imported>Mhss：/* 歷史 */

2026-05-03T19:00:04Z

歷史

新页面

{{Infobox programming language
| name = ALGOL 58
| paradigm = [[过程式编程|过程式]], [[指令式編程|指令式]], [[结构化编程|结构化]]
| year = {{start date and age|1958}}
| designer ={{le|Friedrich L. Bauer}}, {{le|Hermann Bottenbruch}}, {{le|Heinz Rutishauser}}, {{le|Klaus Samelson}}, [[約翰·巴科斯]], {{le|Charles Katz}}, [[艾伦·佩利]], {{le|Joseph Henry Wegstein}}
| influenced_by = [[FORTRAN]], IT<ref>{{cite web|title=Internal Translator (IT): A Compiler for the 650|authors=Alan Jay Perlis, With J. W. Smith and H. R. Van Zoeren|year=1957|url=https://ia601901.us.archive.org/8/items/bitsavers_ibm650Carntor_16304233/CarnegieInternalTranslator.pdf}}</ref>, [[Plankalkül]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Rojas|first=Raúl|first2=Ulf|last2=Hashagen|year=2002|title=The First Computers: History and Architectures|page=292|url=https://doc.lagout.org/science/0_Computer%20Science/0_Computer%20History/The%20First%20Computers%20-%20History%20and%20Architectures.pdf|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262681377|quote=In his self-righteous way, Zuse blamed the failure of the Plankalkül on others. In the 1993 English version of his autobiography, he wrote (p. 102) "…… only occasionally [I] had the opportunity to have discussions with some of the creators of ALGOL, for example Rutishauser and Bauer. Most of the time we talked past one another. The basic idea of the Plankalkül to systematically construct a programming language from its logical roots, appeared outdated to my partners, or was considered unnecessary ballast."}}</ref>, {{le|Superplan|}}, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung<ref>{{cite web|title=Sequential formula translation|publisher=Communications of the ACM, Volume 3, Number 2, pages 76-83.|date=February 1960|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/366959.366968}}</ref>
| influenced = [[ALGOL 60]]，以及[[ALGOL|类ALGOL语言]]
}}
'''ALGOL 58'''（源自{{langx|en|'''ALGO'''rithmic '''L'''anguage 19'''58'''}}的縮寫），最早稱為“国际代数语言”（{{langx|en|'''I'''nternational '''A'''lgebraic '''L'''anguage}}，縮寫為IAL）<ref>
{{cite conference
| first = A.J.
| last = Perlis
| title = Talk on Computing in the fifties
| booktitle = ACM National Conference. Nashville,. TN
| year = 1981
| publisher = (Transcript in J. A. N. Lee (ed.), Computer Pioneers, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamito, CA, 1995, 545-556)}}
</ref>，它是一種用于[[计算机编程]]的[[算法]][[计算机语言|语言]]，是[[ALGOL]]家族的第一個成員。它在1958年問世，[[ALGOL 60]]即是它的基礎上開發而成。

ALGOL 58介入了[[语句 (计算机科学)#复合语句|复合语句]]的基础概念<ref name="algol58_preliminary_report">{{cite journal| last1 = Perlis| first1 = A. J.| authorlink1 = Alan Perlis| last2 = Samelson| first2 = K.| date = 1958| url = https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/report/Algol58_preliminary_report_CACM.pdf| title = Preliminary report: international algebraic language| journal = Communications of the ACM| doi = 10.1145/377924.594925| publisher = ACM| location = New York, NY, USA| volume = 1| issue = 12| pages = 8–22| quote = Strings of one or more statements may be combined into a single (compound) statement by enclosing them within the "statement parentheses" <code>begin</code> and <code>end</code>. Single statements are separated by the statement separator "<code>;</code>".| access-date = 2023-02-20| archive-date = 2023-02-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220054425/https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/report/Algol58_preliminary_report_CACM.pdf| dead-url = no}}</ref>，但只局限于[[控制流程]]，它没有以ALGOL 60中[[块 (编程)|块]]的那种方式，结合上[[作用域|标识符作用域]]。

==歷史==
1958年，[[计算机协会|美国计算机协会]]（ACM）与联邦德国的{{le|应用数学和力学协会|Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik}}（GAMM）在[[苏黎世]]成立小组，把美国方面提出的“[[编程语言]]”<ref>{{cite web|author=J. W. Backus, P. H. Diselets, D. C. Evans, R. Goodman, H. Huskey, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, A. Orden, A. J. Perlis, R. Rich, S. Rosen, W. Turanski, J. Wegstein|title=Proposal for A Programming Language|publisher=ACM Ad Hoc Committee on Languages, From Herbert Stoyan Collection on LISP Programming, Lot X5687.2010, Computer History Museum.|year=1958|url=https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/report/ACM_ALGOL_Proposal_1958.pdf}}</ref>，和欧洲方面提出的“描述[[计算 (计算机科学)|计算]][[进程]]的{{en-link|通用性语言|Universal language|通用语言}}”<ref>{{cite web|authors=F. L. Bauer, H. Bottenbruch, H. Rutishauser, K. Samelson|title=Proposal for a universal language for the description of computing processes|publisher=In: J. W. Carr (ed.), Computer Programming and Artificial Intelligence, University of Michigan Summer School, pages 355-373.|year=1958|url=https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/report/BauerBRS-Proposal_for_a_Universal_Language-1958.pdf}}</ref>，这两种提议综合为一从而形成“国际[[代数]][[形式语言|语言]]”（IAL）<ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Perlis
| first = A.J.
|author2=Samelson, K.
| title = Preliminary report: international algebraic language
| journal = Communications of the ACM
| volume = 1
| issue = 12
| pages = 8–22
| year = 1958
| doi = 10.1145/377924.594925
}}</ref>，随后在1959年正式报告中改称为[[算法]][[计算机语言|语言]]ALGOL<ref name="algol58_report">{{cite web|url=https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/report/Algol58_preliminary_report_NumerischeMathematik.pdf|title=Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol by the ACM Committee on Programming Languages and the GAMM Committee on Programming|author=A. J. Perlis and K. Samelson|publisher=Numerische Mathematik, Volume 1, Number 1|year=1959}}</ref>。

==ALGOL 58变体时间线==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!|名称
!|年
!|作者
! scope=col style="width: 4em;" |国家
!|描述
!|目标CPU
|-
| ZMMD实现|| 1958 || {{le|Friedrich L. Bauer}}, {{le|Heinz Rutishauser}}, {{le|Klaus Samelson}}, {{le|Hermann Bottenbruch}} || {{flag|Germany}} || ZMMD是[[Zürich]]、[[München]]、[[Mainz]]、[[Darmstadt]]的缩写 || {{le|Z22计算机|Z22 (computer)|Z22}}
|-
| {{le|NELIAC}} || 1958 || {{le|海军电子实验室|Navy Electronics Laboratory}} || {{flag|USA}} || || {{le|AN/USQ-17}}
|-
|[[JOVIAL]]|| 1960 || {{le|Jules Schwartz}} || {{flag|USA}} || [[美国国防部|DOD]]的[[高级编程语言|HOL]]，先于[[Ada]] || 多种
|-
| {{le|BALGOL}} || 1960 || Joel Merner等人 || {{flag|USA}} || || {{le|Burroughs公司|Burroughs Corporation}} B220
|-
| {{le|MAD语言|MAD (programming language)|MAD}} || 1960 || [[密西根大学]] || {{flag|USA}} || || [[IBM 7090]]/7094主机，接着在1960年代中期移植到{{le|Univac 1108}}
|-
| {{le|ALGO}} || 1961 || {{le|Bendix公司|Bendix Corporation}} || {{flag|USA}} || || {{le|Bendix G-15}}
|-
| {{le|达特茅斯ALGOL 30|Dartmouth ALGOL 30|ALGOL 30}} || 1962 || [[达特茅斯学院]]的{{le|Thomas Eugene Kurtz}}等人 || {{flag|USA}} || 后来演进成ALGOL 60 || {{le|LGP-30}}
|-
| SUBALGOL || 1962 || [[斯坦福大学]]的{{le|Bob Braden}}, {{le|Lawrence M. Breed}}和{{le|Roger Moore (computer scientist)||Roger Moore}} || {{flag|USA}} || BALGOL扩展 || [[IBM 7090]]
|}

==例子代码==
下面是IAL报告中的例子代码，采用[[辛普森积分法]]计算函数<code>F(x)</code>的积分，函数<code>F(x)</code>的值由假定存在的函数例程提供：

{|
! 块缩进排版 !! 语言报告的排版<ref name="algol58_report"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal">
procedure Simps(F(), a, b, delta, V);
comment a, b are the min and max, resp. of the points def. interval of integ.
F() is the function to integrated.
delta is the permissible difference between two successive Simpson sums
V is greater than maximum absolute value of F on a, b;
begin
Simps:
Ibar := V×(b-a)
n := 1
h := (b-a)/2
J := h×(F(a)+F(b))
J1: S := 0;
for k := 1 (1) n
S := S + F(a+(2×k-1)×h)
I := J+4×h×S
if (delta < abs(I-Ibar))
begin
Ibar := I
J := (I+J)/4
n := 2×n; h := h/2
go to J1
end
Simps := I/3
return
integer (k, n)
end Simps
</syntaxhighlight>
||
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal">
procedure Simps(F(), a, b, delta, V);
comment a, b are the min and max, resp. of the points def. interval of integ.
F() is the function to integrated.
delta is the permissible difference between two successive Simpson sums
V is greater than maximum absolute value of F on a, b;
begin
Simps: Ibar := V×(b-a)
n := 1
h := (b-a)/2
J := h×(F(a)+F(b))
J1: S := 0;
for k := 1 (1) n
S :=
S + F(a+(2×k-1)×h)
I := J+4×h×S
if (delta < abs(I-Ibar))
begin Ibar := I
J := (I+J)/4
n := 2×n; h := h/2
go to J1
end
Simps := I/3
return
integer (k, n)
end Simps
</syntaxhighlight>
|}
这里在过程主体的复合语句的<code>begin</code>之后，必须为前面的过程头部中声明的过程名字包含此标识符的恰好一个语句标签，它被用作过程[[入口点]]；这里的非实数类型声明<code>integer (k, n)</code>放在了过程主体的末尾，即就在这个复合语句的<code>end</code>之前；有标签的复合语句在其<code>end</code>之后可以跟随着这个标签（尾随<code>;</code>来分隔于后续字符），它被用来指示这个复合语句的范围。

==ALGOL 58对ALGOL 60的影响==
* IAL介入了参考、出版和硬件语言的三级概念，和有别于自由选择的标识符的有独立表示的“字分界符”的概念（因此没有保留字）。ALGOL 60保持了这种三级概念<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Revised report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60
| editor-first = P
| editor-last = Naur
| publisher = International Federation for Information Processing
| url = https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~bchandra/courses/papers/Naure_Algol60.pdf
| year = 1962
}}
</ref>。
* IAL介入了对赋值（表示左向箭头的<code>:=</code>）和等价关系<code>=</code>的区分，ALGOL 60保持了这种区分。
* IAL和ALGOL 60都允许了具有任意的下方和上方下标边界的数组，并允许用整数表达式定义下标边界。
* IAL和ALGOL 60都允许嵌套的过程定义以及对应标识符的作用域。
* IAL报告采用与ALGOL 60报告几乎相同的术语描述参数替换，将[[求值策略#传名调用|传名调用]]的可能性保留开放，但不清楚是否当时就认识到了这一点。
* IAL允许数值语句标号，ALGOL 60保持了它。
* IAL在程序内包括非ALGOL代码的可能性，已经在过程参数的上下文中提示到了。
* IAL和ALGOL 60都有“switch指定式”，但无关于C语言及其有关语言的{{le|switch语句|switch statement}}。
* IAL提议了内联函数形如<code>f(x) := x / 2</code>，这在ALGOL 60中被去掉了。
* IAL过程声明为输入和输出参数提供了独立声明，过程可以返回多个值，这种机制在ALGOL 60中被替代为[[求值策略|值]]声明。
* IAL中的变量声明可以位于程序中的任何位置而不必需在过程的开始处。与之相对，在ALGOL 60块中的声明的出现应当先于所有执行语句。
* IAL的<code>for</code>语句拥有形式<code>for i := base (increment) limit</code>，直接模仿了{{le|Heinz Rutishauser||Rutishauser}}的编程语言{{le|Superplan}}的循环，将其<code>=</code>替代为<code>:=</code>，并将其德语关键字<code>Für</code>替代为英语翻译<code>for</code>；ALGOL 60将圆括号替代为字分界符<code>step</code>和<code>until</code>，使得前者语句转而写为<code>for i := base step increment until limit</code>。
* IAL的<code>if</code>语句没有<code>then</code>子句或<code>else</code>子句，它只是用布尔表达式[[守卫命令语言|守卫]]后续语句，进行关系运算的布尔表达式需要用圆括号包围起来。IAL提供了交替语句<code>'''if either''' ~ '''or if''' ~ '''end'''</code>来清晰的允许多个条件的测试。二者都被替代为ALGOL的<code>'''if''' ~ '''then''' ~ '''else''' ~</code>构造，它介入了{{le|悬摆else|Dangling else}}歧义。
* IAL通过<code>do</code>语句提供宏替代，这在ALGOL 60中被去掉了。
* IAL允许在将数组传递给过程时忽略一个或多个数组下标，允许将给一个过程的任何或所有的实参传递给另一个过程。
* IAL的中缀布尔运算符都有相同的优先级。指数通过成对的上下箭头来指示，这去除了嵌套指数的解释混淆；ALGOL 60将成对的箭头替代为一个单一的上箭头，它的功能等价于FORTRAN的<code>**</code>。
* IAL报告不明确规定要提供哪些标准函数，模糊的提及了“标准分析函数”。ALGOL 60报告拥有标准函数的更明确列表。

==引用==
{{reflist|2}}

==外部連結==
*[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/algol58impl/ Algol 58]{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415204857/http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/algol58impl/ |date=2013-04-15 }} at the Software Preservation Group (cf. [[Computer History Museum]])
*[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/report/Algol58_preliminary_report_CACM.pdf/ Algol 58 report from CACM]{{Wayback|url=http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/report/Algol58_preliminary_report_CACM.pdf/ |date=20110716224234 }} at the Software Preservation Group

{{程序设计语言}}
{{ALGOL programming}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Algol 58}}
[[Category:程序设计语言]]
[[Category:ALGOL程式語言家族]]

ALGOL 58 - 版本历史

imported>Mhss：​/* 歷史 */

imported>Mhss：/* 歷史 */