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{{Other uses|subject=第119号元素Uue|other=-{zh-cn:文件扩展名;zh-tw:檔案副檔名}-“uue”|Uuencode}} {{CJK-New-Char|9FEB}} {{elementbox |name=Uue |enname=Ununennium |number=119 |symbol=Uue |left=[[鿫|-{zh-hans:{{僻字|鿫|⿹气奥}}; zh-hant:{{僻字|鿫|⿹气奧}};}-]] |right=[[Ubn]] |above=[[鍅]] |below=(Uhe) |series=未知 |predicted series=鹼金屬 |series comment=可能為[[鹼金屬]] |group=1 |period=8 |block=s |phase color= |appearance= |image name= |image size= |image name comment= |image name 2= |image size 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=[315]（预测）<ref name=Fricke1971/> |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Og]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> 8s<sup>1</sup>（預測<ref name=Haire/>） |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 1（預測） |physical properties=未知 |phase=液體 |phase comment=（有可能為[[固體]]）<ref name=Haire/> |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=3（預測）<ref name=Haire/> |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3nrt 3= |density gpcm3mp= |melting point K=273–303 |melting point C=0–30 |melting point F=32–86（預測）<ref name=Haire/> |melting point pressure= |sublimation point K= |sublimation point C= |sublimation point F= |sublimation point pressure= |boiling point K=903 |boiling point C=630 |boiling point F=1166（预测）<ref name="Fricke1971">{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=B. |last2=Waber |first2=J. T. |year=1971 |title=Theoretical Predictions of the Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |journal=Actinides Reviews |volume=1 |pages=433–485 |url=http://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2008100124269/1/Fricke_theoretical_1971.pdf |access-date=2013-08-07 |language=en |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040631/https://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2008100124269/1/Fricke_theoretical_1971.pdf }}</ref> |boiling point pressure= |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |triple point K 2= |triple point kPa 2= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=2.01–2.05（外推）<ref name="B&K"/> |heat fusion 2= |heat fusion pressure= |heat vaporization= |heat vaporization pressure= |heat capacity= |heat capacity pressure= |vapor pressure 1= |vapor pressure 10= |vapor pressure 100= |vapor pressure 1 k= |vapor pressure 10 k= |vapor pressure 100 k= |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=面心立方 |crystal structure comment=外推 |crystal structure ref=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seaborg |first1=Glenn T. |date=1969 |title=Prospects for further considerable extension of the periodic table |url=http://www.chymist.com/Extending%20the%20Periodic%20Table.pdf |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=626–634 |doi=10.1021/ed046p626 |access-date=2018-02-22 |bibcode=1969JChEd..46..626S |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203707/http://www.chymist.com/Extending%20the%20Periodic%20Table.pdf }}</ref> |oxidation states='''+1'''、+3、+5 |oxidation states comment=預測<ref name=Haire>{{cite book| title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last=Morss| editor2-first=Norman M.| editor2-last=Edelstein| editor3-last=Fuger| editor3-first=Jean| last1=Hoffman| first1=Darleane C.| last2=Lee| first2=Diana M.| last3=Pershina| first3=Valeria| chapter=Transactinides and the future elements| publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]| year=2006| isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5| location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition=3rd| ref=CITEREFHaire2006|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Cao>{{cite journal |last1=Cao |first1=Chang-Su |last2=Hu |first2=Han-Shi |last3=Schwarz |first3=W. H. Eugen |last4=Li |first4=Jun |date=2022 |title=Periodic Law of Chemistry Overturns for Superheavy Elements |type=preprint |url=https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/63730be974b7b6d84cfdda35 |journal=[[ChemRxiv]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-l798p |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> |electronegativity=0.86（预测）<ref name=Pershina>{{cite journal |last=Pershina |first=V. |last2=Borschevsky |first2=A. |last3=Anton |first3=J. |date=2012-02-20 |title=Fully relativistic study of intermetallic dimers of group-1 elements K through element 119 and prediction of their adsorption on noble metal surfaces |journal=Chemical Physics |publisher=Elsevier |volume=395 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.04.017|bibcode=2012CP....395...87P |language=en}}<br />这个参考资料给出的马利肯电负性标度是2.72，通过公式χ<sub>P</sub> = 1.35χ<sub>M</sub><sup>1/2</sup> − 1.37转换成鲍林标度</ref> |number of ionization energies=2 |1st ionization energy=463.1 |2nd ionization energy=1698.1（预测）{{Fricke1975}} |3rd ionization energy= |atomic radius=240（預測）<ref name="Haire"/> |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=263-281（外推）<ref name="B&K">{{cite journal |last1=Bonchev |first1=Danail |last2=Kamenska |first2=Verginia |year=1981 |title=Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1186 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/j150609a021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657207_Predicting_the_properties_of_the_113_to_120_transactinide_elements |language=en |access-date=2021-12-01 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124916/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657207_Predicting_the_properties_of_the_113_to_120_transactinide_elements }}</ref> |Van der Waals radius= |magnetic ordering= |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity= |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Tensile strength= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number= }} '''Ununennium'''（[[化學符號]]為'''Uue'''）是一種尚未被發現的[[化學元素]]，[[原子序數]]是119。直到这个元素被发现、确认并确定了永久名称之前，Ununennium和Uue分别为这个元素的暂时[[IUPAC元素系统命名法|系统命名和化学符号]]。在[[扩展元素周期表]]裡，Uue预测是[[s区元素]]和[[碱金属]]，也是第一个[[第8週期元素]]。它是目前最轻的未发现元素。 日本的[[理化学研究所]]自2018年开始尝试合成该元素，[[俄罗斯]][[杜布纳联合原子核研究所]]则计划于2026年起开始尝试。兰州重离子研究装置也有计划尝试合成Uue。理论和实验证据表明，Uue等第8週期元素的合成很可能比之前的元素要困难得多。 Uue预测是第七种碱金属，性质应与较轻的碱金属相似。不过，[[相对论量子化学|相对论效应]]可能会导致Uue的某些性质与直接用[[元素周期律]]推测的性质不同。举个例子，Uue预测会比[[铯]]、[[钫]]更不活泼，反应性更接近[[钾]]、[[铷]]。此外，Uue除了会有碱金属特征性的+1[[氧化态]]外，也有學者预测它能形成其它碱金属都未知的+3和+5氧化态。 ==概论== {{Excerpt|超重元素|概论|subsections=yes}} ==历史== ===尝试合成=== ====以前==== 114至118号元素（[[鈇]]至[[鿫]]）皆由位于俄罗斯[[杜布纳]]的[[杜布纳联合原子核研究所]]（JINR）通过热聚变反应发现，反应涉及用几乎稳定、富有中子的[[钙-48]]轰击从[[钚]]至[[锎]]的元素，合成有更多中子的超重元素。<ref name="Folden" />不过，119号元素无法轻易用此类反应合成，因为这需要用钙-48轰击[[锿]]元素。反应需要几十毫克的锿，但目前只能合成几微克的锿。<ref name=usprogram/>1985年，科学家在加州伯克利的superHILAC加速器通过用[[钙-48]]离子轰击不足一微克的锿-254，首次尝试合成Uue，结果失败。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lougheed |first1=R. |last2=Landrum |first2=J. |last3=Hulet |first3=E. |last4=Wild |first4=J. |last5=Dougan |first5=R. |last6=Dougan |first6=A. |last7=Gäggeler |first7=H. |last8=Schädel |first8=M. |last9=Moody |first9=K. |display-authors=3 |date=3 June 1985 |title=Search for superheavy elements using the {{sup|48}}Ca + {{sup|254}}Es{{sup|g}} reaction |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |journal=Physical Review C |publication-date=1 November 1985 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1760–1763 |bibcode=1985PhRvC..32.1760L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |pmid=9953034 |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330005749/https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |url-status=live }}</ref> :{{nuclide|einsteinium|254}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|302}}* → 没有原子 对于更重的超重元素，更实际的合成反应需要使用比{{sup|48}}Ca重的发射体，<ref name="Folden">{{cite journal |last1=Folden III |first1=C. M. |last2=Mayorov |first2=D. A. |last3=Werke |first3=T. A. |last4=Alfonso |first4=M. C. |last5=Bennett |first5=M. E. |last6=DeVanzo |first6=M. J. |display-authors=2 |year=2013 |title=Prospects for the discovery of the next new element: Influence of projectiles with ''Z'' > 20 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd |volume=420 |issue=1 |at=012007 |arxiv=1209.0498 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2007F |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |s2cid=119275964 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211112/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |url-status=live }}</ref>但这会使得反应更对称，<ref name=search/>更难成功。<ref name=usprogram/>由于反应[[截面 (物理)|截面]]降低，合成的同位素的[[半衰期]]也预测极短，{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}只有几微秒，<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann">{{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Sigurd |editor1-first=Walter |editor1-last=Greiner |date=2013 |title=Overview and Perspectives of SHE Research at GSI SHIP |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00047-3 |isbn=978-3-319-00046-6 |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1551965 |language=en |access-date=2021-12-02 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211124/http://cds.cern.ch/record/1551965 }}</ref>119号元素的合成将突破当前技术的极限。 从2012年4月到9月，德国[[达姆施塔特]]的[[亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心]]（GSI）通过用[[钛]]-50轰击[[锫]]-249，尝试合成<sup>295</sup>Uue和<sup>296</sup>Uue。<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line] {{Wayback|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 |date=20170523091850 }}, [[The Economist]], May 12, 2012.</ref><ref name="Khuyagbaatar">[http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop2/&Khuyagbaatar.pdf Superheavy Element Search Campaign at TASCA] {{Wayback|url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop2/%26Khuyagbaatar.pdf |date=20160304082115 }}. J. Khuyagbaatar</ref>由于<sup>249</sup>Bk和<sup>50</sup>Ti的反应在可以实际运行的反应中最不对称，{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}它最有可能合成出119号元素。<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />而且，锫-249会衰变成下一个元素[[锎]]-249，半衰期只有短短的327天，所以反应可以同时尝试合成119和120号元素。<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |display-authors=etal |date=2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |at=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203725/https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf }}</ref>由于Uue的半衰期预计较短，GSI团队使用了能够在微秒内记录衰变事件的新型快速电子设备。<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} :{{nuclide|berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|titanium|50}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → 没有原子 :{{nuclide|californium|249}} + {{nuclide|titanium|50}} → {{nuclide|unbinilium|299}}* → 没有原子 反应没发现119或120号元素。<ref name="Yakushev">{{cite web | url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | title=Superheavy Element Research at TASCA | access-date=2024-01-26 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082617/http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="search"/>这个实验原本会持续到2012年11月，<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration|access-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>但实验人员把发射体改成<sup>48</sup>Ca以确认[[鿬]]的发现，提早结束实验。<ref name="Yakushev" /> ====现在==== [[File:Curium oxide targets.jpg|thumb|RIKEN尝试合成Uue时所用的[[氧化锔]]-248目标<ref name=nelson/>]] 2018年1月，位于日本埼玉县[[和光市]]的[[理化学研究所]]（RIKEN）团队在开始用[[钒]]-51（<sup>51</sup>V）轰击[[锔]]-248（<sup>248</sup>Cm）目标来合成Uue。<ref name=sakai22/>由于较重的锫或[[锎]]难以制备，他们选择了锔来作为目标。<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=2019-02-27 |website=infn.it |access-date=2019-12-17 |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203724/http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf }}</ref>[[橡树岭国家实验室]]提供反应中的<sup>248</sup>Cm目标，RIKEN则研发高能钒离子束。<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=2022-10-25 |website=osti.gov |publisher= |access-date=2022-11-13 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 |quote= |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104831/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1896856 |url-status=live }}</ref>RIKEN最初在回旋加速器开始实验，2020年完成直线粒子加速器的升级后也用以合成Uue。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title=Greeting | RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=2020-04-01|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai|access-date=2021-03-05|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202084613/https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>两台机器不断运作，直至观测到第一次事件。<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |date=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9 |pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it." |access-date=2019-08-23 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412102259/https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sakai" />RIKEN团队的尝试会由[[天皇]]资助。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=2018-02-13 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=2019-06-28 |language=en |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan’s emperor is bankrolling Riken’s efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row. |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720192510/https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article }}</ref> :{{nuclide|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|vanadium|51}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → 还没有原子 产生的Uue同位素预计会经两次α衰变衰变成已知的[[镆]]同位素<sup>287</sup>Mc和<sup>288</sup>Mc。在这之后已知会发生五或六次α衰变事件，可以此证实它们的发现。<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=2022-12-09 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S }}</ref><ref name=Mc2022>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope {{sup|286}}Mc produced in the {{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|48}}Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |article-number=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 截至2023年9月，RIKEN团队已尝试{{sup|248}}Cm+{{sup|51}}V反应长达462天。RIKEN的报告称虽然{{sup|248}}Cm+{{sup|51}}V反应预测不如{{sup|249}}Bk+{{sup|50}}Ti反应，但出于锔更易获得的因素选择前者。{{sup|249}}Bk+{{sup|50}}Ti反应更优是因为{{sup|50}}Ti发射体更靠近双幻数原子核{{sup|48}}Ca。此外，{{sup|50}}Ti的原子序为偶数（22），而涉及偶数原子序发射体的反应截面通常更高。<ref name=report/>尽管如此，{{sup|249}}Bk的短半衰期是该反应的弱点。<ref name=nelson/>报告也指出如果该反应未发现Uue原子，截面确认低于5 fb，那么RIKEN团队会在继续尝试反应前重估实验策略。<ref name=report>{{cite web |url=https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |title=RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee Report |last= |first= |date=2023-09-07 |website=riken.jp |publisher=Riken |access-date=2024-04-11 |quote= |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924105317/https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{As of|2024|8}}，RIKEN团队仍全天候尝试该反应。<ref name=nelson>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Felicity |date=2024-08-15 |title=How Japan Took the Lead in the Race to Discover Element 119 |journal=ACS Central Science |volume= 10|issue= 9|pages= 1669–1673|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |doi-access=free |pmid=39507239 |pmc=11539895 }}</ref> ====计划中==== JINR有计划合成Uue。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |title=JINR presented largest Periodic Table to Dubna |author=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=24 July 2021 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924083007/http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |url-status=live }}</ref>2023年尾，JINR报道首次用比{{sup|48}}Ca重的发射体成功合成超重元素的案例。他们用[[铬的同位素|{{sup|54}}Cr]]轰击[[铀-238|{{sup|238}}U]]，得到116号元素[[鉝]]的新同位素[[鉝的同位素|{{sup|288}}Lv]]。该实验旨在测量涉及{{sup|54}}Cr发射体的反应截面，为120号元素的合成做准备，而实验中成功合成超重元素则属意外之喜。<ref name=Lv288>{{cite news |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |title=В ЛЯР ОИЯИ впервые в мире синтезирован ливерморий-288 |trans-title=Livermorium-288 was synthesized for the first time in the world at FLNR JINR |language=ru |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303145516/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |url-status=live }}</ref>JINR也有提到未来会使用{{sup|54}}Cr轰击[[镅-243|{{sup|243}}Am]]，尝试合成Uue。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |title=Superheavy Element Factory: overview of obtained results |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=7 December 2023 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104859/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref>2026年2月，JINR的[[尤里·奥加涅相]]称合成Uue的实验应该会在2026年开始。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-oiyai-podveli-itogi-139-j-sessii-uchenogo-soveta/ |title=В ОИЯИ подвели итоги 139-й сессии Ученого совета |quote=Научную программу первого дня сессии завершил доклад научного руководителя Лаборатории ядерных реакций имени Г. Н. Флерова Юрия Оганесяна «На пути к синтезу 119-го элемента». В своем выступлении он представил анализ текущего состояния работ по синтезу сверхтяжелых элементов и перспектив расширения периодической таблицы Менделеева. Академик Оганесян рассказал о подготовке к новому эксперименту и о вызовах, стоящих перед учеными. «Этот эксперимент принципиален: он даст ответ, есть ли путь к еще более тяжелым элементам, или же мы уже достигли предела. Теории пока не дают однозначного ответа, поэтому решающее слово остается за экспериментом, который должен начаться уже в этом году», — подчеркнул Юрий Цолакович. |language=ru |date=20 February 2026 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=22 February 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[中国科学院]]{{le|近代物理中心|Institute of Modern Physics}}的[[兰州]]重离子研究装置（HIRFL）也有计划尝试{{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|54}}Cr反应。<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Chang|last1=Geng|first2=Peng-Hui|last2=Chen|first3=Fei|last3=Niu|first4=Zu-Xing|last4=Yang|first5=Xiang-Hua|last5=Zeng|first6=Zhao-Qing|last6=Feng|date=23 February 2024|title=Assessing the Impact of Nuclear Mass Models on the Prediction of Synthesis Cross Sections for Superheavy Elements|journal=Physical Review C |volume=109 |issue=5 |article-number=054611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054611 |arxiv=2402.15304v1|bibcode=2024PhRvC.109e4611G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Z. G. |last2=Huang |first2=W. X. |last3=Zhang |first3=Z. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Xu |first5=H. S. |date=2022 |title=Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS |url= |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=158 |article-number=158 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..158G }}</ref> ===命名=== 依照[[门捷列夫对化学元素的预测|门捷列夫对有待命名或尚未发现的元素的命名法]]，119号元素应名为类钫（{{langx|en|eka-francium}}）。1979年，IUPAC推出用于提供临时名称及代用元素符号的[[IUPAC元素系统命名法|元素系统命名法]]。根据这套命名法，119号元素应称为{{lang|en|ununennium}}，化学符号Uue。<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal|author=Chatt, J.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|date=1979|volume=51|pages=381–384|title=Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100|doi=10.1351/pac197951020381|issue=2|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref>尽管各级化学教科书都广泛使用IUPAC的命名，但行内的科学家却一般直接称它为“119号元素”，化学符号E119、(119)或119。<ref name="Haire" /> == 预测性质 == ===核稳定性和同位素=== [[File:Island of Stability derived from Zagrebaev.svg|class=|center|thumb|upright=2.8|alt=A 2D graph with rectangular cells colored in black-and-white colors, spanning from the llc to the urc, with cells mostly becoming lighter closer to the latter|杜布纳团队于2010年使用的一张核素图，已表征的同位素有边框。118号元素（鿫，已知原子序最高的元素）之后预计将迅速进入不稳定区域。圈起来的部分包含稳定岛预测的位置。{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}]] [[File:Next proton shell.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[角量子数]]高的轨道能量变高，导致[[钅夫|114号元素]]处应有的质子闭壳层消失（如左侧未考虑此现象的图像所示）。此现象会使下一个质子闭壳层出现在[[Ubn|120号元素]]处（如右图所示），119和120号元素的半衰期可能因此有所提升<ref name="Kratz"/>]] 82号元素[[铅]]之后的元素都有放射性，<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Marcillac |first1=Pierre |last2=Coron |first2=Noël |last3=Dambier |first3=Gérard |last4=Leblanc |first4=Jacques |last5=Moalic |first5=Jean-Pierre |display-authors=3 |date=2003 |title=Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-04-24_422_6934/page/876 |journal=Nature |volume=422 |pages=876–878 |pmid=12712201 |doi=10.1038/nature01541 |issue=6934 |bibcode=2003Natur.422..876D |s2cid=4415582 |language=en}}</ref>原子核的稳定性在96号元素[[锔]]之后迅速下降，之后的元素的半衰期比锔低了四个数量级，101号元素[[钔]]之后的元素的半衰期更是短于30个小时。{{NUBASE2020|ref}}尽管如此，由于尚未完全了解的原因，在原子序[[钅达|110]]至[[钅夫|114]]周围的原子核的稳定性略微增加，这导致了核物理学中所谓的“[[稳定岛]]”的出现。[[加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校]]的[[格伦·西奥多·西博格]]教授提出的这个概念解释了为什么超重元素的半衰期比预测的要长。<ref>{{cite book |title=Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/vannostrandsscie0001unse_b2u7 |first1=Glenn D. |last1=Considine |first2=Peter H. |last2=Kulik |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |date=2002 |edition=9th |isbn=978-0-471-33230-5 |oclc=223349096 |language=en}}</ref> <sup>291–307</sup>Uue预测的α衰变半衰期都是微秒级别的，其中<sup>294</sup>Uue的α衰变半衰期最长，预测约485微秒。<ref name="npa07">{{cite journal|journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=789|issue=1–4|pages=142–154|title=Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements|author=Chowdhury, P. Roy|author2=Samanta, C. |author3=Basu, D. N. |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001 |bibcode=2007NuPhA.789..142S |arxiv=nucl-th/0703086 |year=2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.264.8177 |s2cid=7496348|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |volume=77 |issue=4 |at=044603 |title=Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability |author=Chowdhury, P. Roy |author2=Samanta, C. |author3=Basu, D. N. |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603 |bibcode=2008PhRvC..77d4603C |arxiv=0802.3837 |year=2008 |s2cid=119207807|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables|volume=94|issue=6 |pages=781–806|title=Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 |author=Chowdhury, P. Roy |author2=Samanta, C. |author3=Basu, D. N. |doi=10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003 |bibcode=2008ADNDT..94..781C |arxiv=0802.4161 |year=2008|language=en}}</ref>不过如果算上所有的衰变方式，它们的半衰期预测只剩几十微秒。<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann" />更重的同位素应该会更稳定。1971年，Fricke和Waber预测<sup>315</sup>Uue是Uue最稳定的同位素。<ref name="Fricke1971" />这会对Uue的合成产生影响，因为半衰期低于一微秒的同位素会在到达探测器之前衰变，而较重的同位素无法通过任何已知可用目标和发射体的碰撞来合成。<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann" />然而，新的理论模型表明，[[核壳层模型|质子轨道]]2f<sub>7/2</sub>（会在114号元素时填充）和2f<sub>5/2</sub>（会在120号元素时填充）之间的能量差距比预期的要小，使得114号元素不再是稳定的球形封闭原子核，而这个能隙可能会增加119和120号元素的稳定性。下一个有双[[幻数]]的原子核预计在122号元素<sup>306</sup>[[Ubb]]周围，但是该核素预期的短半衰期和低[[截面 (物理)|截面]]使其合成更困难。<ref name="Kratz">{{cite conference |last1=Kratz |first1=J. V. |date=2011-09-05 |title=The Impact of Superheavy Elements on the Chemical and Physical Sciences |url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf |conference=4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements |access-date=2013-08-27 |language=en |archive-date=2017-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106190703/http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf }}</ref> 未来最有可能合成的同位素是<sup>293</sup>Uue至<sup>296</sup>Uue，可由<sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>54</sup>Cr、<sup>248</sup>Cm+<sup>51</sup>V和<sup>249</sup>Bk+<sup>50</sup>Ti反应产生。<ref name=jinr2024>{{Cite web |url=https://indico.jinr.ru/event/4343/contributions/28663/attachments/20748/36083/U%20+%20Cr%20AYSS%202024.pptx |title=Synthesis and study of the decay properties of isotopes of superheavy element Lv in Reactions <sup>238</sup>U + <sup>54</sup>Cr and <sup>242</sup>Pu + <sup>50</sup>Ti |last=Ibadullayev |first=Dastan |date=2024 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=2026-04-03 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Chen | first1=Fang-Yu | last2=Li | first2=Jia-Xing | last3=Zhang | first3=Hong-Fei | title=Theoretical study of optimal synthesis conditions for superheavy element Z = 119<sup>*</sup> | journal=Chinese Physics C | volume=49 | issue=6 | date=2025-06-01 | issn=1674-1137 | doi=10.1088/1674-1137/adbe3e | page=064107 }}</ref> ===原子和物理性质=== Uue作为第一个[[第8周期元素]]，预测会是碱金属，在元素周期表中位于[[锂]]、[[钠]]、[[钾]]、[[铷]]、[[铯]]和[[钫]]之下。碱金属最外层的[[s轨道]]中都有一个[[价电子]]（价电子排布''n''s<sup>1</sup>），在化学反应中可以轻易失去，形成+1[[氧化态]]，因此[[反应性]]很高。Uue预计会延续这个趋势，价电子的排布为8s<sup>1</sup>，因此Uue的行为预计很像它的较轻的[[同类物]]。然而据预测，它在某些特性上与较轻的碱金属不同。<ref name="Haire" /> Uue和其它碱金属有不同之处的主要原因是[[自旋-轨道作用]]——电子运动与[[自旋]]之间的相互作用。自旋-轨道作用对于超重元素尤其强烈，因为它们的电子比轻原子中的电子移动得更快，速度与[[光速]]相当。<ref name="Thayer" />在Uue原子中，7p和8s电子能级下降，对应的电子变得稳定，但有两个7p电子能级要比其它四个更稳定。<ref name="Faegri">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fægri Jr. | first1 = Knut | last2 = Saue | first2 = Trond | doi = 10.1063/1.1385366 | title = Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 115 | issue = 6 | pages = 2456 | year = 2001 |bibcode = 2001JChPh.115.2456F |language=en}}</ref>这个效应被称为亚层分裂，因为它将7p亚层分裂成更稳定和更不稳定的部分。计算化学家将这种分裂理解为[[角量子数]] ''l'' 从1分裂成1/2和3/2，分别为7p亚层较稳定和较不稳定的部分。<ref name="Thayer" />{{efn|量子数对应于电子轨道名称中的字母：0为s、1为p、2为d等。更多信息请参见[[角量子数]]。}}因此，Uue外层的8s电子变得稳定，会比预期更难移除，而7p<sub>3/2</sub>电子则变得不稳定，可能允许它们参与化学反应。<ref name="Haire" />最外层s轨道（在钫中就已经很重要）的这种稳定性是影响Uue的化学性质的关键因素，并会导致碱金属的原子和分子性质的所有趋势在铯之后反转。<ref name="Pershina" /> {| align="center" |- | valign=bottom | [[File:Atomic radius of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|none|upright=1.2|从[[第3周期元素|第3]]至[[第9周期元素|第9周期]]的碱金属和碱土金属的原子半径的[[经验证据|实测值]]（Na–Cs，Mg–Ra）和预测值（Fr–Uhp，Ubn–Uhh），单位为[[埃格斯特朗]]。<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="pyykko" />]] | valign=bottom | [[File:Electron affinity of alkali metals.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|none|upright=1.2|从第3到[[第8周期元素|第8周期]]的碱金属的[[电子亲和能]]的实测值（Na–Cs）、半实测值（Fr）和预测值（Uue），单位为[[电子伏特]]。<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="pyykko" />电子亲和能从Li到Cs一直下降，但Fr的{{val|492|10|u=meV}}比Cs的电子亲和能高了20 meV，而Uue的电子亲和能更高，达到662 meV。<ref name="Landau">{{cite journal |last1=Landau |first1=Arie |last2=Eliav |first2=Ephraim |first3=Yasuyuki |last3=Ishikawa |first4=Uzi |last4=Kador |date=2001-05-25 |title=Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234859102 |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=2389–2392 |doi=10.1063/1.1386413 |access-date=2015-09-15|bibcode=2001JChPh.115.2389L |language=en}}</ref>]] | valign=bottom | [[File:Ionization energy of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|none |upright=1.25|从第3到第9周期的碱金属和碱土金属的第一电离能的实测值（Na–Fr，Mg–Ra）和预测值（Uue–Uhp，Ubn–Uhh），单位为电子伏特。<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="pyykko">{{Cite journal|last1=Pyykkö|first1=Pekka|title=A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions|journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics|volume=13|issue=1|pages=161–168|date=2011|pmid=20967377|doi=10.1039/c0cp01575j|bibcode=2011PCCP...13..161P|s2cid=31590563|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a0ec522315904230d171353561d53f24d17dcfad|language=en|access-date=2021-12-04|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019202250/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-suggested-periodic-table-up-to-Z%E2%89%A4-172%2C-based-on-Pyykk%C3%B6/a0ec522315904230d171353561d53f24d17dcfad}}</ref>]] |} 由于外层的8s电子变得稳定，Uue的第一[[电离能]]（从电中性原子中移除一个电子所需的能量）预测为4.53 eV，比钾之后的所有碱金属都高，甚至比121号元素Ubu的4.45 eV都高。因此，第8周期的碱金属Uue不是整个周期电离能最低的，这和之前的所有周期不同。<ref name="Haire" />Uue的[[电子亲和能]]预计远大于铯和钫。它的电子亲和能比所有更轻的碱金属都高，为0.662 eV，接近于[[钴]]（0.662 eV）和[[铬]]（0.676 eV）。<ref name="Landau" />相对论效应也会导致Uue的[[极化性]]大幅下降<ref name="Haire" />到169.7 [[原子单位制|a.u.]]。<ref name="Borschevsky">{{cite journal |last1=Borschevsky |first1=A. |last2=Pershina |first2=V. |last3=Eliav |first3=E. |last4=Kaldor |first4=U. |date=2013-03-22 |title=''Ab initio'' studies of atomic properties and experimental behavior of element 119 and its lighter homologs |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=138 |issue=12 |at=124302 |doi=10.1063/1.4795433 |pmid=23556718 |bibcode=2013JChPh.138l4302B |url=http://repository.gsi.de/record/52121/files/PHN-ENNA-THEORY-08.pdf |language=en |access-date=2021-12-04 |archive-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315200718/https://repository.gsi.de/record/52121/files/PHN-ENNA-THEORY-08.pdf }}</ref>事实上，计算出来的Uue的静态偶极极化性（α<sub>''D''</sub>）很小，接近于钠。<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Lim |first1=Ivan S. |last2=Pernpointner |first2=Markus |first3=Michael |last3=Seth |first4=Jon K. |last4=Laerdahl |first5=Peter |last5=Schwerdtfeger |first6=Pavel |last6=Neogrady |first7=Miroslav |last7=Urban |date=1999 |title=Relativistic coupled-cluster static dipole polarizabilities of the alkali metals from Li to element 119 |journal=Physical Review A |volume=60 |issue=4 |at=2822 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.60.2822 |bibcode=1999PhRvA..60.2822L|language=en}}</ref> Uue的[[类氢原子]]（只有一个电子的原子）——Uue<sup>118+</sup>的电子预测会非常快地移动，使得它的质量是静止电子的1.99倍，是[[相对论效应]]的特征。作为比较，钫的类氢原子的电子质量为1.29，铯的则为1.091。<ref name="Thayer" />根据相对论的简单外推，这间接表明了Uue的[[原子半径]]会收缩<ref name="Thayer" />到只有240 [[皮米|pm]]，<ref name="Haire" />很接近铷的247 pm，而Uue的[[金属半径]]也相应降低到260 pm。<ref name="Haire" />Uue<sup>+</sup>的[[离子半径]]预测为180 pm。<ref name="Haire" /> Uue的熔点预测在0℃和30℃之间，所以在室温下可能是[[液体]]。{{Fricke1975}}人们还不知道这是否符合熔点继续降低的趋势，因为铯的熔点为28.5℃，而钫的熔点估计约为8.0℃。<ref name="L&P">{{cite book |title=Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium |url=https://archive.org/details/analyticalchemis0000unse_j5s7 |first1=Avgusta Konstantinovna |last1=Lavrukhina |first2=Aleksandr Aleksandrovich |last2=Pozdnyakov |year=1970 |publisher=Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers |others=Translated by R. Kondor |isbn=978-0-250-39923-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/analyticalchemis0000unse_j5s7/page/269 269]|language=en}}</ref>Uue的沸点预测在630℃左右，类似钫的620℃左右，它们都比铯的671℃低。<ref name="Fricke1971" /><ref name="L&P" />Uue的密度预计在3到4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>之间，符合随着族往下密度一直增加的趋势：钫的密度预测为2.48 g/cm<sup>3</sup>，而铯的密度是1.93 g/cm<sup>3</sup>。<ref name="Fricke1971" /><ref name="B&K" /><ref name="L&P" /> ===化学性质=== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;" |+ 碱金属二聚体的键长和键解离能。Fr<sub>2</sub> 和Uue<sub>2</sub>的数据都是预测值。<ref name="Liddle" /> ! 化合物 ! 键长（Å） ! 键解离能（kJ/mol） |- ! Li<sub>2</sub> | 2.673 | 101.9 |- ! Na<sub>2</sub> | 3.079 | 72.04 |- ! K<sub>2</sub> | 3.924 | 53.25 |- ! Rb<sub>2</sub> | 4.210 | 47.77 |- ! Cs<sub>2</sub> | 4.648 | 43.66 |- ! Fr<sub>2</sub> | ~4.61 | ~42.1 |- ! Uue<sub>2</sub> | ~4.27 | ~53.4 |} Uue的化学性质预测类似碱金属，<ref name="Haire" />但它的性质比起铯或钫，会更像钾<ref name="EB">{{cite web|author=Seaborg|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|title=transuranium element (chemical element)|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=c. 2006|access-date=2010-03-16|language=en|archive-date=2010-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130112151/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element}}</ref>或铷<ref name="Haire" />。这是由于相对论效应导致的，如果不存在相对论效应，[[元素周期律]]将预测Uue比铯和钫更具反应性。由于相对论效应稳定了它的价电子，增加了第一电离能，使得Uue的[[反应性]]、[[金属半径]]和[[离子半径]]降低了。<ref name="EB" />这个效应在钫中就已经出现了。<ref name="Haire" /> +1氧化态的Uue的化学性质比起钫会更像铷。另一方面，由于变得不稳定而比其它p轨道大的7p轨道，Uue<sup>+</sup>的离子半径预测大于Rb<sup>+</sup>。除了其它碱金属特征性且主要的+1氧化态以外，Uue可能也有在其它碱金属都未发现<ref name="Greenwood&Earnshaw">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw|p=28}}</ref>的+3[[氧化态]]。<ref name="Haire" />这是因为7p<sub>3/2</sub>轨道的不稳定和膨胀，导致其电子的电离能低于预期。<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Greenwood&Earnshaw" />7p{{sub|3/2}}轨道的不稳定性甚至有可能使Uue达到+5氧化态，出现于类似[SbF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}或[BrF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}的[UueF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}中。类似的钫(V)化合物[FrF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}可能存在，但目前未发现。<ref name=Cao/> 由于成键时也涉及了7p<sub>3/2</sub>电子，很多Uue的化合物都预计有很大的[[共价]]性。这个效应也在钫中出现，其中超氧化钫（FrO<sub>2</sub>）的成键中有一些6p<sub>3/2</sub>的成分。<ref name="Thayer">{{cite book |last1=Thayer |first1=John S. |editor-last1=Maria |editor-first1=Barysz |editor-last2=Ishikawa |editor-first2=Yasuyuki |title=Relativistic Methods for Chemists |volume=10 |date=2010 |pages=63–67, 81, 84 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2|chapter=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8 |series=Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics |language=en}}</ref>因此，Uue不能替代铯[[电正性]]最高的元素的地位，而它的[[电负性]]最有可能接近[[钠]]的0.93（鲍林标度）。<ref name="Pershina" />Uue<sup>+</sup>/Uue的[[标准电极电势]]预测为−2.9 V，和Fr<sup>+</sup>/Fr一样仅略微大于K<sup>+</sup>/K的−2.931 V。{{Fricke1975|name}} :{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;"" |+ MAu（M是碱金属）的键长和键解离能。除了KAu、RbAu和CsAu的键解离能以外，全部数据都是预测。<ref name="Pershina" /> ! 化合物 ! 键长（Å） ! 键解离能（kJ/mol） |- ! KAu | 2.856 | 2.75 |- ! RbAu | 2.967 | 2.48 |- ! CsAu | 3.050 | 2.53 |- ! FrAu | 3.097 | 2.75 |- ! UueAu | 3.074 | 2.44 |} 在气相中以及在非常低温下的凝聚相中，碱金属会形成以共价键键合的双原子分子。在这些M<sub>2</sub>分子里，它们的金属-金属[[键长]]从[[二锂|Li<sub>2</sub>]]到Cs<sub>2</sub>一直增加，但由于上述8s轨道的相对论效应，Uue<sub>2</sub>的键长下降。在这些分子的[[键解离能]]中有相反的趋势，其中Uue–Uue键应该比K–K键略强。<ref name="Pershina" /><ref name="Liddle">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Cameron |last2=Mountford |first2=Philip |last3=Stasch |first3=Andreas |last4=Blake |first4=Matthew P. |editor-last=Liddle |editor-first=Stephen T. |title=Molecular Metal-Metal Bonds: Compounds, Synthesis, Properties |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2015-06-22 |pages=23–24 |chapter=s-block Metal-Metal Bonds |isbn=9783527335411|language=de}}</ref>Uue的[[升华热]]（Δ''H''<sub>sub</sub>）预测为94 kJ/mol（钫的值在77 kJ/mol左右）。<ref name="Pershina" /> 由于Uue的高电子亲和能，UueF分子预计有显著的共价性。UueF中的成键主要是Uue的7p轨道和氟的2p轨道成的键，来自氟的2s轨道和Uue的8s、6d<sub>''z''<sup>2</sup></sub>和其它两个7p轨道对键的贡献较少。这和其它s区元素、[[金]]和[[汞]]的行为非常不同，它们使用s轨道（有时混合d轨道）来成键。Uue–F键因为相对论效应把7p轨道分成7p<sub>1/2</sub>和7p<sub>3/2</sub>而扩张，这和氢化物[[砹|At]]H和TsH的键扩张类似。<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Miranda |first1=P. S. |last2=Mendes |first2=A. P. S. |first3=J. S. |last3=Gomes |first4=C. N. |last4=Alves |first5=A. R. |last5=de Souza |first6=J. R. |last6=Sambrano |first7=R. |last7=Gargano |first8=L. G. M. |last8=de Macedo |date=2012 |title=Ab Initio Correlated All Electron Dirac-Fock Calculations for Eka-Francium Fluoride (E119F) |journal=Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1104–1113 |doi=10.1590/S0103-50532012000600015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262650693 |access-date=2018-01-14 |doi-access=free|language=en,pt}}</ref>Uue–Au键将会是金和碱金属之间最弱的键，但仍然稳定。通过外推，可以给出Uue的吸附焓（−Δ''H''<sub>ads</sub>）：在金上为106 kJ/mol（钫的值是136 kJ/mol）、在[[铂]]上为76 kJ/mol、在[[银]]上为63 kJ/mol，都是碱金属之中最低。这些数据表明在由[[贵金属]]制成的表面上研究Uue的[[色谱法]][[吸附]]可行。<ref name="Pershina" />Uue在[[聚四氟乙烯]]表面的[[吸附]][[焓]]预测为17.6 kJ/mol，在碱金属当中最低。这些信息对于Uue未来的化学实验非常有用。<ref name="Borschevsky" />碱金属的Δ''H''<sub>sub</sub>和−Δ''H''<sub>ads</sub>值都不成比例相关，因为它们会随着原子序数的增加而向相反的方向变化。<ref name="Pershina" /> ==注释== {{refbegin|30em}} {{notelist}} {{refend}} == 参考资料 == {{reflist|30em}} ==扩展阅读== * {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|edition=6th|oclc=48965418|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |url=https://archive.org/details/transuraniumpeop0000hoff |year=2000 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kragh|first=H.|date=2018 |title=From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation |url=https://archive.org/details/fromtransuranict0000krag|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-75813-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013 |title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years? |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=420|issue=1|at=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588|ref=harv}} ==外部連結== {{Elements.links|119}} {{擴展元素週期表|number=173|no mark=yes}} [[Category:碱金属]] [[Category:第8周期元素|8A]] [[Category:化学元素|8A]] [[Category:假想化学元素|119]]
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