imported>TommyGundam：增加或调整内部链接

2026-02-02T01:25:48Z

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{{NoteTA
|G1=Electronics
|G2=IT
}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Asahi Linux
| logo = AsahiLinux logo.svg
| logo size = 128px
| screenshot = Arch Linux ARM of Asahi Linux with KDE Plasma 5 screenshot.png
| caption = Asahi Linux的Arch Linux ARM執行[[KDE Plasma 5]]桌面環境之截圖
| developer = {{ubl|{{Internal link helper/en|赫克托·馬丁|Hector Martin (hacker)}}|{{le|艾莉莎·羅森茨維格|Alyssa Rosenzweig}}|Dougall Johnson|Sven Peter|Mark Kettenis<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asahilinux.org/about/ |title=About Asahi Linux |access-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417201114/https://asahilinux.org/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| family = [[Linux]]（[[Unix-like]]）
| working state = [[Alpha版]]
| repo = https://github.com/AsahiLinux
| website = https://asahilinux.org/
| supported_platforms = [[Apple Silicon]]（[[AArch64]]）
}}
'''Asahi Linux'''是一個旨在將[[Linux]]移植到[[Apple Silicon|Apple Silicon晶片]]的[[麥金塔電腦]]（Mac）之計劃，使其可運行[[macOS]]以外的[[操作系統]]。該計劃已在2021年初啟動，由西班牙籍[[黑客 (计算机安全)|黑客]]{{Internal link helper/en|赫克托·馬丁|Hector Martin (hacker)}}（{{lang|es|Hector Martin}}）領導。工作於2021年初開始，2022年將發布初始[[Alpha版本]]。由於缺乏Apple專有[[韌體]]的公開可用技術資料，該計劃面臨挑戰<ref name=tr_202103>{{Cite web|first=Mayank|last=Sharma|title=Porting Linux to Apple M1 Macs is proving trickier than previously imagined|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/porting-linux-to-apple-m1-macs-is-proving-trickier-than-previously-imagined|access-date=March 23, 2021|website=[[TechRadar]]|date=March 15, 2021|archive-date=March 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321001825/https://www.techradar.com/news/porting-linux-to-apple-m1-macs-is-proving-trickier-than-previously-imagined|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=alpha>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Hector |title=The first Asahi Linux Alpha Release is here! – Asahi Linux |url=https://asahilinux.org/2022/03/asahi-linux-alpha-release/ |website=asahilinux.org |access-date=March 20, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320005427/https://asahilinux.org/2022/03/asahi-linux-alpha-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。

此計劃的名稱「Asahi」為日語的「旭日」之意，「[[旭苹果]]」是[[蘋果]]的品種之一。麦金塔电脑名称来源于麦金塔品种的苹果，而旭苹果正是麦金塔苹果品种的日语名<ref>{{cite web |title=About Asahi Linux |url=https://asahilinux.org/about/ |website=Asahi Linux |accessdate=2022-10-27 |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417201114/https://asahilinux.org/about/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==歷史==
自從[[蘋果公司]]執行長[[提姆·庫克]]（{{lang|en|Tim Cook}}）於2020年6月22日的[[WWDC|世界開發者大會]]（WWDC）宣佈[[Mac向苹果芯片迁移]]的計劃後，人們一直有興趣讓Linux在Apple Silicon上運行。此後不久，Linux創造者[[林納斯·托瓦茲]]（{{lang|sv|Linus Torvalds}}）表示有興趣使用運行Linux的[[Apple M1]] Mac電腦，但認為要實現這件事太費勁了<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-would-like-to-use-an-m1-mac-for-linux-but/|title=Linus Torvalds would like to use an M1 Mac for Linux, but…|work=ZDNet|date=November 24, 2020|accessdate=April 5, 2022|archive-date=April 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401104534/https://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-would-like-to-use-an-m1-mac-for-linux-but/|url-status=live}}</ref>。

赫克托·馬丁在2020年12月宣布了這個計劃，並在獲得每月約4,000美元的資金後一個月後正式啟動計劃。开發開源圖形驅動程式堆疊{{Internal link helper/en|Panfrost|Panfrost}}的加拿大女性程式設計師{{le|艾莉莎·羅森茨維格|Alyssa Rosenzweig}}（Alyssa Rosenzweig）加入了計劃，以協助Apple Silicon GPU Linux驅動程式開發<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tung |first1=Liam |title=Linux on Apple's Arm silicon Macs? This crowdfunded project wants to give it a try |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-on-apple-arm-silicon-macs-this-crowdfunded-project-wants-to-give-it-a-try/ |website=ZDnet |access-date=31 May 2021 |date=8 Jan 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120002931/https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-on-apple-arm-silicon-macs-this-crowdfunded-project-wants-to-give-it-a-try/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grüner |first=Sebastian |date=2021-02-18 |title=Asahi Linux: Stabiler Linux-Support für M1-Macs dauert noch |trans-title=Asahi Linux: Stable Linux support for M1 Macs still takes time |url=https://www.linux-magazin.de/news/asahi-linux-stabiler-linux-support-fuer-m1-macs-dauert-noch/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=[[Linux-Magazin]] |language=de-DE}}</ref>。

開發人員很快意識到，僅僅嘗試啟動為Apple Silicon的處理器架構（[[AArch64]]）[[編譯器|編譯]]的[[Linux內核]]將是一項挑戰，因為它涉及到解決啟動過程中使用之蘋果公司專有程式碼的功能。這項工作非常耗時，並且花費了一年中的大部分時間，包括向主要的Linux內核開發人員提交[[分散式版本控制#拉取請求|拉取請求]]以保持開發同步並避免回歸。然而，它隨後對之前未記錄的[[啟動程式|引導過程]]進行了徹底而全面之解釋，赫克托·馬丁和其他人在[[GitHub]]上公布了該過程<ref name="Sharma-2021" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Calligeros |first1=James |title=Apple Silicon Subsystems - Platform Initialisation and Boot |url=https://github.com/AsahiLinux/docs/wiki/Apple-Silicon-Subsystems#platform-initialisation-and-boot |website=GitHub |access-date=August 1, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609182048/https://github.com/AsahiLinux/docs/wiki/Apple-Silicon-Subsystems |url-status=live}}</ref>。
由于缺乏Apple专有[[固件]]的公开文档，该项目变得颇具挑战性。<ref name="Sharma-2021">{{Cite web |first=Mayank |last=Sharma |title=Porting Linux to Apple M1 Macs is proving trickier than previously imagined |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/porting-linux-to-apple-m1-macs-is-proving-trickier-than-previously-imagined|access-date=March 23, 2021 |website=[[TechRadar]] |date=March 15, 2021 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321001825/https://www.techradar.com/news/porting-linux-to-apple-m1-macs-is-proving-trickier-than-previously-imagined |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Martin"/>

2022年3月18日，開發團隊發布了Asahi Linux安裝程式的實驗性Alpha版本。安裝程式提供了基於[[Arch Linux ARM]]的桌面或最小環境選項，或用於安裝[[OpenBSD]]，抑或替代[[Linux發行版]]的基本[[UEFI]]環境，支援Apple Silicon以可開機的USB儲存裝置啟動<ref name="Martin">{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Hector |title=The first Asahi Linux Alpha Release is here! – Asahi Linux |url=https://asahilinux.org/2022/03/asahi-linux-alpha-release/ |website=asahilinux.org |access-date=March 20, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320005427/https://asahilinux.org/2022/03/asahi-linux-alpha-release/ |url-status=live}}</ref>。儘管能夠啟動 UEFI shell，但不支持啟動[[微軟Windows]]，並且沒有計劃這樣做，因為這將涉及修改[[微軟公司]]專有的[[Windows NT體系結構|Windows核心]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/AsahiLinux/m1n1/issues/63|title=Windows support?|website=Asahi Linux GitHub|date=May 21, 2021|accessdate=April 5, 2022|archive-date=April 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405162104/https://github.com/AsahiLinux/m1n1/issues/63|url-status=live}}</ref>。

在第一個Alpha版本發布後的一兩年內，預計不會全面支援所有Apple Silicon的Mac電腦<ref name=ars>{{cite magazine|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/asahi-linux-is-already-running-on-the-mac-studios-new-m1-ultra-chip/|title=Asahi Linux is reverse-engineering support for Apple Silicon, including M1 Ultra|magazine=Ars Technica|date=March 25, 2022|accessdate=April 5, 2022|archive-date=April 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405043840/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/asahi-linux-is-already-running-on-the-mac-studios-new-m1-ultra-chip/|url-status=live}}</ref>。2022年7月，Asahi Linux團隊發布了更新，支援搭載[[Apple M1 Ultra|M1 Ultra]]的[[Mac Studio]]，並早期初步支援[[Apple M2|M2處理器]]的[[MacBook Pro]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cunningham |first1=Andrew |title=Linux distro for Apple silicon Macs is already up and running on the brand-new M2 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/07/linux-distro-for-apple-silicon-macs-is-already-up-and-running-on-the-brand-new-m2/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719075723/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/07/linux-distro-for-apple-silicon-macs-is-already-up-and-running-on-the-brand-new-m2/ |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |date=July 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>。

在2023年8月，宣布Asahi与[[Fedora专案]]合作发布Fedora Asahi Remix，该版本将取代基于Arch的原版发行版，成为Asahi的旗舰操作系统。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proven |first=Liam |date=7 August 2023 |title=Asahi Linux project hooks up with Fedora: Remix that's not a remix coming soon |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/07/asahi_linux_partners_with_fedora |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=The Register |archive-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808021056/https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/07/asahi_linux_partners_with_fedora |url-status=live }}</ref> 这一努力始于2021年末，是一个优先上游的项目。该项目的最终目标是将所有更改合并到[[上游_(軟體開發)|上游]]，从而使得该项目的发行为不必要的。

在2023年10月，Fedora Asahi Remix发布了Beta版，三个月后发布了稳定版。<ref>{{cite web | date=21 Oct 2023 | title=We've updated our front page to direct new users to Fedora Asahi! | url=https://social.treehouse.systems/@AsahiLinux/111269282451818185 | website=Asahi Linux Official Mastodon Account}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=19 Dec 2023 | title=We've updated our front page to direct new users to Fedora Asahi! | url=https://asahilinux.org/fedora/ | website=Asahi Linux Official Webpage | access-date=December 20, 2023 | archive-date=December 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220095513/https://asahilinux.org/fedora/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

2025年2月，Asahi Linux的创始人兼首席开发者赫克托·马丁因[[职业过劳]]和正面临的Linux内核社区的困难，宣布辞去该项目的领导职务。尽管如此，Asahi Linux项目预计仍会继续进行。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resigning as Asahi Linux project lead |url=https://marcan.st/2025/02/resigning-as-asahi-linux-project-lead/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=marcan.st |language=en}}</ref>

==支援==
Vulkan 驱动程序处于工作原型阶段<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vulkan 1.3 on the M1 in 1 month |url=https://rosenzweig.io/blog/vk13-on-the-m1-in-1-month.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=rosenzweig.io |language=en}}</ref>，并且支持 OpenGL 4.6 和 OpenGL ES 3.2。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conformant OpenGL 4.6 on the M1 |url=https://rosenzweig.io/blog/conformant-gl46-on-the-m1.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=rosenzweig.io |language=en |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218154109/https://rosenzweig.io/blog/conformant-gl46-on-the-m1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 该驱动程序目前是唯一完全符合 AGX（Apple Silicon GPU）的任何广泛图形标准的驱动程序。<ref name="Crume-2022" /><ref name="The Register-2022">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/03/22/asahi_hands_on/|title=We take Asahi Linux alpha for a spin on an M1 Mac Mini |magazine=The Register |date=March 22, 2022 |accessdate=April 5, 2022 |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405162619/https://www.theregister.com/2022/03/22/asahi_hands_on/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Purdy |first1=Kevin |date=December 7, 2022 |title=Four-person dev team gets Apple's M-series GPU working in Linux |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/12/four-person-dev-team-gets-apples-m-series-gpu-working-in-linux/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208073811/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/12/four-person-dev-team-gets-apples-m-series-gpu-working-in-linux/ |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> 最初使用 Panfrost 驱动程序实现，Asahi Linux 项目还使用了 Gallium-3D 和基于 {{link-en|Rust for Linux|Rust for Linux|Rust for Linux}} 的 API 进行驱动程序开发。[[OpenCL]] 得到了支持。<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAA gaming on Asahi Linux |url=https://rosenzweig.io/blog/aaa-gaming-on-m1.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=rosenzweig.io |language=en}}</ref> KDE Plasma 渲染是硬件加速的，而视频解码则不是。

[[HDMI]] 视频输出仅在 Apple Silicon [[Mac mini]] 上得到支持，且不支持通过 [[Thunderbolt]] 的视频输出<ref name="Crume-2022">{{cite news |url=https://news.itsfoss.com/asahi-linux-alpha/ |title=Asahi Linux Distro Improves Apple M1 Support With First Alpha Release |first=Jacob |last=Crume |work=It's FOSS |date=March 21, 2022 |accessdate=April 5, 2022 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321124701/https://news.itsfoss.com/asahi-linux-alpha/ |url-status=live}}</ref>，尽管可以通过 DisplayLink 扩展坞连接外部显示器。

操作系统的内核已配置为仅支持 16 kB（出于性能原因）分页。未按该指定分页编译（例如，期望 4 kB 或 64 kB 分页）的程序在被映射到内存时会遇到对齐问题。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broken Software |url=https://github.com/AsahiLinux/docs/wiki/Broken-Software |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=GitHub |language=en |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826123429/https://github.com/AsahiLinux/docs/wiki/Broken-Software |url-status=live }}</ref> Linux 设置的分页大小是全局的（不支持操作中使用多个分页大小）。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linux does support mixed page sizes (that's how huge pages work) and the page si... {{!}} Hacker News |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30731383 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=news.ycombinator.com |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604070715/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30731383 |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple GPU 驱动程序支持 4 kB 和 16 kB 分页。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Progress Report: September 2021 - Asahi Linux |url=https://asahilinux.org/2021/10/progress-report-september-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811071910/https://asahilinux.org/2021/10/progress-report-september-2021/ |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=asahilinux.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paving the Road to Vulkan on Asahi Linux - Asahi Linux |url=https://asahilinux.org/2023/03/road-to-vulkan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811072022/https://asahilinux.org/2023/03/road-to-vulkan/ |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=asahilinux.org |language=en}}</ref>

==反應==
Asahi Linux這個計劃受到好評。英國科技新聞網站[[The Register]]上的一篇評論指出，對於仍處於Alpha版本階段的軟體來說，它運作得非常好<ref name=register/>。同樣，[[Ars Technica]]網站的一篇評論對於Asahi Linux計劃在生命週期初期就已支援的硬體數量印象深刻<ref name=ars />。

==另見==
*[[逆向工程]]

==參考資料==
{{reflist}}

== 外部連結 ==
* {{Official website|https://asahilinux.org/}}
* {{YouTube|lcmmwugTF3U|安裝影片}}

{{Linux distributions}}
{{Apple}}

[[Category:2022年軟體]]
[[Category:Linux發行版]]
[[Category:ARM操作系统]]

Asahi Linux - 版本历史

imported>TommyGundam：​增加或调整内部链接

imported>TommyGundam：增加或调整内部链接