编辑“︁Vulkan”︁

{{noteTA|
G1=IT
}}
{{Infobox software
|name = Vulkan
|logo = Vulkan API logo.svg
|logo size = 200px
|screenshot = Vulkaninfo screenshot.png
|developer = [[科納斯組織]]，基于[[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]]的[[Mantle (API)|Mantle]]开发<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/200286-not-dead-yet-amds-mantle-powers-new-vulkan-api-vr-efforts |title=Not dead yet: AMD's Mantle powers new Vulkan API, VR efforts |accessdate=2015-03-30 |work= |publisher= |date=2015-03-04 |language=en |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422180844/http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/200286-not-dead-yet-amds-mantle-powers-new-vulkan-api-vr-efforts }}</ref><ref name=LR-Vulkan>{{cite web|last=Kirsch|first=Nathan|title=Is AMD Mantle Dead As We Have Known It? Vulcan API Uses Mantle Technology for OpenGL|url=http://www.legitreviews.com/amd-mantle-dead-known-vulcan-api-uses-mantle-technology-opengl_159339|website=Legit Reviews|accessdate=2015-06-25|language=en|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124046/http://www.legitreviews.com/amd-mantle-dead-known-vulcan-api-uses-mantle-technology-opengl_159339}}</ref><ref name=KG-Vulkan>{{cite web|last=Shilov|first=Anton|title=AMD: Vulkan absorbed 'best and brightest' parts of Mantle|url=http://www.kitguru.net/components/graphic-cards/anton-shilov/amd-vulkan-absorbed-best-and-brightest-parts-of-mantle/|website=KitGuru|accessdate=2015-06-26|language=en|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105810/http://www.kitguru.net/components/graphic-cards/anton-shilov/amd-vulkan-absorbed-best-and-brightest-parts-of-mantle/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Koduri|first=Raja|title=On APIs and the future of Mantle|url=https://community.amd.com/community/gaming/blog/2015/05/12/on-apis-and-the-future-of-mantle|publisher=AMD|accessdate=2015-05-19|date=2015-03-04|quote=...(T)he Khronos Group has selected Mantle to serve as the foundation for Vulkan...|language=en|archive-date=2015-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520113424/https://community.amd.com/community/gaming/blog/2015/05/12/on-apis-and-the-future-of-mantle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Michaud|first=Scott|title=GDC 15: Khronos Acknowledges Mantle's Start of Vulkan|url=http://www.pcper.com/news/General-Tech/GDC-15-Khronos-Acknowledges-Mantles-Start-Vulkan|publisher=PC Perspective|accessdate=2015-05-19|date=2015-03-03|language=en|archive-date=2015-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520100527/http://www.pcper.com/news/General-Tech/GDC-15-Khronos-Acknowledges-Mantles-Start-Vulkan}}</ref>
|released = {{Start date and age|2016|02|16}}<ref name="vulkan1.0">{{cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-vulkan-1-0-specification|title=Khronos Releases Vulkan 1.0 Specification - Khronos Group Press Release|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2017-02-10|archive-date=2017-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215023427/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-vulkan-1-0-specification}}</ref>
|status=活跃
|platform = [[跨平台]]
|genre = 3D图形与计算[[應用程式介面|API]]<ref name="More on Vulkan">{{cite web|title=More on Vulkan and SPIR - V: The future of high-performance graphics|url=https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2015-gdc/Khronos-Vulkan-GDC_Mar15.pdf|publisher=Khronos Group|accessdate=2015-06-27|page=10|language=en|archive-date=2016-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811231629/https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2015-gdc/Khronos-Vulkan-GDC_Mar15.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|https://www.vulkan.org/}}
|operating_system = [[Android]]、[[Linux]]、[[Tizen]]、[[Microsoft Windows]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|last2=Walton|first2=Mark|title=Vulkan now official, with 1.0 API release and AMD driver [Updated]|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/02/vulkan-gets-official-with-1-0-release-and-amd-driver/|accessdate=2016-02-18|publisher=Ars Technica|date=2016-02-16|location=United Kingdom|language=en-GB|archive-date=2016-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217093124/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/02/vulkan-gets-official-with-1-0-release-and-amd-driver/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Valich|first=Theo|title=Mantle Cycle is Complete as Khronos Releases Vulkan 1.0|url=http://vrworld.com/2016/02/17/mantle-complete-khronos-releases-vulkan/|accessdate=2016-02-19|publisher=VR World|date=2016-02-17|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/http://vrworld.com/2016/02/17/mantle-complete-khronos-releases-vulkan/}}</ref>
}}

'''Vulkan'''是一個低开销、跨平台的[[计算机图形|二维、三维图形]]与计算的[[應用程式接口]]（API），<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lunarg.com/faqs/vulkan-2d-graphics/|title=Does Vulkan support 2D graphics? - LunarG|accessdate=2017-02-17|work=www.lunarg.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502071829/https://www.lunarg.com/faqs/vulkan-2d-graphics/}}</ref>最早由[[科納斯組織]]在2015年[[游戏开发者大会]]（GDC）上發表。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/overview/2015_vulkan_v1_Overview.pdf |format=PDF |title=Vulkan : Graphics and compute Belong Together |date=March 2015 |publisher=Khronos.org |accessdate=2015-03-05 |archive-date=2016-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218180852/https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/overview/2015_vulkan_v1_Overview.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="khronos-vulkan">{{cite web |url=https://www.khronos.org/vulkan |title=Vulkan - Graphics and compute belong together |publisher=Khronos.org |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05 |archive-date=2021-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509081133/https://www.khronos.org/Vulkan/ }}</ref>与[[OpenGL]]类似，Vulkan針對全平台即時3D图形程式（如[[電子遊戲]]和[[互動式多媒體|交互媒体]]）而設計，并提供高效能与更均衡的[[中央处理器|CPU]]与[[圖形處理器|GPU]]占用，這也是[[Direct3D]] 12和[[AMD]]的[[Mantle (API)|Mantle]]的目標。与Direct3D（12版之前）和OpenGL的其他主要区别是，Vulkan是一个底层API，而且能执行并行任务。除此之外，Vulkan还能更好地分配[[多核心處理器|多个CPU核心]]的使用。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/200836-next-generation-vulkan-api-could-be-valves-killer-advantage-in-battling-microsoft|title=Next-generation Vulkan API could be Valve's killer advantage in battling Microsoft - ExtremeTech|date=2015-03-10|newspaper=ExtremeTech|accessdate=2017-02-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2015-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313162411/http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/200836-next-generation-vulkan-api-could-be-valves-killer-advantage-in-battling-microsoft}}</ref>

科納斯最先把Vulkan API稱為「次世代[[OpenGL]]行動」（next generation OpenGL initiative）或「'''glNext'''」，但在正式宣佈Vulkan之後這些名字就沒有再使用了。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.develop-online.net/news/glnext-revealed-as-vulkan-graphics-api/0203867|title=glNext revealed as Vulkan graphics API|accessdate=2015-03-30|author=|date=2015-03-03|work=|publisher=|language=en|archive-date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014075645/http://www.develop-online.net/news/glnext-revealed-as-vulkan-graphics-api/0203867|dead-url=no}}</ref>Vulkan基于[[Mantle (API)|Mantle]]构建，AMD将其Mantle API捐赠给科納斯組織，给予该组织开发底层API的基础，使其像OpenGL一样成为行业标准。<ref name="KG-Vulkan" /><ref name="More on Vulkan" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2894036/mantle-is-a-vulkan-amds-dead-graphics-api-rises-from-the-ashes-as-opengls-successor.html|title=Mantle is a Vulkan: AMD's dead graphics API rises from the ashes in OpenGL's successor|newspaper=PCWorld|accessdate=2017-02-17|language=en|archive-date=2016-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107160339/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2894036/mantle-is-a-vulkan-amds-dead-graphics-api-rises-from-the-ashes-as-opengls-successor.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://community.amd.com/community/amd-blogs/amd-gaming/blog/2015/03/03/one-of-mantles-futures-vulkan |title=AMD Gaming: One of Mantle's Futures: Vulkan &#124; AMD Blogs |publisher=Community.amd.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05 |archive-date=2015-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306190250/http://community.amd.com/community/amd-blogs/amd-gaming/blog/2015/03/03/one-of-mantles-futures-vulkan |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/200286-not-dead-yet-amds-mantle-powers-new-vulkan-api-vr-efforts|title=Not dead yet: AMD's Mantle powers new Vulkan API, VR efforts|accessdate=2015-03-05|author=|date=|publisher=ExtremeTech|archive-date=2016-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422180844/http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/200286-not-dead-yet-amds-mantle-powers-new-vulkan-api-vr-efforts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wccftech.com/mantle-lives-vulkan-wip/ |title=AMD's Mantle Lives On In Vulkan - Lays The Foundation For The Next OpenGL |publisher=Wccftech.com |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2015-03-05 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819042952/https://wccftech.com/mantle-vulkan-amd/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kirsch |first=Nathan |url=http://www.legitreviews.com/amd-mantle-dead-known-vulcan-api-uses-mantle-technology-opengl_159339 |title=Is AMD Mantle Dead As We Have Known It? Vulcan API Uses Mantle Technology for OpenGL |publisher=Legit Reviews |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124046/http://www.legitreviews.com/amd-mantle-dead-known-vulcan-api-uses-mantle-technology-opengl_159339 }}</ref>

== 特性 ==
[[File:Division of labor cpu and gpu.svg|缩略图|OpenGL与Vulkan都是图形渲染API，GPU处理[[着色器]]，而CPU执行其他任务。]]
Vulkan旨在提供更低的CPU开销与更直接的GPU控制，其理念大致与Direct3D 12和Mantle类似。<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/khronos-group-vulkan-graphics-api,28678.html|title=Khronos Group Announces The Next-Generation 'Vulkan' Graphics And Compute API|date=2015-03-03|work=Tom's Hardware|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en}}</ref>

以下是Vulkan相对于上一代API的优势：<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fosdem.org/2016/schedule/event/vulkan_graphics/|title=FOSDEM 2016 - Vulkan in Open-Source|accessdate=2017-03-17|website=Fosdem.org|language=en|archive-date=2016-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309222549/https://fosdem.org/2016/schedule/event/vulkan_graphics/}}</ref>
* Vulkan API适用于从高性能电脑到移动低功耗设备的显示卡（OpenGL具有名为[[OpenGL ES]]的移动设备API子集，它仍是支持Vulkan设备的备选API）。
* 相比于Direct3D 12，Vulkan与前身OpenGL类似，受多种操作系统支持。Vulkan已经能在[[Windows 7]]、[[Windows 8]]、[[Windows 10]]、[[Tizen]]、[[Linux]]与[[Android]]上运行（[[iOS]]和[[macOS]]有第三方支持<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://moltengl.com/moltenvk/|title=MoltenVK {{!}} Run Vulkan on iOS and OS X|newspaper=Molten|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105100958/https://moltengl.com/moltenvk/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>）。
* 通过批量处理（Batching）减少CPU负载，使CPU可以执行更多其他的计算或渲染任务。<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-high-efficiency-on-mobile|title=Vulkan: High efficiency on mobile - Imagination Technologies|date=2015-11-05|newspaper=Imagination Technologies|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en-GB|archive-date=2015-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109005302/http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-high-efficiency-on-mobile|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* 在多核心CPU上，Vulkan能对核心与线程进行优化。Direct3D 11与OpenGL 4最初为单核心CPU设计，尽管后来出现了针对多核心CPU优化的扩展，不过与Vulkan相比，优化仍不是很好。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-scaling-to-multiple-threads|title=Vulkan: Scaling to multiple threads - Imagination Technologies|date=2015-11-24|newspaper=Imagination Technologies|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en-GB|archive-date=2015-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126065107/http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-scaling-to-multiple-threads|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* 减少了[[驱动程序]]的开销与维护工作。OpenGL使用高级着色语言[[GLSL]]编写[[着色器]]，不同的驱动在程序运行时需要执行自身的GLSL[[編譯器|编译器]]，将程序的着色器转换为GPU可执行的机器代码。而Vulkan驱动将着色器语言预先转化为{{le|SPIR-V|Standard Portable Intermediate Representation}}（Standard Portable Intermediate Representation）的中间二进制格式，其行为类似于[[Direct3D]]的[[HLSL]]着色器。通过着色器预编译，应用程序加载速度更快，并且3D场景可以使用更多种着色器。Vulkan驱动只需对GPU进行优化并生成代码，这使得驱动程序更容易维护，驱动程序包更小（目前GPU供应商仍需在驱动程序中提供OpenGL与OpenCL的支持）。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/papers/WhitePaper.pdf|title=An Introduction to SPIR-V|accessdate=2017-02-18|author=|date=|last=Kessenich|first=John|publisher=[[Khronos Group]]|archive-date=2015-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309065154/https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/papers/WhitePaper.pdf}}</ref>
* 计算与图形处理的统一管理，因此Vulkan无需与单独的计算API配合使用。
[[英伟达]]在2016年时指出，由於OpenGL的复杂度和维护难度比Vulkan低很多，在多数情况下也能提供理想的整体性能，现阶段OpenGL仍是个很好的选择。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://developer.nvidia.com/transitioning-opengl-vulkan|title=Transitioning from OpenGL to Vulkan|date=2016-02-11|newspaper=NVIDIA Developer|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425183554/https://developer.nvidia.com/transitioning-opengl-vulkan}}</ref>
[[AMD]]表示, Vulkan支援Close-To-Metal控制的獨特能力可加快跨 Windows和 Linux的效能並且提高影像品質。現今無其他圖形 API 提供如此強大的作業系統相容性、成像功能和硬體效率組合<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/zh-hant/technologies/vulkan|title=AMD Vulkan API|publisher=AMD|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714110304/https://www.amd.com/zh-hant/technologies/vulkan}}</ref> 。 例如，CPU中包含的集成GPU可與高端專用GPU結合使用，以略微提高性能。

===Vulkan 1.1===
科納斯在[[SIGGRAPH]]2016上宣布Vulkan將支持自動多GPU功能,類似於Direct3D 12所提供的功能<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html|title=Vulkan Next will bring better support for VR and multiple GPUs|publisher=PC World|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206190153/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html}}</ref> ,顯示驅動程序不再需要處理多個GPU的使用,相反，兩個或更多完全不同的GPU之間可以智能地分配工作負載<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4|title=Ashes of the Singularity Revisited: A Beta Look at Direct3D 12 & Asynchronous Shading|first=Daniel Williams, Ryan|last=Smith|publisher=AnandTech|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422152924/https://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4}}</ref>。

科納斯於2018年3月7日發布了Vulkan 1.1<ref name="Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.1">{{cite press|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1-1|title=Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.1|date=2018-03-07|work=The Khronos Group|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414153839/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1-1}}</ref> 。它擴展了幾個核心功能，包括子集操作，例如多視圖、設備組、高級渲染和編輯操作程序跨流程API交互操作。這些核心功能還包括16位內存獲取高級計算，HLSL內存分佈支持，視頻流的顯示，處理和編程，通過許多視頻編輯解碼器生成的YCbcRr顏色格式化紋理的直接抽樣。同時，它還帶來了與[[DirectX]] 12的更好兼容性，顯式支持多GPU，光線跟踪支持<ref name="Larabel news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.85-Released">{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.85-Released|title=Vulkan 1.1.85 Released With Raytracing, Mesh Shaders & Other New NVIDIA Extensions|last=Larabel|first=Michael|publisher=Phoronix|date=2018-09-19|accessdate=2018-09-19|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.85-Released}}</ref><ref name="Larabel news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.91-Released">{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.91-Released|title=Vulkan 1.1.91 Released With NV_ray_tracing, AMD Memory Overallocation Behavior|last=Larabel|first=Michael|publisher=Phoronix|date=2018-11-04|accessdate=2018-11-04|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024836/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.91-Released}}</ref>，為下一代GPU奠定了基礎。<ref name="Bright">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/03/vulkan-1-1-adds-multi-gpu-directx-compatibility-as-khronos-looks-to-the-future/|title=Vulkan 1.1 out today, with multi-GPU support, better DirectX compatibility|last=Bright|first=Peter|publisher=Ars Terchnica|date=2018-03-07|accessdate=2018-03-07|archive-date=2022-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429104711/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/03/vulkan-1-1-adds-multi-gpu-directx-compatibility-as-khronos-looks-to-the-future/}}</ref> 

===vulkan 1.2===
2020年1月15日，[[科納斯組織]]發布了Vulkan 1.2，將23個已經通過驗證的擴展集成到基本Vulkan標準中<ref name="Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.2">{{cite press|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1.2|title=Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.2|date=2020-01-15|work=The Khronos Group|access-date=2020-02-27|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1.2}}</ref>，大部份用來幫助提升Vulkan與其他圖形API之間的兼容層性能。
===Vulkan 1.3===
2022年1月25日，科納斯組織发布了Vulkan 1.3。<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url = https://www.khronos.org/news/press/vulkan-reduces-fragmentation-and-provides-roadmap-visibility-for-developers|title = Khronos Strengthens Vulkan Ecosystem with Release of Vulkan 1.3, Public Roadmap and Profiles|date = January 25, 2022|access-date = 2023-02-13|archive-date = 2022-01-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220125140157/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/vulkan-reduces-fragmentation-and-provides-roadmap-visibility-for-developers|dead-url = no}}</ref> 这次更新将另外23个常用的成熟的Vulkan扩展集成到基本的Vulkan标准中。

===Vulkan 1.4===
2024年12月3日，科納斯組織发布Vulkan 1.4。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khronos Streamlines Development and Deployment of GPU-Accelerated Applications with Vulkan 1.4 |url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-streamlines-development-and-deployment-of-gpu-accelerated-applications-with-vulkan-1.4 |website=The Khronos Group |date=2024-12-02 |language=en |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

=== 计划中的功能 ===
科纳斯在[[SIGGRAPH]] 2016上宣布，Vulkan将提供类似于Direct3D 12的多卡互联功能。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html|title=Vulkan Next will bring better support for VR and multiple GPUs|newspaper=PCWorld|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206190153/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html}}</ref>通过Vulkan，不同型号的显卡也能协同工作，而无需[[NVIDIA SLI]]或[[AMD CrossFire|AMD Crossfire]]的支持。Vulkan多卡互联功能允许API在多个不同的显卡之间智能分配负载，例如，CPU上的集成显卡与高端独立显卡协同工作，能够略微提升显示性能。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4|title=Ashes of the Singularity Revisited: A Beta Look at DirectX 12 & Asynchronous Shading|last=Smith|first=Daniel Williams, Ryan|accessdate=2017-03-17|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422152924/https://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4}}</ref>

在2017年5月发行[[OpenCL]] 2.2之时，Khronos Group宣布OpenCL将尽可能的汇合于Vulkan，以确使OpenCL软件在这两种API上灵活部署<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcper.com/reviews/General-Tech/Breaking-OpenCL-Merging-Roadmap-Vulkan|title=Breaking: OpenCL Merging Roadmap into Vulkan &#124; PC Perspective|website=www.pcper.com|access-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101062642/https://www.pcper.com/reviews/General-Tech/Breaking-OpenCL-Merging-Roadmap-Vulkan|archive-date=November 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=siggraph-2018-khr&num=2|title=SIGGRAPH 2018: OpenCL-Next Taking Shape, Vulkan Continues Evolving – Phoronix|website=www.phoronix.com|access-date=2024-10-13|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028152042/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=siggraph-2018-khr&num=2|dead-url=no}}</ref>。这已经由Adobe的Premiere Rush展示出来，它使用clspv开源编译器<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Clspv is a prototype compiler for a subset of OpenCL C to Vulkan compute shaders: google/clspv|date=2019-08-17|url=https://github.com/google/clspv|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054700/https://github.com/google/clspv|dead-url=no}}</ref>，编译了大量OpenCL C内核代码，从而在部署于Android的Vulkan运行时系统上运行<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2019-siggraph/Vulkan-01-Update-SIGGRAPH-Jul19.pdf|title=Vulkan Update SIGGRAPH 2019|access-date=2024-10-13|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820222456/https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2019-siggraph/Vulkan-01-Update-SIGGRAPH-Jul19.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

== 历史 ==
2014年6月，科纳斯组织开始了“次世代OpenGL”图形API的计划，并在[[威尔乌|Valve公司]]举行项目启动会议。<ref>{{Citation|last=The Khronos Group|title=SIGGRAPH 2015: 3D Graphics API State of the Union|date=2015-09-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quNsdYfWXfM|accessdate=2017-03-17|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quNsdYfWXfM}}</ref>在SIGGRAPH 2014上，项目公之于世。<ref name="More on Vulkan" />2015年2月19日，Vulkan的商标在[[美国专利及商标局]]提交。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=86539994&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch|title=Trademark Status & Document Retrieval|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=tsdr.uspto.gov|language=en|archive-date=2013-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511081924/http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=86539994&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

2015年早些时候，{{le|LunarG|LunarG}}（由Valve资助）开发并展示了一款支持Vulkan API的[[Intel HD Graphics]] 4000系列Linux驱动程序，不过当时的Mesa开源驱动并不完全兼容OpenGL 4.0。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=valve-intel-vulkan-driver|title=Valve Developed An Intel Linux Vulkan GPU Driver - Phoronix|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=www.phoronix.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=valve-intel-vulkan-driver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=LunarG-Vulkan-AMA|title=Learning More About The Intel Vulkan Driver, Linux Vulkan Plans - Phoronix|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=www.phoronix.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417150829/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=LunarG-Vulkan-AMA}}</ref>

2016年2月16日，科纳斯组织发布了Vulkan 1.0版规范与开源[[软件开发工具包]]（SDK）。<ref name="vulkan1.0" />

== 支持Vulkan的软件 ==

=== 电子游戏 ===
* 《[[塔洛斯法则]]》——首个支持Vulkan渲染的游戏<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10047/quick-look-vulkan-performance-on-the-talos-principle|title=Quick Look: Vulkan Performance on The Talos Principle|last=Smith|first=Daniel Williams, Ryan|accessdate=2017-03-17|archive-date=2022-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515144242/https://www.anandtech.com/show/10047/quick-look-vulkan-performance-on-the-talos-principle}}</ref>
* 《[[Dota 2]]》——2016年5月开始支持<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://store.steampowered.com/news/22000/|title=新闻 - Dota 2 Update - May 23rd 2016|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=store.steampowered.com|language=zh-cn|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091002/https://store.steampowered.com/news/22000/}}</ref>
* 《[[毁灭战士 (2016年游戏)|毁灭战士]]》——2016年7月开始支持<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bethesda.net/https://bethesda.net/en/article/1By8XypnlaCqmmIWqAcOgm/doom-vulkan-support-now-live|title=Bethesda.net|accessdate=2017-03-17|author=|date=|work=Bethesda.net|publisher=|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://bethesda.net/https://bethesda.net/en/article/1By8XypnlaCqmmIWqAcOgm/doom-vulkan-support-now-live}}</ref>
* 《[[虹彩六號：圍攻行動|虹彩六號:圍攻行動]]》——PC公開測試中<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ubisoft.com/zh-tw/game/rainbow-six/siege/news-updates/6VFn74oMO2nVQGZxvFhBb5/vulkan-api--pc-|title=存档副本|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113425/https://www.ubisoft.com/zh-tw/game/rainbow-six/siege/news-updates/6VFn74oMO2nVQGZxvFhBb5/vulkan-api--pc-}}</ref>
* vkQuake——《[[雷神之锤 (游戏)|雷神之锤]]》的Vulkan[[移植 (軟體)|移植]]版，于2016年7月发布<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Quake-1-On-Vulkan|title=Quake 1 Ported To Run On Vulkan - Phoronix|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=www.phoronix.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Quake-1-On-Vulkan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsogaming.com/screenshot-news/here-is-your-first-look-at-the-first-quake-being-recreated-in-unreal-engine-4-fan-project/|title=Here is your first look at the first Quake being recreated in Unreal Engine 4 (fan project) - DSOGaming - The Dark Side Of Gaming|accessdate=2017-03-17|author=|date=|work=www.dsogaming.com|publisher=|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412091101/https://www.dsogaming.com/screenshot-news/here-is-your-first-look-at-the-first-quake-being-recreated-in-unreal-engine-4-fan-project/}}</ref>
* World War Z——《[[末日之戰]]》電影改編遊戲。由Epic Games出品。
* Red Dead Redemption 2——《[[碧血狂殺2]]》。由[[Rockstar Games]]出品。
* [[X-Plane]]（[[飛行模擬器|飛行模擬軟體]]）——由[[Laminar Research]]推出。從X-Plane 11開始支援，X-Plane 12作為默認渲染方式

=== 游戏引擎 ===
* [[Source引擎|Source 2]]——2015年3月由Valve公司发布<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/3/3/8145273/valve-source-2-announcement-free-developers|title=Valve announces Source 2 engine, free for developers|accessdate=2017-03-17|date=2015-03-03|work=Polygon|archive-date=2015-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305093315/http://www.polygon.com/2015/3/3/8145273/valve-source-2-announcement-free-developers|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/04/gdc-2015-valve-announces-source-2-engine|title=GDC 2015: Valve Announces Source 2 Engine|accessdate=2017-03-17|date=2015-03-03|last=Mahardy|first=Mike|work=IGN|language=en-US|archive-date=2015-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304021002/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/04/gdc-2015-valve-announces-source-2-engine|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* Serious Engine 4——2016年2月，[[Croteam]]宣布支持Vulkan API<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.croteam.com/talos-principle-will-support-vulkan-first-screenshot-released/|title=The Talos Principle will support Vulkan – first screenshot released - Croteam|date=2016-02-05|newspaper=Croteam|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412090955/http://www.croteam.com/talos-principle-will-support-vulkan-first-screenshot-released/}}</ref>
* [[虚幻引擎]]4——2016年2月Epic Games在[[三星Galaxy S7]] Unpack发布会上声明提供Vulkan支持<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bit-tech.net/news/gaming/2016/02/22/vulkan-unreal-engine-4/1|title=Epic Games adds Vulkan support to Unreal Engine 4|newspaper=bit-tech|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2017-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119111456/http://www.bit-tech.net/news/gaming/2016/02/22/vulkan-unreal-engine-4/1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/news/epic-games-unveils-protostar-at-samsung-galaxy-unpacked|title=Epic Games Unveils ProtoStar at Samsung Galaxy Unpacked|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=www.unrealengine.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810135926/https://www.unrealengine.com/news/epic-games-unveils-protostar-at-samsung-galaxy-unpacked|archive-date=2016-08-10|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* {{le|Torque 3D|}}——2016年4月，开发者社区宣称将提供Vulkan支持<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forums.torque3d.org/viewtopic.php?t=617#p5148|title=Closing in on 3.9 - Forums - Torque 3D|accessdate=2017-03-17|author=|date=|work=forums.torque3d.org|publisher=|language=en-gb|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318150639/https://forums.torque3d.org/viewtopic.php?t=617#p5148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/gamedev/comments/3nrqwe/torque_3d_38_released/cvqx7jo/|title=Torque 3D 3.8 Released! • r/gamedev|accessdate=2017-03-17|author=|date=|work=reddit|publisher=|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.reddit.com/r/gamedev/comments/3nrqwe/torque_3d_38_released/cvqx7jo/}}</ref>
* [[id Tech 3引擎]]——在2017年5月增加了對Vulkan的非正式支持<ref>{{citation|last=Kharytoniuk|first=Artem|title=GitHub - kennyalive/Quake-III-Arena-Kenny-Edition: The cradle of Quake III Arena.|date=2019-05-16|url=https://github.com/kennyalive/Quake-III-Arena-Kenny-Edition/releases/tag/v1.1|access-date=2019-05-16|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://github.com/kennyalive/Quake-III-Arena-Kenny-Edition/releases/tag/v1.1}}</ref>
* [[id Tech 4引擎]]——在2017年8月添加了非官方的Vulkan支持<ref name="idTech4-Vulkan">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/DustinHLand/vkDOOM3|title=Vulkan DOOM 3 port based on DOOM 3 BFG Edition|date=July 2018|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://github.com/DustinHLand/vkDOOM3}}</ref>
* [[id Tech 6]]——2016年5月[[id Software]]宣布运行于id Tech 6引擎的《毁灭战士》将支持Vulkan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/DOOM/status/729072597774807046|title=DOOM on Twitter|newspaper=Twitter|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024835/https://twitter.com/DOOM/status/729072597774807046}}</ref>
* id Tech 7——僅在PC上使用Vulkan
* Abyss Engine——2017年5月[[Deep Silver]]在Android上發佈了基於vulkan的浴火銀河3
* Banshee 3D——支持Vulkan的免費開放源代碼跨平台遊戲引擎
* [[CryENGINE|CryEngine]]——[[Crytek]]计划提供支持<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tweaktown.com/news/53506/directx-12-vulkan-support-way-cryengine/index.html|title=DirectX 12, Vulkan support on the way for CryEngine|date=2016-08-19|newspaper=TweakTown|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en-us|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.tweaktown.com/news/53506/directx-12-vulkan-support-way-cryengine/index.html}}</ref>
* Xenko——2016年7月加入支持<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xenko.com/blog/new-version-1-7-0/|title=Xenko Game Engine - Xenko 1.7β released!|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=xenko.com|archive-date=2019-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623211245/http://xenko.com/blog/new-version-1-7-0/}}</ref>
* Intrinsic——在[[GitHub]]上托管的开源跨平台游戏引擎<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intrinsic-engine.com/|title=Intrinsic - Open-source cross-platform graphics and game engine|accessdate=2017-03-17|work=Intrinsic|language=en-US|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027202323/http://www.intrinsic-engine.com/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Unity (游戏引擎)|Unity]]——2016年12月，[[Unity Technologies]]表示其[[Unity (游戏引擎)|Unity游戏引擎]]5.6版将支持Vulkan API；<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techreport.com/news/31116/unity-engine-adds-vulkan-support-for-a-big-performance-boost|title=Unity engine adds Vulkan support for a big performance boost|newspaper=The Tech Report|accessdate=2017-03-17|archive-date=2021-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912194631/https://techreport.com/news/31116/unity-engine-adds-vulkan-support-for-a-big-performance-boost/}}</ref>2017年3月，Unity 5.6提供正式支持<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.unity3d.com/2016/09/29/introducing-the-vulkan-renderer-preview/|title=Introducing the Vulkan renderer preview – Unity Blog|newspaper=Unity Technologies Blog|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044538/https://blogs.unity3d.com/2016/09/29/introducing-the-vulkan-renderer-preview/}}</ref>
* [[Roblox]]——自2017年3月起，Roblox支持Vulkan渲染
* [[Rockstar高級遊戲引擎]]——除DirectX12外，還完全支持Vulkan
* [[Godot]]——在2018年2月下旬，開發人員宣布將把重點改為使用OpenGL ES 2和Vulkan的組合。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://godotengine.org/article/abandoning-gles3-vulkan-and-gles2|title=Godot Engine - Moving to Vulkan (and ES 2.0) instead of OpenGL ES 3.0|last=Linietsky|first=Juan|publisher=Godot|date=2018-02-26|accessdate=2018-03-07|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617142459/https://godotengine.org/article/abandoning-gles3-vulkan-and-gles2|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* Flax Engine——於2019年4月添加Vulkan支持<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flaxengine.com/blog/flax-facts-25-vulkan/|title=Flax Facts #25 – Vulkan|date=2019-04-16|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://flaxengine.com/blog/flax-facts-25-vulkan/}}</ref>
* Apex Game Engine(來自[[雪崩工作室]])——[[狂怒煉獄2]]改用Vulkan進行渲染<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/105027/rage-2-uses-just-cause-series-engine-instead-of-idtech|title=Rage 2 Uses Just Cause Series' Engine Instead of idTech|website=Shacknews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412091000/https://www.shacknews.com/article/105027/rage-2-uses-just-cause-series-engine-instead-of-idtech}}</ref>
* Messiah Game Engine——[[網易]]與[[高通]]合作，針對Vulkan優化<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/12/07/qualcomm-and-netease-announce-collaboration-support-optimization-netease|title=Qualcomm and NetEase Announce Collaboration to Support Optimization of NetEase Games on Snapdragon 845 Flagship Mobile Platform|date=2017-12-07|website=Qualcomm|language=en|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/12/07/qualcomm-and-netease-announce-collaboration-support-optimization-netease}}</ref>

=== 开发工具 ===
* {{le|GPU PerfStudio|}} 3.6，在Windows与Linux平台上支持Vulkan<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/graphics-development/gpu-perfstudio/gpuperfstudio-vulkan-tools/|title=GPUPerfStudio Vulkan Tools - AMD|newspaper=AMD|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en-US|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129175124/http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/graphics-development/gpu-perfstudio/gpuperfstudio-vulkan-tools/|archivedate=2017-01-29}}</ref>
* {{le|GTK+ Scene Graph Kit|}}，作为[[GTK+]] 3.90的一个组件于2017年3月发布<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://git.gnome.org/browse/gtk+/log/gsk/gskvulkanrenderer.c|title=gskvulkanrenderer.c - gtk+ - Multi-platform toolkit|accessdate=2017-03-17|author=|date=|work=git.gnome.org|publisher=|language=en}}</ref>

=== 操作系统组件 ===
Vulkan[[視窗系統|视窗系统]]接口（Window System Interface，WSI）的作用类似于[[OpenGL ES]]的{{le|EGL|}}。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.collabora.com/about-us/blog/2016/02/16/vulkan-1.0-specification-released-with-day-one-support-for-wayland/|title=Vulkan 1.0 specification released with day-one support for Wayland|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Collabora - Open Source Consulting|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004927/https://www.collabora.com/about-us/blog/2016/02/16/vulkan-1.0-specification-released-with-day-one-support-for-wayland/}}</ref>EGL能使OpenGL ES程序跟原生视窗系统相通，并控制{{le|上下文管理|Context management}}、[[緩衝器|缓冲器]]绑定与[[渲染]]同步等。

== 兼容性 ==
初版Vulkan规范指出，Vulkan能在支持OpenGL ES 3.1或OpenGL 4.x及更高版本的显卡上运行。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/overview/vulkan-overview.pdf|title=Vulkan Overview|accessdate=2015-08-18|date=June 2015|publisher=Khronos Group|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161257/https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/overview/vulkan-overview.pdf}} p. 19 "Vulkan Status"</ref>但Vulkan API本身依赖于新版显卡驱动程序，而且并非所有符合Vulkan规范的显卡都能收到厂商提供的驱动程序更新。

2016年8月22日，[[Google]]发布的[[Android Nougat]]（Android 7.x）提供对Vulkan的支持。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2015/08/low-overhead-rendering-with-vulkan.html|title=Low-overhead rendering with Vulkan - Android Developers Blog|accessdate=2017-03-17|author=|date=2015-08-10|last=Developers|first=Android|work=Low-overhead rendering with Vulkan - Android Developers Blog|publisher=|archive-date=2016-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041652/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2015/08/low-overhead-rendering-with-vulkan.html}}</ref>

苹果公司没有对iOS和macOS提供官方Vulkan支持，而Molten公司开发的MoltenVK运行于苹果[[Metal (API)|Metal API]]，提供Vulkan第三方支持。<ref name=":1" />

== 参见 ==
* [[OpenGL]]，科納斯組織的另一个图形API
* [[OpenCL]]，科納斯組織的一个[[异构计算]]框架
* [[Mantle (API)|Mantle]]，AMD的底层图形与计算API，Vulkan的前身
* [[Direct3D]]，Windows和Xbox专有的图形API
* [[Metal (API)|Metal]]，iOS和macOS的一个底层图形与计算API

==參考資料==
{{reflist|30em}}

== 外部链接 ==
* [https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.0/html/vkspec.html Vulkan 1.0规范] {{Wayback|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.0/html/vkspec.html |date=20220412082129 }}
* [https://vulkan.gpuinfo.org/ Vulkan硬件支持数据库] {{Wayback|url=http://vulkan.gpuinfo.org/ |date=20220511024832 }}

{{Khronos Group standards}}

[[Category:應用程式接口]]
[[Category:跨平台軟體]]
[[Category:繪圖函式庫]]
[[Category:電子遊戲研發]]
[[Category:虛擬現實]]
[[Category:2015年软件]]
[[Category:3D圖形應用程式介面]]
[[Category:自由软件]]