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在[[語法學]]上，'''c-command'''是一種剖析樹(parse tree)節點間的關係。最早此關係由{{tsl|en|Tanya Reinhart|譚雅·萊茵哈特}}(Tanya Reinhart)於其1976年和1983年的文章中定義。<ref>亦請見{{tsl|en|Howard Lasnik|霍華德·拉斯尼克}}(Howard Lasnik)1975年之文及[[诺姆·乔姆斯基]]1981年之文。</ref>

此觀念與[[家族樹]]中「兄弟姐妹及兄弟姐妹的所有後代」這個觀念類似。

==定義與範例==
[[File:C-command.png|right|thumb|一個簡單的語法樹]]

c-command的定義，在某些部份是基於「統領」(dominance)的關係的。若一個節點X在另一個節點Y之上(X與Y的關係如「父母」、「祖父母」之類的)，則X「統領」Y。

根據此定義，A對B進行c-command，[[當且僅當]]以下的幾點成立：
*A不「統領」B
*B不「統領」A
*「統領」A的「第一分支節點」(即最接近A且「統領」A的分支節點，不分支的節點不考慮，分支節點即同時統領兩個節點的節點)也「統領」B<ref name="c-command def Haegeman">{{cite book
| last = Haegeman
| first = Liliane
| title = Introduction to Government and Binding Theory
| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontogo0000haeg_w9c5
| page = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontogo0000haeg_w9c5/page/147 147]
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| location = Oxford
| year = 1994
}}</ref><ref name="c-command def Carnie">{{cite book
| last = Carnie
| first = Andrew
| title = Syntax: A Generative Introduction
| url = https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn_b7f3
| page = [https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn_b7f3/page/75 75]
| edition = 1st
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| location = Oxford
| year = 2002
}}</ref>

故根據此定義，在右圖的語法樹中，
* ''M''不對任何節點進行c-command，因為它「統領」其他的節點。
* ''A''對''B''、''C''、''D''、''E''、''F''與''G''進行c-command
* ''B''對''A''進行c-command
* ''C''對''D''、''F''與''G''進行c-command
* ''D''對''C''與''E''進行c-command
* ''E''不對任何節點進行c-command
* ''F''對''G''進行c-command
* ''G''對''F''進行c-command

==此名稱的來源==
c-command這個術語最早源自萊茵哈特在1976年在[[麻省理工学院]]寫的論文的第32頁，而這詞本身是「constituent command」一詞的縮寫，萊茵哈特感謝{{tsl|en|Nick Clements|尼克·克雷門特}}(Nick Clements)建議她使用此縮寫一事。

{{tsl|en|Andrew Carnie|安德魯·卡爾尼}}(Andrew Carnie)<ref name="Carnie etym">{{cite book
| last = Carnie
| first = Andrew
| title = Syntax: A Generative Introduction
| url = https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn_b7f3
| page = [https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn_b7f3/page/77 77]
| edition = 1st
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| location = Oxford
| year = 2002
}}</ref>認為「c-command」這詞或許是被提出來，以和{{tsl|en|Howard Lasnik|霍華德·拉斯尼克}}(Howard Lasnik)在1976年所提出的、類似的詞彙「kommand(常讀作k-command)」<ref name="k-command">{{cite web
| url = http://web.mit.edu/ekeshet/www/Papers/phase.pdf
| last = Keshet
| first = Ezra
| title = 24.952 Syntax Squib
| publisher = MIT
| date = 2004-05-20
| accessdate = 2011-09-27
| archive-date = 2008-07-26
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080726154816/http://web.mit.edu/ekeshet/www/Papers/phase.pdf
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>產生區別的。

==C-command與「第一分支節點」==
上面的定義提道c-command是根據「統領」A的「第一分支節點」(即最接近A且「統領」A的分支節點)來的(因此不分支的節點不被考慮)。有時這關係又被稱作「嚴格c-command」(strict c-command)。<ref name="Haegeman strict">{{cite book
| last = Haegeman
| first = Liliane
| title = Introduction to Government and Binding Theory
| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontogo0000haeg_w9c5
| page = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontogo0000haeg_w9c5/page/137 137]
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| location = Oxford
| year = 1994
}}</ref>如果沒有這層定義，那麼A對B的c-command的關係就會限制於第一個「統領」A的節點和第一個「統領」B的節點為相同節點的情況之上(即所有第一個統領某節點的節點都會被包含進來)。以下的語法樹顯示出分別根據這兩種定義所造成的不同情況。

如果將所有節點彼此間的關係都考慮進來，則''A''不對任何其他的節點進行c-command，因為''B''「統領」''A''且未統領其他的節點；如果只考慮具有分支的節點的話，那麼在考慮定義中的第三個因素時，''B''的存在與否就變得不重要了，在這層定義下''A''對''D''、''E''和''F''有進行c-command。

:[[File:C-command 02.png]]

==參見==
*{{tsl|en|m-command}}

==腳註與參考資料==
{{reflist}}
* Harris, C. L. and Bates, E. A. (2002) 'Clausal backgrounding and pronominal reference: A functionalist approach to c-command'. ''Language and Cognitive Processes'' '''17(3)''':237-269.
* ''Contemporary Linguistics'' by William O'Grady, Michael Dobrovolsky, and Mark Aronoff. Bedford/St. Martin's. 1997 (third edition).
* Reinhart, Tanya M. (1976). ''The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora''. (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). (Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155216/http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16400).

==外部連結==
* [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1999/ling550/ch1.html c-command and pronouns]{{Wayback|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1999/ling550/ch1.html |date=20110926214437 }}
* [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/box-nodes.html Node relations]{{Wayback|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/box-nodes.html |date=20110926214449 }}, University of Pennsylvania
* [http://www.criticism.com/linguistics/govt-binding-basics1.php Some Basic Concepts in Government and Binding Theory]{{Wayback|url=http://www.criticism.com/linguistics/govt-binding-basics1.php |date=20110927111748 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:C-Command}}
[[Category:語法關係]]
[[Category:生成句法学]]
[[Category:句法]]

C-command - 版本历史

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