编辑“︁RD-108”︁

<!--{{Другие значения/аббревиатура|РД|РД}}{{ракетный двигатель-->
{{Infobox rocket engine
| name              = РД-108
| image             = RD-108 Vostok.jpg
| caption           = [[聖彼得堡]]<!--Двигатель РД-108 «Восток» ([[Санкт-Петербург]], Музей космонавтики и ракетной техники имени [[Валентин Петрович Глушко|В. П. Глушко]]-->
| type              = [[ЖРД]]
| fuel              = [[煤油]]<!--[[керосин]]-->
| oxidizer          = [[液氧]]<!--[[жидкий кислород]]-->
| propellant        = 
| chamber           = 4主+4轉向<!--4 основные + 4 рулевые-->
| origin            = {{USSR}}、{{俄羅斯}}<!--[[СССР]]-->
<!-- Использование -->
| service           = c [[1957]] года
| used_for          = семейство ракет на базе [[Р-7]]
| parent            = [[РД-107]]
| child             = [[РД-108А]]
<!-- Производство -->
| designer          = [[动力机械科研生产联合体|OKB-456]]<!--[[Валентин Петрович Глушко|В.П. Глушко]]-->
| design_date       = [[1954]]-[[1957]]
| manufacturer      = <!--{{tsl|en|Кузнецов (компания)|Кузнецов}}<ref name=kuznetsov-products />-->{{tsl|ru|НПО «Энергомаш»}}
| man_name          = 8Д75
| production_date   = с [[1957]]
| number            = 
| variants          = 8Д75, 8Д727, 11Д512 и 14Д21 (РД-108А)<ref name="engine.space" />
<!-- Массогабаритные характеристики -->
| mass              = 
| gross_mass        = 1402 кг<ref name="engine.space" />
| empty_mass        = 1278 кг<ref name="engine.space" />
| length            = 
| width             = 
| height            = {{число|2865|мм}}<ref name="engine.space" />
| diameter          = {{число|1950|мм}}<ref name="engine.space" />
<!-- Рабочие характеристики -->
| thrust            = на ур. моря: 76 [[Тонна-сила|тс]]<ref name="engine.space" /> (745,31 [[Килоньютон|кН]])<br>
в вакууме: 96 [[Тонна-сила|тс]]<ref name="engine.space" /> (941,44 [[Килоньютон|кН]])
| isp               = 2430 м/с (на ур. моря) / 3087 м/с (в вакууме)
| burn_time         = 340 с
| cham_press        = 52 кгс/см<sup>2</sup><ref name="engine.space" />
| area_ratio        = 18,9
| of_ratio          = 2,39
| ttw_ratio         = 
| ignition          = 煙火式<!--пиротехническое-->
| control           = 轉向室液壓控制<!--гидравлическое управление рулевыми камерами-->
| power_consumption = 
| efficiency        = 
| exhaust_velocity  = 
|purpose         = 增壓發動機
|associated      = [[R-7系列火箭]]
|predecessor     = RD-105
|successor       =
}}

'''RD-108'''（'''РД-108'''）是一種[[液体火箭发动机]]。是[[RD-107]]改進型，帶有四個轉向室，用於聯盟號系列運載火箭的中央塊。<!--'''РД-108''' — [[жидкостный ракетный двигатель]], модификация [[РД-107]] с четырьмя рулевыми камерами для использования на центральных блоках [[Ракета-носитель|ракет-носителей]] семейства «[[Союз (ракета-носитель)|Союз]]».-->{{As of|2021}}，非常相似的'''RD-107A'''和'''RD-108A'''引擎也用於發射現役[[聯盟2號運載火箭]]。<ref name=npoem-engines /><!--{{As of|2021}}, very similar '''RD-107A''' and '''RD-108A''' engines are used to launch the [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1a]], and [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]], which are in active service.<ref name=npoem-engines />-->

{{TransH}}<!--2022年12月29日{{tsl|en|RD-107}}英維-->

RD-107火箭引擎是由瓦倫丁·格盧什科（Valentin Glushko）於1954年至1957年在實驗設計局（OKB-456）的指導下設計的。它使用液氧和煤油作為燃料，運行於氣體發生器循環中。與V-2火箭技術的所有後代一樣，這款引擎的渦輪機由過氧化氫催化分解產生的蒸汽驅動。蒸汽發生器使用固體F-30-P-G催化劑，這些催化劑基於覆蓋在高錳酸鉀和鈉的水溶液中的可變大小顆粒。每個引擎有四個固定的主燃燒室。RD-107還有額外的兩個噴嘴燃燒室，可以在單一平面內推力向量，以提供姿態控制。RD-108則有四個這樣的噴嘴燃燒室，用於為Blok-A階段提供完整的向量控制。單軸渦輪泵單元包括蒸汽驅動渦輪機、氧化劑泵、燃料泵和用於罐壓的氮氣發生器。<ref name=lprd-rd107 />

RD-107引擎用於Soyuz-2火箭的每個助推器中，Blok-A階段（中央第一級）使用一個RD-108引擎。

這款引擎的一個重要創新是其能夠在燃料和氧化劑之間使用可變的混合比。由於每個引擎在製造過程中存在自然變化，如果沒有主動的燃料消耗控制，每個助推器的氧氣和燃料消耗速率將不同。這可能導致在燃燒結束時有數十噸未燃燒的推進劑。這會對結構和控制權威產生巨大的應力，因為質量不平衡。因此，混合比控制系統被開發出來，以確保四個R-7助推器之間的推進劑質量同時消耗。<ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=chertok-ratpv2-p292 />

== 生產 ==
RD-107和RD-108引擎在俄羅斯薩馬拉的JSC Kuznetsov工廠生產，由NPO Energomash的Privolzhskiy分支（也被稱為Volga分支）監督。Privolzhsky分支於1958年作為OKB-456的一個分支機構成立，專門負責RD-107和RD-108引擎的製造。該分支機構的領導曾由Y.D. Solovjev（1960年前）、R.I. Zelenev（1975年前）、A.F. Udalov（1978年前）擔任，現在的領導者是A.A. Ganin。<ref name=npoem-history />

{{transF}}

== RD-108變體 ==
{{TransH}}<!--2022年12月29日{{tsl|en|RD-107}}英維-->
類似的改進使RD-108火箭引擎衍生出多個獨特版本：
* '''RD-108''' (AKA  '''8D75'''): 原始版本。<ref name=npoem-el /> 用於 [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]], [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] 和 [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]].<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-108K''' (AKA  '''8D75K'''):  [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] 8D74的改良版。用於閃電(8К78)等發射任務.<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-108ММ''' (AKA  '''8D727''' or '''8D75M'''): 比8D74K增加5%推力。<ref name=npoem-el /> 用於 [[Molniya-M]] (8К78М) 和 [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] (11A511)等任務發射。<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-118''' (AKA  '''11D512''')：結構改進版本。<ref name=npoem-el /> 用於 [[Soyuz-U]] (11А511U)等發射任務。<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-118PF''' (AKA  '''11D512PF'''): Version of the 11D5212 that run on [[Syntin]] rather than [[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]. It used selected injectors to minimize instabilities without changing constructions methods. But it required a significant number of engines produced to get injectors that complied with the stringent specifications. Used on the [[Soyuz-U2]] (11A511U2).<ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=kn-soyuzu2 />
* '''RD-108А''' (AKA  '''14D21'''): Improved version of the 11D511 with new injector design that eliminated the high frequency combustion instabilities.<ref name=npoem-el /> Used on the [[Soyuz-FG]] (11А511U-FG), [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STA]] (372RN21A) and [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-STB]] (372RN21B).<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-108А''' (AKA  '''14D21KhZ'''): Chemical ignited version of the 14D22. Used on the [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1a]] (14A14-1A) and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1b]] (14A14-1B).<ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=rsw-soyuz2 />

Work on the 14D21 and 14D22 engines started in 1986, with a preliminary design completed in 1993. These engines incorporate a new injector head design to increase [[specific impulse]]. The first launch of a [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] cargo spacecraft using a launch vehicle equipped with these engines took place in May 2001. The first [[human spaceflight]] launch utilizing these engines took place in October 2002.<ref name=npoem-rd107 />

{{TransF}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ RD-108 family of engines
|-
! Engine
! RD-108
! RD-108K
! RD-108ММ
! RD-118
! RD-118PF
! RD-108A
! RD-108A
|-
! 索引<!--индекс-->
| 8D75 || 8D75K || 8D727 or 8D75M || 11D512 || 11D512PF<ref name=kn-soyuzu2 /> || 14D21 || 14D21KhZ
|-
! 發展<!--Development-->
| 1954-1959 ||  || 1965-1976 || 1969-1975 || 1979-1981 || 1993-2001 || 2001-2004
|-
! 發動機循環<!--Engine cycle-->
|colspan="7" style="text-align: center;"| [[液体火箭发动机]]在[[氣體發生器循環]]燃燒{{tsl|en|RP-1|火箭推進劑-1}}/[[液氧]][[催化|催化]]分解[[過氧化氫|H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]]產生的蒸汽驅動渦輪循環<!--[[Liquid-propellant rocket|Liquid propellant]] [[rocket engine]] burning [[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]/[[LOX]] in a [[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|gas generator]] cycle with the turbine driven by steam generated by [[Catalysis|catalytic]] decomposition of [[Hydrogen peroxide|H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]]-->
|-
! 推進劑<!--Propellant-->
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| [[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]/[[LOX]] || [[Syntin]]/[[LOX]]<ref name=kn-soyuzu2 /> ||colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| [[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]/[[LOX]]
|-
! 燃燒室壓力<!--Combustion chamber pressure-->
|{{convert|5.10|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.10|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.32|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.85|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.39|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.44|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.44|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 海平面推力<!--Thrust, sea level-->
|{{convert|745.33|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|745.33|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|676.68|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|818.88|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || Unknown || {{convert|792.41|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|792.41|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
|-
! 真空推力<!--Thrust, vacuum-->
|{{convert|941.47|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|941.47|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|833.60|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1000.31|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || Unknown || {{convert|921.86|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|921.86|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
|-
! 海平面比衝<!--Specific impulse, sea level-->
|{{convert|248|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|248.2|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|253|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|257|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|263.5|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|257.7|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|257.7|isp|abbr=on}}
|-
! 真空比衝<!--Specific impulse, vacuum-->
|{{convert|315|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|314.2|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|316|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|314|isp|abbr=on}} || Unknown || {{convert|320.6|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|320.6|isp|abbr=on}}
|-
! 高度<!--Height-->
|{{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
! 直徑<!--Diameter-->
|{{convert|1950|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1950|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1950|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1950|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1950	|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1950|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1950|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
<!--
! Intended use
| [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]], [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] and [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]] || [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] (8К78) || [[Molniya-M]] (8К78М) and [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] (11A511) || [[Soyuz-U]] (11А511U) || [[Soyuz-U2]] (11A511U2) || [[Soyuz-FG]] (11А511U-FG), [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STA]] (372RN21A) and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STB]] (372RN21B) || [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1a]] (14A14-1A) and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1b]] (14A14-1B)
|-
-->
! 狀態<!--Status-->
| 退休 || 退休 || 退休 || 退休 || 生產中 || 生產中
<!--
| Retired || Retired || Retired || Retired || In production || In production
-->
|-
! 參考
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;"| 除非另有說明：<!--Unless otherwise noted:--><ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=npoem-el />
|}

== 參考 ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="engine.space">{{Cite web |title=РД-107/108 |url=http://engine.space/dejatelnost/engines/rd-107-108/ |publisher=[[НПО «Энергомаш»]] |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003032/http://engine.space/dejatelnost/engines/rd-107-108/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=chertok-ratpv2-p292>{{cite book |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf |title=Rockets and People Vol. 2 &mdash; Creating a Rocket Industry |first=Boris |last=Chertok |chapter=Chapter 16 &mdash; The Seven Problems of the R-7 Missile |pages=292 |volume=2 (NASA SP-2006-4110) |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=June 2006 |format=PDF |access-date=2015-07-15 |archive-date=2020-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403203108/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<!--<ref name=london-1994>{{cite book |author=John R. London III |title=LEO on the Cheap |publisher=Air University Press |date = October 1994 |pages = 68–69 |url=http://www.dunnspace.com/leo_on_the_cheap.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514021426/http://www.dunnspace.com/leo-1-10.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-14 |format=PDF |isbn=0-89499-134-5}}</ref>-->
<ref name=lprd-rd107>{{cite web |url=http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm |title=ЖРД РД-107 и РД-108 и их модификации |trans-title=RD-107 and RD-108 and their modifications |language=ru |access-date=2015-07-14 |archive-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826123612/http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> 
<!--<ref name=ea-rd107>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd178d74.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020321080822/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd178d74.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 21, 2002 |title=RD-107-8D74 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date=2015-07-14}}</ref>-->
<ref name=kn-soyuzu2>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lanceurs/soyouz/version/11A511U-2/11A511U-2.html |title=Le lanceur Soyouz-U2 (11A511U-2) |trans-title=The Soyuz-U2 Launcher (11A511U-2) |first1=Nicolas |last1=Pillet |publisher=Kosmonavtika.com |language=fr |access-date=2015-07-14 |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229124606/http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lanceurs/soyouz/version/11A511U-2/11A511U-2.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=kuznetsov-products>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kuznetsov-motors.ru/en/product/rocket/rd-107-rd-108
|title=RD-107, RD-108
|publisher=JSC Kuznetsov
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721151436/http://www.kuznetsov-motors.ru/en/product/rocket/rd-107-rd-108
|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-el>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx
|title=NPO Energomash list of engines
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202512/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx
|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-engines>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/
|title=Engines
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029040729/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines
|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-history>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/encikloped/memory/
|title=History
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118232706/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/encikloped/memory/
|archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-rd107>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/
|title=RD-107/108
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140020/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/
|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=rsw-soyuz2>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html |title=Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14) |website=RussianSpaceWeb |first=Anatoly |last=Zak |access-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=2016-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430170342/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
}}

== 外部鏈接 ==
{{commons category|RD-108}}
* [http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm ЖРД РД-107 и РД-108 и их модификации] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm |date=20120826123612 }}
* [http://www.npoenergomash.ru/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/ РД-107/108 на сайте НПО Энергомаш] {{Wayback|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/ |date=20170430111601 }}

{{Rocket Engines}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}

[[Category:Rocket engines of Russia]]
[[Category:Rocket engines of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle]]
[[Category:Energomash rocket engines]]