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<p><b>新页面</b></p><div>{{for|放射性同位素<sup>18</sup>F|氟-18}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
|agency_name=18F<br />
|logo=File:18F 2016 logo.svg<br />
|formed={{Start date and age|2014|03|19}}<br />
|headquarters={{tsl|en|United States General Services Administration Building||General Services Administration Building}}<br />1800 F Street NW<br />[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]]<br />
|employees=166 (2016)<br />
|parent_agency={{tsl|en|General Services Administration||General Services Administration (GSA)}}<br />
|website={{URL|https://18f.gsa.gov/}}<br />
}}<br />
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'''18F''' 是[[美國聯邦政府]]一個以[[精益创业|精實創業]]模式創建的數位服務機關。成立目的是協助改善其他美國政府的數位服務與科技產品。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://18f.gsa.gov/|title=18F: Digital service delivery {{!}} Home|accessdate=2016-12-17|archive-date=2021-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074812/https://18f.gsa.gov/|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />
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== 概述 ==<br />
18F在[[美国]][[聯邦總務署]]的數位服務機關<ref name="The Verge: new"/>。此團體利用[[精益创业]]的方式、[[开放源代码]]、業界使用的[[编程语言]]來製造數位產品供政府組織使用<ref name="The Verge: new"/>。它的名稱是因為辦公室座落的位置<ref name="FNR: new"/>是在[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]]西北處，{{tsl|en|18th Street NW (Washington, D.C.)||第18街}}與F街交會處<ref name="The Verge: new"/>。18F隸屬於公民服務與創新技術辦公室（OCSIT），而跟數位政府策略下的數位服務創新（DSI）中心為平行機關<ref name="FNR: new"/>。<br />
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<!--In addition to its Washington, D.C office, the agency has offices in [[纽约]], [[旧金山]], [[芝加哥]], and [[代顿 (俄亥俄州)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://18f.gsa.gov/team/|title=People|last=|first=|date=|website=18F|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><br />
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== 历史 ==<br />
The group was started following multiple problems in the rollout of the {{tsl|en|HealthCare.gov||HealthCare.gov}} health insurance marketplace, which began an effort to reform citizen-facing government technology.<ref name="The Verge: new"/> The [[英国]] created a similar agency, {{tsl|en|Government Digital Service||Government Digital Service}}, following their own healthcare website issues, which saves an estimated $20 million a year over previous methods.<ref name="The Verge: new"/> 18F runs on a cost recovery model where client agencies reimburse the digital agency for its work.<ref name="FNR: new"/> Their operation is closer to a traditional business than government organizations like the DSI Center.<ref name="FNR: new"/><br />
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18F's creation was announced by GSA Administrator {{tsl|en|Dan Tangherlini||Dan Tangherlini}} on March 19, 2014 with a mission to simplify the government's digital services,<ref name="FNR: new"/> but no project-specific directive.<ref name="The Verge: new"/> The agency started with 15 employees, including 11 former {{tsl|en|Presidential Innovation Fellows||Presidential Innovation Fellows}} from both the private and public sectors.<ref name="FNR: new"/> The staff previously worked in front and backend development, design and usability, and product management.<ref name="FNR: new"/> ''[[The Verge]]''{{'s}} Adrienne Jeffries reported that the agency released a GSA website code update in a half hour, which would normally take weeks or longer. She added that the team did not appear equipped to handle a rollout similar to that of HealthCare.gov.<ref name="The Verge: new"/><br />
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Upon its opening, 18F began to host the {{tsl|en|Presidential Innovation Fellows||Presidential Innovation Fellows}} program that started in May 2012 in the Digital Government Strategy.<ref name="FNR: new"/> An initial list of projects will be drafted in the months following the agency's creation.<ref name="FNR: new"/> A possible program called FBOpen, an open source small business and federal contractor interface for bidding on government contracts, was discussed at a {{tsl|en|United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs||Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs}} hearing.<ref name="FNR: new"/><br />
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On March 19, 2015, 18F and collaborators launched {{tsl|en|analytics.usa.gov||analytics.usa.gov}}.<ref name=whitehouse>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/03/19/turning-government-data-better-public-service|title = Turning Government Data into Better Public Service|date = March 19, 2015|accessdate = March 21, 2015|publisher = [[白宮]]}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/government-website-analytics/?_r=0|title = A Real-Time Peek at Traffic to U.S. Government Websites|last = Ruiz|first = Rebecca|date = March 20, 2015|accessdate = March 21, 2015|publisher = ''[[纽约时报]]'' Bits blog}}</ref><ref name=geekwire>{{cite web|url=http://www.geekwire.com/2015/several-u-s-government-websites-now-offer-real-time-analytics/|title = Several U.S. government websites now offer real-time analytics|last = Brown|first = Molly|date = March 19, 2015|accessdate = March 21, 2015|publisher = ''{{tsl|en|GeekWire||GeekWire}}''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gcn.com/articles/2015/03/20/18f-web-analytics.aspx|title = Who’s online now? 18F builds web analytics dashboard|date = March 19, 2015|accessdate = March 21, 2015|publisher = GCN}}</ref> On September 12, 2015, the group launched the {{tsl|en|College Scorecard||College Scorecard}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/12/fact-sheet-empowering-students-choose-college-right-them|title=Fact Sheet: Empowering Students to Choose the College that is Right for Them|publisher=[[白宮]]}}</ref> Other projects of 18F have included {{tsl|en|myRA||myRA}} for the [[美国财政部]], {{tsl|en|Every Kid in a Park||Every Kid in a Park}} for the [[美国内政部]], and MyUSA for the {{tsl|en|General Services Administration||General Services Administration}}, in addition to redesigned websites for the [[和平队]] and {{tsl|en|Federal Election Commission||Federal Election Commission}}. All of its projects are open source, meaning anyone can review and suggest updates to the code.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://18f.gsa.gov/press/|title=18F: Digital service delivery {{!}} Press|website=18f.gsa.gov|access-date=2016-12-17}}</ref><br />
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The existence of the agency in general and such projects in particular has led to resistance from established government IT firms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agilegovleaders.org/history-future-agile-federal-consultancy/|title=The history and future of an agile federal consultancy - Agile Government Leadership|website=www.agilegovleaders.org|access-date=2016-12-17}}</ref> In addition, the agency faces the additional challenge of staying fiscally solvent. According to a recent {{tsl|en|Government Accountability Office||GAO}} report,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Office|first=U.S. Government Accountability|date=2016-06-10|title=Digital Service Programs: Assessing Results and Coordinating with Chief Information Officers Can Improve Delivery of Federal Projects|url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-733T|issue=GAO-16-733T}}</ref> 18F is currently spending on average more than $1 million per month more than it recovers. In 2016 alone, the group will receive approximately $33 million for its services, but will spend almost $48 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nextgov.com/cio-briefing/2016/06/18f-tech-team-struggles-balance-its-books-soon-be-released-report-shows/128780/|title=EXCLUSIVE: 18F Tech Team Struggles to Cover its Costs, Draft Report Shows|newspaper=Nextgov|access-date=2016-12-17}}</ref> 18F is not expected to break even until at least fiscal year 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcw.com/articles/2016/09/15/gao-digital-services-gunter.aspx|title=18F, USDS lack performance and accountability measures -- FCW|website=FCW|access-date=2016-12-17}}</ref> <br />
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== 參見 ==<br />
* [[美国总统行政办公室]]下的{{tsl|en|United States Digital Service|美國數位服務}}<br />
* 英國同類機構{{le|政府數位服務團隊|Government Digital Service}}<!--參照新加坡政府同名機構的中文譯名「政府數碼服務團隊」--><br />
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== 参考文献 ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<ref name="FNR: new">{{cite web |url=http://www.federalnewsradio.com/445/3586065/GSA-envisions-18F-will-be-the-new-hub-of-digital-innovation |accessdate=March 22, 2014 |title=GSA envisions 18F will be the new hub of digital innovation |last1=Miller |first1=Jason |date=March 19, 2014 |work={{tsl|en|Federal News Radio||Federal News Radio}} |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6OHDNRfyo?url=http://www.federalnewsradio.com/445/3586065/GSA-envisions-18F-will-be-the-new-hub-of-digital-innovation |archivedate=2014-03-23 |deadurl=no }}</ref> <ref name="The Verge: new">{{cite web |url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/21/5533892/the-government-now-has-a-fast-moving-it-office-modeled-after-a-startup |accessdate=March 22, 2014 |title=The government now has a fast-moving IT office modeled after a startup |last1=Jeffries |first1=Adrianne |date=March 21, 2014 |work=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034851/http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/21/5533892/the-government-now-has-a-fast-moving-it-office-modeled-after-a-startup |archivedate=2020-11-12 |deadurl=no }}</ref>}}<br />
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== 外部連結 ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://18f.gsa.gov}}<br />
* [https://changelog.com/podcast/230 "改造日誌#230：在美国联邦政府中的18F和开放源码软件"]{{Wayback|url=https://changelog.com/podcast/230 |date=20201031164613 }}。 2016年11月25日（英文）<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:2014年美國建立]]<br />
[[Category:美国联邦政府]]<br />
[[Category:華盛頓哥倫比亞特區組織]]</div>imported>Nucleus hydro elemon