编辑“︁RD-107”︁

{{Infobox rocket engine
|name            = RD-107
|image           = Soyuz rocket engines.jpg
|image_size      = 222px
<!--
|image           = RD-107 Vostok.jpg
|image_size      = 222px
|caption         = Rocket engine RD-107 "Vostok" in the Museum of Space and Missile Technology (Saint Petersburg).
-->
|country_of_origin = {{USSR}}、{{俄羅斯}}

|date            =
|first_date      =
|last_date       =

| designer          = [[动力机械科研生产联合体|OKB-456]]<!--[[Валентин Петрович Глушко|В.П. Глушко]]-->
| design_date       = [[1954]]-[[1959]]
| manufacturer      = {{tsl|en|Кузнецов (компания)|Кузнецов}}<ref name=kuznetsov-products /><!--[[НПО «Энергомаш»]]-->
| man_name          = 8Д74
| production_date   = с [[1957]]
| number            = 
| variants          = 8Д74, 8Д728, 11Д512, 14Д22 (РД-107А)<ref name="rostec-2019-03-07" />
|purpose         = 增壓發動機
|associated      = [[R-7系列火箭]]
|predecessor     = RD-105
|successor       =
|status          = 生產中<!--In production-->

|type            = 液體<!--liquid-->
|oxidiser        = [[液氧]]
|fuel            = [[煤油]]T-1<!--[[керосин]] T-1-->
|mixture_ratio   =
|cycle           = [[開式循環]]<!--[[Gas-generator cycle]]-->
|pumps           =

|description     =
|combustion_chamber= 
|nozzle_ratio    =

|thrust          =
|thrust_at_altitude=
|thrust(Vac)     = '''RD-107'''：{{convert|1,000|kN|abbr=on}}<br />'''RD-107A'''：{{convert|1,020|kN|abbr=on}}
|thrust(SL)      = '''RD-107'''：{{convert|810|kN|abbr=on}}<br />'''RD-107A'''：{{convert|839|kN|abbr=on}}
|thrust_to_weight=
|chamber_pressure=
|specific_impulse=
|specific_impulse_vacuum= '''RD-107'''：313{{nbsp}}s<br />'''RD-107A'''：320.2{{nbsp}}s
|specific_impulse_sea_level= '''RD-107'''：256{{nbsp}}s<br />'''RD-107A'''：263.3{{nbsp}}s
|total_impulse   =
|burn_time       =
|capacity        =

|dimensions      =
|length          =
|diameter        =
|dry_weight      = '''RD-107'''：{{convert|1190|kg|abbr=on}}<br />'''RD-107A'''{{convert|1190|kg|abbr=on}}

|used_in         =  [[R-7系列火箭]]第一級助推器<!--First stage boosters for [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]] family-->

|references      =<ref name=ea-rd107 /><ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=npoem-el /><ref name=npoem-rd107 /><ref name=london-1994 />
|notes           =

| chamber           = 4主向2轉向<!--4 основные + 2 рулевые-->
<!-- Использование -->
| service           = 自[[1957]]
| used_for          = [[R-7系列火箭]]<!--семейство ракет на базе [[Р-7]]-->
| parent            = 
| child             = [[РД-107А]]
<!-- Массогабаритные характеристики -->
<!--
| mass              = 
| gross_mass        = 1300 кг<ref name="engine.space" />
| empty_mass        = 1190 кг<ref name="engine.space" />
| length            = 
| width             = 
| height            = {{число|2865|мм}}<ref name="engine.space" />
| diameter          = {{число|1850|мм}}<ref name="engine.space" />
-->
<!-- Рабочие характеристики -->
<!--
|thrust=            '''Вакуум:''' 102 тс (1000 кН)<br>'''Ур. моря:''' 83 тс (813 кН)<ref name="engine.space" />
|isp=               '''Вакуум:''' 313 с (3080 м/c)<br>'''Ур. моря:''' 256 с (2520 м/с)<ref name="engine.space" />
| burn_time         = 140 с (номинальная тяга)
| cham_press        = 60 кгс/см<sup>2</sup>
| area_ratio        = 18,86
| of_ratio          = 2,47
| ttw_ratio         = 
| ignition          = пиротехническое
| control           = гидравлическое управление рулевыми камерами
| power_consumption = 
| efficiency        = 
| exhaust_velocity  = 
-->
}}

'''RD-107'''（'''РД-107'''；索引<!--индекс-->'''8Д74'''）<!--及其兄弟'''RD-108'''-->是一種[[火箭發動機]]，最初用於發射[[R-7弹道导弹]]，但後來用於造[[R-7系列火箭]]。<!--The '''RD-107''' and its sibling, the '''RD-108''', are a type of [[rocket engine]] initially used to launch [[R-7 Semyorka]] missiles. RD-107 engines were later used on space [[launch vehicle]]s based on the R-7.-->用於聯盟號家族所有運載火箭第一級的每個側塊。<!--Используется на каждом боковом блоке первой ступени всех ракет-носителей семейства «Союз».-->{{As of|2021}}，非常相似的'''RD-107A'''和'''RD-108A'''引擎也用於發射現役[[聯盟2號運載火箭]]。<ref name=npoem-engines /><!--{{As of|2021}}, very similar '''RD-107A''' and '''RD-108A''' engines are used to launch the [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1a]], and [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]], which are in active service.<ref name=npoem-engines />-->

== 設計 ==

[[File:RD-107 Turbopump Scheme.v1.svg|thumb||333px|火箭發動機的渦輪泵示意圖。<!--Turbopump schematic of the NPO Energomash RD-107 rocket engine.-->方案ТНА РД-107<!--Схема ТНА РД-107-->]]

{{TransH}}<!--2022年12月29日-->

The RD-107 was designed under the direction of [[Valentin Glushko]] at the Experimental Design Bureau (OKB-456) between 1954 and 1957. It uses [[liquid oxygen]] and [[kerosene]] as propellants operating in a [[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|gas generator]] cycle. As was typical by all the descendants of the [[V-2 rocket]] technology, the turbine is driven by steam generated by [[Catalysis|catalytic]] decomposition of [[Hydrogen peroxide|H₂O₂]]. The steam generator uses solid ''F-30-P-G'' catalyst. These are based on a variable sized pellet covered in an aqueous solution of [[potassium permanganate]] and [[sodium]]. Each engine uses four fixed main combustion chambers. The RD-107 has an additional two [[Vernier thruster|vernier]] combustion chambers that can [[Thrust vectoring|thrust vector]] in a single plane to supply attitude control. The RD-108 has four of such vernier combustion chambers to supply full vector control to the Blok-A stage. The single-axle [[turbopump]] unit includes the steam driven turbine, an oxidizer pump, a fuel pump, and a nitrogen gas generator for tank pressurization.<ref name=lprd-rd107 />

The RD-107 engines are used in each of the boosters of the [[Soyuz-2]] rocket, and a single RD-108 is used in the Blok-A stage (the central 1st stage).

One important innovation of this engine was the capability to use variable [[Rocket propellant#Mixture ratio|mixture ratio]] between fuel and oxidizer. The natural variations in manufacturing between each engine meant that without an active propellant consumption control, each boosters would deplete oxygen and fuel at different rates. This might result in as much as tens of tonnes of unburned propellant near the end of the burn. It would generate enormous strains on the structure and control authority due to the mass imbalance. Thus, the mixture ratio control system was developed to ensure the simultaneous consumption of propellant mass among the four R-7 boosters.<ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=chertok-ratpv2-p292 />

== 生產 ==
The RD-107 and RD-108 engines are produced at the [[NK Engines Company|JSC Kuznetsov]] plant in [[Samara, Russia]], under the supervision of the [[Privolzhsky District, Samara Oblast|Privolzhskiy]] branch of [[NPO Energomash]], also known as the [[Volga River|Volga]] branch.<ref name=kuznetsov-products /><ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=npoem-rd107 /> The Privolzhsky branch was organized as a branch of OKB-456 in 1958, specifically for the manufacture of RD-107 and RD-108 engines. The branch was led by Y.D. Solovjev until 1960, then by R.I. Zelenev until 1975, then by A.F. Udalov until 1978, and is currently led by A.A. Ganin.<ref name=npoem-history />

== 自燃與煙火點火 ==<!--== Hypergolic vs. pyrotechnic ignition ==-->
Currently produced engines are ignited with a [[pyrotechnic]] ignition system. Energomash reports a new, [[hypergol]]ic ignition system (on engines designated 14D21KhZ and 14D22KhZ) are ready for certification and flight tests.<ref name=npoem-rd107 />

{{TransF}}

== RD-107變體 ==
{{TransH}}<!--2022年12月29日-->
Modifications to the RD-107 design have led to production of several distinct versions of the engine:

* '''RD-107'''（索引<!--индекс-->'''8D74'''）：原始版本。<ref name=npoem-el /> Used on the [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]], [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] and [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]].<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-107K'''（索引<!--индекс-->'''8D74K'''）：Improved version of the 8D74. Used on the [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] (8К78).<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-107ММ'''（索引<!--индекс-->'''8D728''' or '''8D74M'''）：Increased thrust over the 8D74K by 5%.<ref name=npoem-el /> Used on the [[Molniya-M]] (8К78М) and [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] (11A511).<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-117'''（索引<!--индекс-->'''11D511'''）：Improved structural changes.<ref name=npoem-el /> Used on the [[Soyuz-U]] (11А511U) and [[Soyuz-U2]] (11A511U2).<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-107А'''（索引<!--индекс-->'''14D22'''）：Improved version of the 11D511 with new injector design that eliminated the high frequency combustion instabilities.<ref name=npoem-el /> Used on the [[Soyuz-FG]] (11А511U-FG), [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STA]] (372RN21A) and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STB]] (372RN21B).<ref name=lprd-rd107 />
* '''RD-107А'''（索引<!--индекс-->'''14D22KhZ'''）：Chemical ignited version of the 14D22. Used on the [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1a]] (14A14-1A) and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1b]] (14A14-1B).<ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=rsw-soyuz2 />

{{TransF}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ RD-107系列發動機
|-
! Engine
! RD-107
! RD-107K
! RD-107ММ
! RD-117
! RD-107A
! RD-107A
|-
! 索引<!--индекс-->
| 8D74 || 8D74K || 8D728 or 8D74M || 11D511 || 14D22 || 14D22KhZ
|-
! 發展<!--Development-->
| 1954-1959 ||  || 1965-1976 || 1969-1975 || 1993-2001 || 2001-2004
|-
! 發動機循環<!--Engine cycle-->
|colspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| [[液体火箭发动机]]在[[氣體發生器循環]]燃燒{{tsl|en|RP-1|火箭推進劑-1}}/[[液氧]][[催化|催化]]分解[[過氧化氫|H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]]產生的蒸汽驅動渦輪循環<!--[[Liquid-propellant rocket|Liquid propellant]] [[rocket engine]] burning [[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]/[[LOX]] in a [[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|gas generator]] cycle with the turbine driven by steam generated by [[Catalysis|catalytic]] decomposition of [[Hydrogen peroxide|H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]]-->
|-
! 燃燒室壓力<!--Combustion chamber pressure-->
|{{convert|5.88|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.88|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.85|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|5.32|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|6.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|6.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 海平面推力<!--Thrust, sea level-->
|{{convert|813.98|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|818.88|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|755.14|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|778.68|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|839.48|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|839.48|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
|-
! 真空推力<!--Thrust, vacuum-->
| {{convert|1000.31|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|995.41|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|921.86|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || Unknown || {{convert|1019.93|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1019.93|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
|-
! 海平面比衝<!--Specific impulse, sea level-->
|{{convert|256|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|256.2|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|257|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|253|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|263.3|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|263.3|isp|abbr=on}}
|-
! 真空比衝<!--Specific impulse, vacuum-->
|{{convert|313|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|313.3|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|314|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|316|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|320.2|isp|abbr=on}} || {{convert|320.2|isp|abbr=on}}
|-
! 高度<!--Height-->
|{{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2865|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2578|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2578|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
! 直徑<!--Diameter-->
|{{convert|1850|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1850|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1850|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1850|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1850	|mm|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1850|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
<!--
! Intended use
| [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]], [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]], and [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]] || [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] (8К78) || [[Molniya-M]] (8К78М) and [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] (11A511) || [[Soyuz-U]] (11А511U) and [[Soyuz-U2]] (11A511U2) || [[Soyuz-FG]] (11А511U-FG), [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STA]] (372RN21A), and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-STB]] (372RN21B) || [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1a]] (14A14-1A) and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1b]] (14A14-1B)
|-
-->
! 狀態<!--Status-->
| 退休 || 退休 || 退休 || 退休 || 生產中 || 生產中
<!--
| Retired || Retired || Retired || Retired || In production || In production
-->
|-
! 參考
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;"| 除非另有說明：<!--Unless otherwise noted:--><ref name=lprd-rd107 /><ref name=npoem-el />
|}

== 參考 ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=chertok-ratpv2-p292>{{cite book |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf |title=Rockets and People Vol. 2 &mdash; Creating a Rocket Industry |first=Boris |last=Chertok |chapter=Chapter 16 &mdash; The Seven Problems of the R-7 Missile |pages=292 |volume=2 (NASA SP-2006-4110) |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=June 2006 |format=PDF |access-date=2015-07-15 |archive-date=2020-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403203108/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=london-1994>{{cite book |author=John R. London III |title=LEO on the Cheap |publisher=Air University Press |date = October 1994 |pages = 68–69 |url=http://www.dunnspace.com/leo_on_the_cheap.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514021426/http://www.dunnspace.com/leo-1-10.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-14 |format=PDF |isbn=0-89499-134-5}}</ref>
<ref name=lprd-rd107>{{cite web |url=http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm |title=ЖРД РД-107 и РД-108 и их модификации |trans-title=RD-107 and RD-108 and their modifications |language=ru |access-date=2015-07-14 |archive-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826123612/http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> 
<ref name=ea-rd107>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd178d74.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020321080822/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd178d74.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 21, 2002 |title=RD-107-8D74 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date=2015-07-14}}</ref>
<!--<ref name=kn-soyuzu2>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lanceurs/soyouz/version/11A511U-2/11A511U-2.html |title=Le lanceur Soyouz-U2 (11A511U-2) |trans-title=The Soyuz-U2 Launcher (11A511U-2) |first1=Nicolas |last1=Pillet |publisher=Kosmonavtika.com |language=fr |access-date=2015-07-14}}</ref>-->
<ref name=kuznetsov-products>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kuznetsov-motors.ru/en/product/rocket/rd-107-rd-108
|title=RD-107, RD-108
|publisher=JSC Kuznetsov
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721151436/http://www.kuznetsov-motors.ru/en/product/rocket/rd-107-rd-108
|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-el>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx
|title=NPO Energomash list of engines
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202512/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx
|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-engines>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/
|title=Engines
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029040729/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines
|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-history>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/encikloped/memory/
|title=History
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118232706/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/encikloped/memory/
|archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=npoem-rd107>{{cite web
|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/
|title=RD-107/108
|publisher=[[NPO Energomash]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140020/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/
|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=rsw-soyuz2>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html |title=Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14) |website=RussianSpaceWeb |first=Anatoly |last=Zak |access-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=2016-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430170342/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
}}

== 外部鏈接 ==
{{commons category|RD-107}}
* [http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm ЖРД РД-107 и РД-108 и их модификации] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-107/index.htm |date=20120826123612 }}
* [http://www.npoenergomash.ru/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/ РД-107/108 на сайте НПО Энергомаш] {{Wayback|url=http://www.npoenergomash.ru/dejatelnost/engines/rd107/ |date=20170430111601 }}

{{Rocket Engines}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}

[[Category:Rocket engines of Russia]]
[[Category:Rocket engines of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle]]
[[Category:Energomash rocket engines]]