imported>暁月凛奈：回退~2025-31848-72（对话）的编辑，改回Easterlies的最后一个版本

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回退~2025-31848-72（对话）的编辑，改回Easterlies的最后一个版本

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{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Academi
| company_logo = [[Image:Academi - Logo.svg|150px|Academi Logo]]
| vector_logo =
| company_type = [[私人公司]]
| genre =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1997}} {{USA}}[[北卡羅萊納州]]
| founder = [[艾瑞克·普林斯]] Al Clark
| location = {{USA}}[[維吉尼亞州]][[里斯頓]]12018 Sunrise Valley Drive
Suite 140 {{Coord|38.948389|-77.361806|display=inline,title}}
| key_people = Craig Nixon
| area_served = 軍事，安全顧問
| industry = [[軍事承包商]]，安全顧問
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = {{link-en|Triple Canopy|Triple Canopy|Constellis}}
| divisions = 黑水訓練中心 黑水安全顧問 黑水警犬 黑水裝甲與標靶 黑水後勤 黑水飛艇 渡鴉開發 北方黑水 黑水傘兵小組（BWPT）
| subsid = 黑水載具，灰石有限
| owner =
| company_slogan =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{url|http://www.academi.com/|www.academi.com}}
}}

'''Academi'''<ref name="Gielink 2007 149">{{cite book|title=Private Military and Security Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects|editor=Thomas Jäger, Gerhard Kümmel|chapter=No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military's Reluctance to Outsource|first=Dirk|last=Gielink|author2=Maarten Buitenhuis|author3= René Moelker|page=149|year=2007|publisher=VS Verlag|isbn=3-531-14901-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14659780 |first=Corey |last=Flintoff |title=Blackwater's Prince Has GOP, Christian Group Ties |date=September 25, 2009 |accessdate=February 28, 2009 |work=[[National Public Radio]] |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613062545/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14659780 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，前稱'''黑水国际'''（Blackwater Worldwide）、'''Xe Services LLC'''、'''美國黑水'''（Blackwater USA），是[[美國]]的一家[[私人軍事服務公司|私人軍事、安全顧問公司]]。由前[[海豹部隊]]軍官[[艾瑞克·普林斯]]與Al Clark於1997年創立，公司總部位於美國的[[維吉尼亞州]]的[[里斯頓]]。<ref name="academi.com">{{Cite web |url=http://academi.com/pages/about-us/contact-us |title=Academi - About Us - Contact Us |accessdate=2015-04-15 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424223228/https://www.academi.com/pages/about-us/contact-us |dead-url=no }}</ref> 公司成立時只有6個人，[[911事件]]後，業務突飛猛進，從2002年到2005年，營業額增長了600倍。該公司在推廣市場時自稱是「全球最全面的專業軍事、執法、安全、維持和平與穩定行動的公司」。它是美國在伊拉克與阿富汗的主要軍事任務承包商（Military Contractor），負責建立與訓練伊拉克新陸軍、警察。該公司在2007年變得惡名昭彰，原因是當時[[黑水公司巴格達槍擊案|公司雇員在巴格達的尼蘇爾廣場殺害了14名伊拉克平民而被定罪]]，其中有4名護衛在美國法院被判有罪。<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/oct/22/us-jury-convicts-blackwater-security-guards-iraq |title = US jury convicts Blackwater guards in 2007 killing of Iraqi civilians |author = Dan Roberts |date = 2014-10-23 |publisher = The Guardian |language = en |accessdate = 2019-01-02 |archive-date = 2019-03-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330104322/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/oct/22/us-jury-convicts-blackwater-security-guards-iraq |dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/ex-blackwater-guards-sentenced-to-prison-in-2007-killings-of-iraqi-civilians.html?smid=tw-share&_r=0#story-continues-6 |title = Ex-Blackwater Guards Given Long Terms for Killing Iraqis |author = Matt Apuzzo |date = 2015-04-13 |publisher = The New York Times |language = en |accessdate = 2019-01-02 |archive-date = 2019-06-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603021700/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/ex-blackwater-guards-sentenced-to-prison-in-2007-killings-of-iraqi-civilians.html?smid=tw-share&_r=0#story-continues-6 |dead-url = no }}</ref>

美國黑水公司在[[虐囚門事件]]中所扮演的幕後角色曝光後，它的業務與營運方式就成為輿論爭議與指責的焦點，黑水国际因一連串違規事件，在2009年1月被停止在伊拉克運作的牌照<ref name=nyt-licenseapplication>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/world/middleeast/30blackwater.html|title=U.S. Looks for Blackwater Replacement in Iraq|first1=James|last1=Risen|first2=Timothy|last2=Williams|date=29 January 2009|accessdate=28 February 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=2009-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417114643/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/world/middleeast/30blackwater.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>，之前的合約執行至2009年9月為止<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30312789/|title=No License, but Blackwater Still in Iraq|date=2009-04-20|accessdate=2009-04-20|work=[[MSNBC]]|archive-date=2009-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422181746/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30312789/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

== 公司結構 ==

Academi由下列子公司與獨立部門組成如下：

=== 黑水訓練中心 ===
對軍隊、政府和執法機構提供戰術和武器訓練。黑水訓練中心每年也會不定期舉辦些對外開放的短期訓練課程，例如徒手戰鬥課程、[[狙擊手]]訓練課程等。在這裡受過訓練的有5萬多人。新進招募人員在經過嚴格的[[背景調查]]、犯罪紀錄調查以及通過體能測驗與[[臨床心理學]]測驗後可進入黑水學院（Blackwater Academy）接受訓練，並於結訓後進入公司服務。

=== 黑水標靶系統 ===
此部門提供與維修靶場標靶與「shoothouse」系統。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwaterusa.com/targetsystems/ |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-09-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195746/http://www.blackwaterusa.com/targetsystems/ |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

=== 黑水安全顧問 ===
黑水安全顧問（BSC）成立於2002年。它是伊拉克戰爭中受雇負責保護政府官員，建立與訓練伊拉克新陸軍、警察的60多家私營保安公司之一。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/ |title=伊拉克/2004–04–01-security-usat_x.htm Role of security companies likely to become more visible |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217082321/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

黑水安全顧問有非常好的裝備，目前已知的有：
* {{link-en|MD Helicopters MD 500|MD Helicopters MD 500|MD-530F}}直昇機，配屬於[[快速反應小組]]。
* [[西科斯基S-92直升机]]。
* {{link-en|Bell 412|Bell 412|AB 412}}直昇機，使用於伊拉克。
* {{link-en|RG-31|RG-31}}人員運輸裝甲車，主要使用於伊拉克[[巴格達]]機場與[[綠區 (巴格達)|綠區]]間的{{link-en|愛爾蘭路徑|Route Irish}}。
* {{link-en|Force Protection Industries|Force Protection Industries}}的{{link-en|Cougar H|Cougar H}}裝甲車。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forceprotection.net/news/news_article.html?id=21 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927095006/http://www.forceprotection.net/news/news_article.html?id=21 |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

=== 黑水飛艇公司 ===
黑水飛艇公司成立於2006年1月，主要業務是建造及提供遙控飛艇（RPAV）監控服務。

=== 黑水載具 ===
黑水最近宣佈自製的人員運輸裝甲車{{link-en|熊式裝甲人員運輸車|Grizzly APC}}。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blackwaterusa.com/armored/ |title=Blackwater Product Page |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195753/http://www.blackwaterusa.com/armored/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

=== 黑水海事 ===
黑水海事提供海事保安單位的戰術訓練。

=== 渡鴉開發群 ===
為設計與建造Academi於北卡羅來納州的訓練中心於1997年成立。

=== 環球航空服務 ===
飛機維修與策略性運輸，擁有「Presidential Airways」與「STI Aviation」兩家航空公司。Presidential Airways聲稱獲得[[美國國防部]]的機密設施使用許可。<ref name="032607Cherbonnier.html">{{Cite web |url=http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/032607Cherbonnier.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010557/http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/032607Cherbonnier.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

=== 黑水傘兵小組（BWPT）与马来西亚3STAR BLACK STAR 建立 ===

=== 灰石有限 ===
灰石有限註冊於[[加勒比海]]與[[大西洋]]邊界上的[[巴貝多]]，負責招募非美國籍的工作人員以執行美國境外的安全服務業務。

== 人事 ==
黑水的創建人Erik Prince<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.hamptonroads.com/story.cfm?story=107985&ran=89575 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829011307/http://content.hamptonroads.com/story.cfm?story=107985&ran=89575 |archivedate=2007-08-29 }}</ref>、總裁Gary Jackson、執行副總裁Bill Mathews和各個部門的負責人都是退役[[海豹部隊]]隊員。

== 設施 ==
黑水在北卡羅來納州的設施佔地超過7,000 [[英畝]]（28 km²），其中有數個室內、室外靶場、城市模擬環境靶場。黑水擁有目前全世界最大的武器訓練設施，並在公司簡介上宣稱其為「全國最大的私營武器訓練設施」。

2006年11月，美國黑水宣佈取得位於芝加哥西邊的一處佔地80[[英畝]]的設施。該設施目前以「北方黑水」的名稱營運。

黑水同時也試圖<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.10news.com/news/13308753/detail.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201440/http://www.10news.com/news/13308753/detail.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>於加州建立軍事武器訓練中心。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/04/blackwater_usa_.html |title=存档副本 |access-date=2007-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121612/http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/04/blackwater_usa_.html |archive-date=2007-09-29 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sdreader.com/php/cityshow.php?id=1566 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810040750/http://www.sdreader.com/php/cityshow.php?id=1566 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/op-ed/vandeerlin/20070419-9999-lz1e19vandeer.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-09-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011151425/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/op-ed/vandeerlin/20070419-9999-lz1e19vandeer.html |archivedate=2007-10-11 }}</ref>

== 重要事件 ==
# 2003年4月[[虐囚門事件]]。
# 2004年3月31日，4名美國黑水的雇傭兵在伊拉克[[費盧傑]]遭到伏擊全部死亡，之後他們的屍體被伊拉克武裝分子和當地人焚燒，還拖著燒焦的屍體遊街。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/warriors/contractors/highrisk.html |title=The High Risk Contracting Business |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212232256/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/warriors/contractors/highrisk.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/03/31/iraq.main/ |title='Residents hang slain Americans' bodies from bridge'—CNN.com |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2017-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928121745/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/03/31/iraq.main/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
# 2005年4月一架美國黑水的[[Mi-8直升機]]在伊拉克被擊落，機上6名美籍傭兵、3名[[保加利亞]]籍機師以及2名[[斐濟]]槍手全部死亡，乘員都是美國黑水的雇員<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/04/23/iraq.main/index.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526152951/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/04/23/iraq.main/index.html |archivedate=2008-05-26 }}</ref>。
# 2007年1月23日，5名美國黑水的雇傭兵，所搭乘的[[OH-6A直升機|H-6直升機]]在伊拉克被擊落，全部死亡。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/01/24/iraq.helicopter.crash.ap/index.html |title=U.S. crew of downed helicopter shot at close range—CNN.com |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208041931/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/01/24/iraq.helicopter.crash.ap/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wtop.com/?nid=500&sid=577999 |title=4 Americans in Iraq Crash Shot in Head—WTOP.com |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014857/http://www.wtop.com/?nid=500&sid=577999 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
# 2007年9月17日，伊拉克內政部宣布，由於黑水的警衛在16日保護美國國務院的一隊車隊時，涉嫌開槍殺死八名平民，另擊傷十三人，其在伊拉克的經營牌照一度被吊銷<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2007-09/17/content_6743628.htm |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-09-20 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012075702/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2007-09/17/content_6743628.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.eastday.com/w/20070918/u1a3113344.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-09-20 |archive-date=2008-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609102038/http://news.eastday.com/w/20070918/u1a3113344.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
# 2007年9月22日，兩名前黑水僱員於[[北卡羅來納州]]法院承認，走私軍火到伊拉克黑市，並表示會合作以換取減刑。不過黑水公司隨即發表聲明，否認公司有走私軍火到伊拉克，亦不清楚其員工是否走私軍火的行為。之前，有美國媒體報導，黑水涉嫌走私軍火到伊拉克，給一個同時被美國、歐盟、北約列為恐怖份子的庫爾德人武裝組織。土耳其亦聲稱從[[庫爾德工人黨]]手中繳獲了一批美國製造的武器。
# 2007年9月30日，美國的「新聞週刊」報導，伊拉克警方掌握的證據，包括多位目擊證人的證詞，以及一捲錄影帶顯示美國黑水的僱員，於9月16日在巴格達的槍擊事件中，在沒有受到挑釁的情形下開槍濫射。
# 2008年11月9日，黑水因未經授權向伊拉克和約旦運輸軍火，可能面臨商務部的刑事指控，和數百萬美元的罰款。

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist|2}}

==延伸閱讀==
{{refbegin|2}}
===書籍===
* Singer, P. W. (2003) ''Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry'' Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, {{ISBN|0-8014-4114-5}}.
* [[Robert Young Pelton|Pelton, Robert Young]] (2006) ''Licensed to Kill, Hired Guns in the War on Terror'' Crown Books, New York, {{ISBN|1-4000-9781-9}}; Extensive material on Blackwater in Prologue and Chapter 2, "The New Breed," Chapter 5, "The Blackwater Bridge," Chapter 6, "Under Siege," which discusses Blackwater at [[An Najaf]], Chapter 7, "The Dog Track and the Swamp," which chronicles Pelton's visits to Blackwater training facilities, one of which is a dog track, Chapter 8, running the Gauntlet, and Chapter 11, "The Lord and the Prince," partly about [[Erik Prince]].
* [[Jeremy Scahill|Scahill, Jeremy]] (2007). [[Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army]].
* Simons, Suzanne (2009) ''Master of war : Blackwater USA's Erik Prince and the business of war '' New York : Collins. {{ISBN|978-0-06-165135-9}}. http://lccn.loc.gov/2008054005{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

===文章=== 
* John M. Broder, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/washington/02blackwater.html "Report Says Firm Sought To Cover Iraq Shootings,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/washington/02blackwater.html |date=20190727064216 }} ''New York Times,'' Oct. 2, 2007.
* John M. Broder, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/washington/03blackwater.html "Chief Of Blackwater Defends His Employees,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/washington/03blackwater.html |date=20190727064211 }} ''New York Times,'' Oct. 3, 2007.
* John M. Broder, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/world/middleeast/04contractor.html "Ex-Paratrooper Is Suspect In Killing Of Iraqi,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/world/middleeast/04contractor.html |date=20190727064212 }} ''New York Times,'' Oct. 4, 2007.
* Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, United States House of Representatives, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016121353/http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20071001121609.pdf "Additional Information about Blackwater USA,"] Committee memorandum, Oct. 1, 2007.
* Karen DeYoung, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/01/AR2007100100882.html? "Other Killings by Blackwater Staff Detailed,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/01/AR2007100100882.html |date=20170817182821 }} ''Washington Post,'' Oct. 2, 20007.
* James Glanz and Alissa J. Rubin, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html? "From Errand to Fatal Shot to Hail of Fire to 17 Deaths,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html |date=20190713202829 }} ''New York Times,'' Oct. 3, 2007.
* Marybeth Laguna, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/28/AR2008112802283.html "My Husband was a Blackwater Hero,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/28/AR2008112802283.html |date=20190727064217 }} ''Washington Post,'' Nov. 30, 2008.
* Robert Young Pelton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518044446/http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/erik-prince-an-american-commando-in-exile-20121016 "Erik Prince, an American Commando in Exile,"] ''Men's Journal,'' Nov. 1, 2010.
* Ralph Peters, [http://www.nypost.com/seven/09302007/postopinion/opedcolumnists/trouble_for_hire.htm "Trouble For Hire: The Mercenaries Who Murder In Your Name,"]{{Wayback|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/09302007/postopinion/opedcolumnists/trouble_for_hire.htm |date=20081222020825 }} ''New York Post,'' Sept. 30, 2007.
* Sudarsan Raghavan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/03/AR2007100302646.html "Tracing The Paths Of 5 Who Died In A Storm Of Gunfire,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/03/AR2007100302646.html |date=20190727064221 }} ''Washington Post,'' Oct. 4, 2007.
* James Risen, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/us/before-shooting-in-iraq-warning-on-blackwater.html? "Before Shooting in Iraq, a Warning on Blackwater,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/us/before-shooting-in-iraq-warning-on-blackwater.html |date=20190804051444 }} ''New York Times,'' June 29, 2014.
* Eric Schmitt, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/world/middleeast/02shooting.html? "Report Details Shooting By Drunken Blackwater Worker,"]{{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/world/middleeast/02shooting.html |date=20190727064221 }} ''New York Times,'' Oct. 2, 2007.
{{refend}}

== 参閲 ==
* [[雇佣兵]]
*[[私人軍事服務公司]]
*3STAR SECURITY ACADEMY GROUP

== 外部連結 ==
{{Commons category|Blackwater Worldwide}}
*[http://academi.com/ Official website]{{Wayback|url=http://academi.com/ |date=20111220021004 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090802030954/http://www.ustraining.com/ U.S. Training Center's official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110126101703/http://greystone-ltd.com/ Greystone Limited's website (international division)]

{{Blackwater Worldwide|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Academi]]
[[Category:美国保安公司]]
[[Category:1997年成立的公司]]
[[Category:私人军事服务公司]]
[[Category:美国雇佣兵]]
[[Category:1997年美國建立]]
[[Category:喬治·沃克·布殊政府爭議]]

Academi - 版本历史

imported>暁月凛奈：​回退~2025-31848-72（对话）的编辑，改回Easterlies的最后一个版本

imported>暁月凛奈：回退~2025-31848-72（对话）的编辑，改回Easterlies的最后一个版本