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'''de jure'''（{{langx|la|dē iūre}}，{{IPA|la|deː ˈjuːrɛ|pron}}），中文譯作'''法律上'''、'''名義上'''或'''法理上'''，是来自[[拉丁語]]的[[法律语言|法律術語]]，與'''[[de facto]]'''（事实上）相對。<ref name="元照英美法词典">{{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = 法律出版社| isbn = 978-7-5036-4232-6| entry=de jure|editor = 薛波| editor2 = [[潘汉典]]| encyclopaedia = 元照英美法词典| date = 2003 |id={{NLC|002420394|01}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dictionary.com/browse/de-jure |title=de jure |publisher=dictionary.com |accessdate=2016-07-11 |archivedate=2020-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813010406/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/de-jure |dead-url=no }}</ref>

在英语中，它表示“法律上規定的情況”，尤其指雖有規定但實際上並非如此的情況。雖然de jure是法律用語，但是有時候也會在法律以外的語境下使用。<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of De Jure by Merriam-Webster: Did you know? |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/de%20jure |website=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=2019-11-22 |archive-date=2020-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211004606/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/de%20jure |dead-url=no }}</ref>此詞使用時絕大多數時候都會與de facto並列，以突出理想與現實的差別。此詞語通常以形容詞方式使用、以斜體字書寫。<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal English: “De Facto/De Jure” |url=https://onlinelaw.wustl.edu/blog/legal-english-de-factode-jure/ |publisher=Law Degrees Available Online |accessdate=2019-11-22 |date=2012-12-28 |archivedate=2020-02-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211004609/https://onlinelaw.wustl.edu/blog/legal-english-de-factode-jure/ |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>

在商業上，de jure也會用來形容滿足所有法律要求、已經正式成立的[[有限責任公司]]。在某些[[司法管轄區]]，即使沒有滿足成立公司相關的要求，實務上存在的公司也可能獲得責任限制的保護（{{langx|en|''de facto'' protection}}）。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Will |title=How De Jure Corporations Work |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/de-jure-corporation.asp |accessdate=2019-11-22 |publisher=Investopedia |archivedate=2019-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207191546/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/de-jure-corporation.asp |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>

== 举例 ==
* 在[[中华人民共和国宪法修正案 (2018年)|2018年中华人民共和国修宪]]之前，[[中华人民共和国宪法 (1982年)|中华人民共和国宪法]]并未规定国家必须由[[中国共产党]]领导。<ref>中华人民共和国宪法（2018年）</ref><ref>中华人民共和国宪法（2004年）</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=修宪建议：除连任外，你还应该知道啥？ |url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%BF%AE%E5%AE%AA%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A4%E8%BF%9E%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%96%E4%BD%A0%E8%BF%98%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E5%95%A5/a-42768705 |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003161803/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%BF%AE%E5%AE%AA%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A4%E8%BF%9E%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%96%E4%BD%A0%E8%BF%98%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E5%95%A5/a-42768705 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=为何1982年宪法未规定国家由中国共产党领导 |journal=炎黄春秋 |date=2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Party leadership and rule of law in the Xi Jinping era|url=https://www.brookings.edu/aricles/party-leadership-and-rule-of-law-in-the-xi-jinping-era/|access-date=2023-09-09|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}The Chinese Communist Party has largely observed a technical, de jure separation between itself and the state, including the legal system — even while de facto controlling the state apparatus and often disregarding and devaluing the law — for much of the 70 years it has ruled the People’s Republic of China (PRC).</ref>
* 在名义上，[[英国王室]]拥有相当大的[[皇家特權 (英國)|权力]]（尽管其中的许多如今已不再行使）。<ref>{{cite web |title=UK Royal Family: What does the King do? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56201331 |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731050659/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56201331 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The role of the Monarchy |url=https://www.royal.uk/role-monarchy |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-date=2019-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010055106/https://www.royal.uk/role-monarchy |dead-url=no }}</ref>{{notetag|雖然王室對英國的國際外交有影響力，但實際上外交權力由[[英國內閣]]行使，由[[英國外交部]]代表。}}

*[[唐納德·川普]]於2025年3月1日签署{{le|第14224號行政命令|Executive Order 14224}}將[[英語]]定為[[美國]]的[[官方語言]]。英语正式在全美国获得法律上的官方语言地位。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/designating-english-as-the-official-language-of-the-united-states/ |title=Designating English as the Official Language of the United States |website=whitehouse.gov |date=March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-16 |language=en }}</ref>

==注释==
{{notefoot}}

== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist}}

== 參見 ==
* [[de facto]]

[[Category:拉丁語法律術語]]

De jure - 版本历史

2026年3月7日 (六) 03:15 imported>Yumeto