energy upper stage solution for Orbital ATK's next generation launch vehicle,' Rob Meyerson, Blue Origin's president, said in an email to SpaceNews. 'The BE-3U is a variant of our BE-3 engine that powers our New Shepard space vehicle for both launch and landing.<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' |access-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref>，並在2018年8月完成测试发动机的制造工作，進展順利，并累计了超过 700 秒的[[火箭发动机试车台|测试]]时间，验证了其真實性能。 2019年2月，蓝色起源公司宣布把BE-3U 发动机的推力更新为{{Cvt|160000|lbf|kN|0|disp=flip}}磅。 <ref name="blueBE3web">{{Cite web |title=BE-3 |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3/ |website=Blue Origin |language=en |access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref>

2020年2月，蓝色起源在阿拉巴马州亨茨维尔开设了一家工厂，用於生产 BE-3U 和 BE-4 发动机。 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin lays out ambitious plan for rocket engine production as it opens Alabama factory |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/blue-origin-lays-ambitious-plan-rocket-engine-production-opens-alabama-factory/ |website=GeekWire |date=February 18, 2020 |language=en-US |access-date=July 26, 2021}}</ref>

2025年11月，戴夫·林普宣布BE-3U发动机的性能再次得到提升，这次最大推力提升至{{Cvt|211500|lbf|kN|0|disp=flip}} 。 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dave Limp on X |url=https://x.com/davill/status/1990512346029306032 |website=Twitter |date=November 17, 2025 |last=Limp |first=Dave}}</ref>

== 技术规格 ==

== 参见 ==

* {{Annotated link|BE-4}} －同樣由藍色起源開發的火箭引擎，使用液態甲烷和液氫作推進劑

== 参考 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== 外部链接 ==

* [https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3 官方网站 BE-3PM]
* [https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-3u BE-3U 官方网站]
{{蓝色起源}}{{Suborbital rocket engines}}{{Rocket Engines}}
[[Category:使用液氢推进剂的火箭发动机]]

Draft:BE-3 - 版本历史

imported>CognitioHK：​增加或調整分類

imported>CognitioHK：增加或調整分類