imported>Hikaru Genji：/* 觀測史 */

2026-02-13T00:39:31Z

觀測史

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{{For|[[特里·洛弗喬伊]]发现的其他彗星|洛弗乔伊彗星}}
{{Infobox Comet
| name = C/2011 W3 (洛弗乔伊)<br>C/2011 W3（Lovejoy）
| image = [[File:Comet Lovejoy photographed by Dan Burbank.jpg|240px]]
| caption = [[国际空间站]]在2011年12月21日拍摄到彗星
| discoverer = [[特里·洛弗乔伊]]
| discovery_date = 2011年11月27日
| epoch = 2455900.5 <br />（2011年12月5日）
| aphelion = 92.4224 [[天文单位|AU]]
| perihelion = 0.005490 AU
| semimajor = 46.2139 AU
| semiminor =
| orbital_circ =
| eccentricity = 0.999881
| period = 314 ± 13 [[儒略年|a]]
| avg_speed =
| max_speed =
| min_speed =
| inclination = 134.785°
| last_p = 2011年12月15日
| next_p = 2326年左右
}}
'''C/2011 W3'''是由[[澳大利亚]][[天文爱好者]][[特里·洛弗乔伊]]在2011年11月27日发现的[[周期彗星|周期]][[彗星]]。<ref name="sandt20111206"/>这是洛弗乔伊独立发现的第三颗彗星，也近40年来在地面上发现的第一颗[[克鲁兹族彗星]]。

==觀測史==
2011年12月16日[[协调世界时]]00:35，彗星在[[太阳]][[日冕]]中通过[[近日点]]，距离太阳表面约140,000公里。<ref name="jplsmall20111214" /><ref name="space20111215-1" />虽然科学家认为在彗星在撞击日冕后将会被毁灭，但[[太阳动力学天文台]]（SDO）之后的摄像画面发现虽然彗星在日冕中丧失大部分物质，但依然顺利通过近日点，存活离开了太阳。<ref name="space20111215-1" /><ref name="space20111215-2" />

2011年12月3日，[[日地关系天文台|STEREO-A卫星]]开始对彗星进行观测，12月14日，[[太阳和太阳风层探测器]]（SOHO卫星）开始捕捉彗星接近太阳的画面。在彗星接近近日点的过程中，STEREO-A、SDO、SOHO、[[日出卫星|日出]]和Proba-2等5颗卫星的18种仪器对其进行联合研究。<ref name="soho20111203"/><ref name="sungrazer-navy"/>在达到近日点之前，C/2011 W3（洛弗乔伊）的彗核直径估计约为100－200米。但由于彗星经过近日点后并没有被毁灭，所以现在估计在通过近日点之前，彗核的直径至少为500米。<ref name="ScienceNASA"/>彗星在撞击日冕前，视星等达到最亮的-4等，和[[金星]]的亮度差不多，它是2007年亮度达到-6等的[[大彗星]][[麦克诺特彗星]]之后出现的最亮彗星。

12月21日开始，C/2011 W3在[[南半球]]可以在日出前肉眼直接看到<ref name="UT-21dec"/>。[[太空人]][[丹尼爾·伯班克]]從[[國際太空站]]拍攝了彗星的照片<ref name="sandt20111222" /><ref name="ISS030-E-015479" />。地面攝影師繼續拍攝彗星的影像，當時彗星的亮度已減弱到4等左右。雖然洛夫喬伊彗星在2012年初仍可被南半球的觀測者看到，但當它在2月份穿過[[北半球]]時，就需要大型望遠鏡才能看到它<ref name="pcmag20111227" />。

彗星到達近日點後，有些科學家預測彗星接近太陽時產生的應力可能會導致解體。觀測者無法找到一個明顯的彗核，進一步證實了這個想法。[[茲德內克·塞卡尼納 ]]（Zdenek Sekanina）和保羅·喬達斯根據[[皮埃爾·奧格天文台]]（Pierre Auger Observatory）的觀測數據確定，彗核在近日點存活了幾天，但在12月19日爆發出塵埃，核心於12月20日經歷了「災難性碎裂」事件並完全消失<ref name="Sekanina2012" />。

2015年10月23日，科學家在彗星上發現兩種構成生命所需的複雜分子—[[乙醇]]和簡單糖類[[乙醇醛]]。

==图片==
{{Gallery
|File:Comet Lovejoy by STEREO-A, 2011-12-14.jpg | [[日地关系天文台|STEREO-A卫星]]拍摄的达到近日点之前的彗星
|File:Lovejoy-hi1a srem dec12 14.gif | STEREO-A卫星在2011年12月拍摄到彗星接近太阳的HI1画面
|File:Comet C-2011 W3 Lovejoy video from SDO (after perihelion).gif | [[太阳动力学天文台|SDO卫星]]拍摄到彗星在通过日冕后依然存在
}}

== 相关条目 ==
* [[C/2007 E2]]，特里·洛弗乔伊独立发现的第一颗彗星。
* [[C/2007 K5]]，特里·洛弗乔伊独立发现的第二颗彗星。
* [[C/2013 R1]]，特里·洛弗乔伊独立发现的第四颗彗星。
* [[C/2014 Q2]]，特里·洛弗乔伊独立发现的第五颗彗星。

== 参考资料 ==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name="sandt20111206">{{cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/highlights/Comet-Lovejoys-Date-With-Destiny-135146003.html |title=Comet Lovejoy's Date With Destiny |work=[[Sky & Telescope]] |first=Kelly |last=Beatty |date=6 December 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121208215518/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/highlights/Comet-Lovejoys-Date-With-Destiny-135146003.html |archivedate=2012年12月8日 }}</ref>
<ref name="jplsmall20111214">{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C%2F2011+W3 |title=C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) |work=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=NASA.gov |date=14 December 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69gmS18uB?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C%2F2011%20W3 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name="space20111215-1">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/13942-doomed-comet-lovejoy-sungrazer-sun-preview.html |title=Satellites to Watch Comet's Death Plunge Through Sun Today |work=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114152902/https://www.space.com/13942-doomed-comet-lovejoy-sungrazer-sun-preview.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name="space20111215-2">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/13959-doomed-comet-lovejoy-sun-encounter-wrap.html |title=Comet Lovejoy Survives Fiery Plunge Through Sun, NASA Says |work=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2021-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113225934/https://www.space.com/13959-doomed-comet-lovejoy-sun-encounter-wrap.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name="soho20111203">{{cite web |url=http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/pickoftheweek/old/03dec2011/ |title=The Great "Birthday Comet" of 2011 |work=SOHO |publisher=NASA.gov |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220209/https://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/pickoftheweek/old/03dec2011/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name="sungrazer-navy">{{cite web |url=http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/index.php?p=news/birthday_comet |title=The Great "Birthday Comet" of 2011 |work=Sungrazing Comets |publisher=Navy.mil |first=Karl |last=Battams |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302213758/http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/index.php?p=news%2Fbirthday_comet |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name="ScienceNASA">{{cite web|date=December 16, 2011|title=Comet Lovejoy Plunges into the Sun and Survives|publisher=Science News @ NASA|author=Dr. Tony Phillips|url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16dec_cometlovejoy/|accessdate=2011-12-16|archive-date=2012-09-05|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ASMhnFdJ?url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16dec_cometlovejoy/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
<ref name="UT-21dec">{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/92016/timelapse-of-comet-lovejoy-rising-by-colin-legg |title=Timelapse of Comet Lovejoy Rising by Colin Legg |work=Universetoday.com |first=Fraser |last=Cain |date=21 December 2011 |accessdate=23 December 2011 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123170923/https://www.universetoday.com/92016/timelapse-of-comet-lovejoy-rising-by-colin-legg/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="cobs_2011w3">{{cite web
| title= Observation list for C/2011 W3
| url= https://cobs.si/obs_list?id=700
| website= COBS – Comet OBServation database
| access-date= 23 January 2025 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Gundlach_2012">{{cite journal
| author1= B. Gundlach
| author2= J. Blum
| author3= Y. V. Skorov
| author4= H. U. Keller
| title= A Note on the Survival of the sungrazing comet C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) within the Roche limit
| url= https://arxiv.org/pdf/1203.1808
| journal= Icarus
| year= 2012
| arxiv= 1203.1808
| doi= 10.48550/arXiv.1203.1808
| doi-access= free
| access-date= 2025-01-26
| archive-date= 2024-06-16
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240616233357/http://www.arxiv.org/pdf/1203.1808
| dead-url= no
}}</ref>

<ref name="jpl">{{cite web
| title= C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup
| url= https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2011W3
| website= ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
| publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| access-date= 17 June 2024
| archive-date= 2021-05-02
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502171013/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2000130#/?sstr=2011W3
| dead-url= no
}}</ref>

<ref name="soho-2203">{{cite web
| author1= Z. Xu
| title= Comet SOHO–2203
| url= https://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/sites/sungrazer/files/comet_txts/soho2203_xy.txt
| website= The Sungrazer Project
| date= 14 December 2011
| access-date= 23 January 2025
| format= TXT
| archive-date= 2024-12-17
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241217074026/https://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/sites/sungrazer/files/comet_txts/soho2203_xy.txt
| dead-url= no
}}</ref>

<ref name="sandt20111206"/>

<ref name="sandt20111222">{{cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/136099108.html |title=Comet Lovejoy Keeps on Giving |work=[[Sky & Telescope]] |first=Kelly |last=Beatty |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202073636/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/136099108.html |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="cometography">{{cite web |url=http://cometography.com/lcomets/2011W3.html |title=C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) |work=Cometography.com |first=Gary W |last=Kronk |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107203647/http://cometography.com/lcomets/2011w3.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="MPEC2011-Y23">{{cite web |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K11/K11X36.html |title=MPEC 2011-X36 : COMET C/2011 W3 (LOVEJOY) |work=Minor Planet Center |first=Gareth V |last=Williams |date=11 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=2024-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709114442/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K11/K11X36.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="space20111216">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/13963-comet-lovejoy-loses-tail-sun-dive.html |title=Sun Rips Tail From Comet During Solar Close Encounter |work=Space.com |first=Tariq |last=Malik |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="speed">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/SungrazerComets/status/306080375619350529 |title=Did you know |work=Twitter.com |first=Karl |last=Battams |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=2016-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502130554/https://twitter.com/sungrazercomets/status/306080375619350529 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="space20111215-1"/>

<ref name="space20111215-2"/>

<ref name="ScienceNASA"/>

<ref name="soho20111203"/>

<ref name="sungrazer-c1">{{cite web |url=http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/index.php?p=news/birthday_comet_c1 |title=The Great "Birthday Comet" of 2011, Chapter 1: Inbound |work=Sungrazing Comets |publisher=Navy.mil |first=Karl |last=Battams |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084330/https://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/index.php?p=news%2Fbirthday_comet_c1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="sungrazer-navy"/>

<ref name="brightest">{{cite web |url=http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/brightest.html |title=Brightest comets seen since 1935 |work=International Comet Quarterly |date=12 February 2009 |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228014918/http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/brightest.html |archive-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="spaceweather1215">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=15&month=12&year=2011 |title=What's Up in Space |work=Spaceweather.com |first=Tony |last=Phillips |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=2012-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121204154/http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=15&month=12&year=2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="ScienceNASA011212">{{cite news |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/12jan_cometlovejoy/ |title=Some Comets like it Hot |work=Science News |publisher=NASA.gov |first=Tony |last=Phillips |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=2012-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116004842/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/12jan_cometlovejoy/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

<ref name="UT-21dec"/>

<ref name="pcmag20111227">{{cite news |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2398066,00.asp |title=Comet Lovejoy's Surprising Path to Greatness |work=[[PC Magazine]] |first=Tony |last=Hoffman |date=27 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224040539/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2398066,00.asp |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="report201112">{{cite web |url=http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/comets_found.old/comets_2011/comets201112_arch.html |title=SOHO-LASCO Comet Reports for 201112 |work=Sungrazing Comets |publisher=Navy.mil |first=Karl |last=Battams |date=December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422020307/http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/comets_found.old/comets_2011/comets201112_arch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="discovery20111215">{{cite news |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/comet-lovejoy-to-play-chicken-with-the-sun-111215.html |title=Comet Lovejoy to 'Play Chicken' With the Sun |work=Discovery.com |first=Ian |last=O'Neill |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508072240/http://news.discovery.com/space/comet-lovejoy-to-play-chicken-with-the-sun-111215.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ISS030-E-015479">{{cite web |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-30/html/iss030e015479.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109233457/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-30/html/iss030e015479.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2012 |title=International Space Station Imagery: ISS030-E-015479 |work=NASA.gov |first=Amiko |last=Kauderer |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="esa20111214">{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM3HD8XZVG_index_0.html |title=The beginning of the end for comet Lovejoy |work=ESA.int |first=Markus |last=Bauer |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=2012-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027155336/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM3HD8XZVG_index_0.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref name="cerny20111219">{{cite web |url=http://www.kommet.cz/page.php?al=prvni_snimky_komety_lovejoy_ze_zeme |title=První snímky komety Lovejoy ze Země |trans-title=First images of Comet Lovejoy from the Earth |work=Kommet.cz |first=Jakub |last=Černý |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |language=cs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109064020/http://www.kommet.cz/page.php?al=prvni_snimky_komety_lovejoy_ze_zeme |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="horizons">{{cite web |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272011+W3%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%271800-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272200-01-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%27400%20years%27&CENTER=%27@0%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27 |title=Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) |author=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|Horizons]] output |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130192227/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272011%20W3%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%271800-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272200-01-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%27400%20years%27&CENTER=%27%400%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27 |dead-url=no }} (Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0)<br/>Epoch 2200: PR= 2.272E+05 / 365.25 = 622 years</ref>

<ref name="Sekanina2012">{{cite journal |title=Comet C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy): Orbit Determination, Outbursts, Disintegration of Nucleus, Dust-Tail Morphology, and Relationship to New Cluster of Bright Sungrazers |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |first1=Zdeněk |last1=Sekanina |first2=Paul W |last2=Chodas |volume=757 |issue=2 |date=October 2012 |page=127 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/757/2/127 |bibcode=2012ApJ...757..127S |arxiv=1205.5839|s2cid=118586921 }}</ref>

<ref name="Earth20120107">{{cite web
|title=Horizons Batch for Lovejoy (C/2011 W3) on 2012-Jan-07
|publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
|type=closest Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive
|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272011+W3%27&START_TIME=%272012-Jan-07%2018:50%27&STOP_TIME=%272012-Jan-07%2019:10%27&STEP_SIZE=%2790%27&QUANTITIES=%2719,20,22,23,39%27
|accessdate=2023-09-03
|archive-date=2024-11-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130191641/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272011+W3%27&START_TIME=%272012-Jan-07%2018%3A50%27&STOP_TIME=%272012-Jan-07%2019%3A10%27&STEP_SIZE=%2790%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%2C20%2C22%2C23%2C39%27
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>

}}

*https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E5%92%8C%E7%B3%96-%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E6%96%B0%E7%B7%9A%E7%B4%A2-062004774.html{{Wayback|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E5%92%8C%E7%B3%96-%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E6%96%B0%E7%B7%9A%E7%B4%A2-062004774.html |date=20160305192054 }}

== 外部链接 ==
*[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C%2F2011%20W3;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#elem ''C/2011 W3（Lovejoy）''JPL Small-Body Database]{{Wayback|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C%2F2011%20W3;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#elem |date=20170330034210 }}

{{大彗星}}
{{2011年太空活動}}

[[Category:彗星]]
[[Category:克魯茲族彗星]]
[[Category:2011年发现的彗星]]
[[Category:泰瑞·洛夫喬伊發現的天體]]
[[Category:掠日彗星]]

C/2011 W3 - 版本历史

imported>Hikaru Genji：​/* 觀測史 */

imported>Hikaru Genji：/* 觀測史 */