编辑“︁Oină”︁

{{ infobox sport
| name       = Oină
| image      = File:TimbruOina.png
| imagesize  = 333px
| caption    = 
| union      = 羅馬尼亞Oină聯合會<br>Romanian Oină Federation
| first      = 1364 <!-- (first documented) -->（首次記錄）<br />1899 <!-- (modern rules) -->（現代規則）
| team       = 每隊11人<!-- per side -->
| contact    = <!-- Yes, players are hit with the ball, but no body contact -->沒有直接身體接觸，但會被球擊中。
| category   = Outdoor
| ball       = Oină球<!-- ball -->
| venue      = Oină場<!-- pitch -->
| olympic    = <!-- no -->無
}}

{{Citation needed|'''奧捺'''、|time=2024-05-04T09:16:13+00:00}}'''Oină'''（{{IPA|ro|ˈoj.nə}}）是[[羅馬尼亞]]傳統{{tsl|en|Bat-and-ball games|球棒運動}}，在許多方面與[[棒球]]相似。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabr.org/latest/mesesan-forgotten-romanian-national-sport-may-have-inspired-baseball|title=The forgotten Romanian national sport that may have inspired baseball|work={{tsl|en|Society for American Baseball Research|美國棒球研究協會}}|date=January 16, 2017|access-date=June 23, 2018|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609163414/https://sabr.org/latest/mesesan-forgotten-romanian-national-sport-may-have-inspired-baseball|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== 歷史 ==
「oină」最初叫「hoina」<!-- The name "oină" was originally "hoina", --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://froina.ro/istoric/personalitati-implicate-oina/|title=personalitati|website=froina.ro|access-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023742/http://froina.ro/istoric/personalitati-implicate-oina/|archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>。源自[[庫曼語]]「oyn（遊戲）」 <!-- and is derived from the [[Cuman language|Cuman]] word ''oyn'' "game" (a cognate of Turkish ''[[wikt:oyun|oyun]]''). --><ref>''[http://dexonline.ro/definitie/oină/504140 oină] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309115712/https://dexonline.ro/definitie/oin%C4%83/504140 |date=2016-03-09 }}'', in Alexandru Ciorănescu, ''Dicționarul etimologic român'', Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, 1958–1966.</ref>。

最古老的直接提及來自{{tsl|en|István Mátyus}}在[[1782年]]的飲食手冊，談了其健康益處。<!-- The oldest direct mention comes from a diet manual of 1782 by medic [[István Mátyus]], who talks about the health benefits of oina. --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/cultura/istoria-culturii-si-civilizatiei/mitul-oinei-inventia-sportului-national-i-1280055|title=Mitul oinei: Inventia sportului national (I)|website=ziare.com|access-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084234/http://www.ziare.com/cultura/istoria-culturii-si-civilizatiei/mitul-oinei-inventia-sportului-national-i-1280055|archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

然而，該運動可能早在[[1364年]]就已存在。<!-- However, it may have been attested as early as in 1364. --><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sportbiz.ro/froina/index.html |title=Federatia Romana de Oina - informatii, regulament, competitii |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-date=2012-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817043232/http://www.sportbiz.ro/froina/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> 

1899年，教育部長{{tsl|en|Spiru Haret|斯皮魯·哈雷特}}組織了第一屆oină比賽。<!-- In 1899, {{tsl|en|Spiru Haret|}}, the minister of education decided that oină was to be played in schools in [[physical education]][[体育教育]] classes.  He organized the first annual oină competitions. -->

而'''羅馬尼亞Oină聯盟'''（Federaţia Română de Oină）成立於1932年。在20世紀50年代初短暫解散。

'''羅馬尼亞Oină聯合會'''也積極在國外推廣Oină運動，在[[塞爾維亞]]、[[日本]]、[[印尼]]、[[英國]]、[[波蘭]]、[[德國]]、[[印度]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[克羅埃西亞]]、[[烏克蘭]]等國舉辦示範賽。製作各語的oină學習指南和手冊。<!-- In addition to spreading oină in the regions of Romania, the Romanian oină Federation actively popularizes this game outside the country organizing demonstration tournaments in different countries (Serbia, Japan, Indonesia, England, Poland, Germany, India, Pakistan, Croatia, Ukraine). For internationalization, the Federation establishes partnerships with institutions outside the country (as it was in Ukraine, India, Pakistan, and England) or with people who want to help popularize this kind of sport. In cooperation with these people and institutions, the FRO creates study guides and handbooks on oină in various foreign languages. --><ref>http://dspace.luguniv.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/9212 {{Wayback|url=http://dspace.luguniv.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/9212 |date=20221125140916 }} Правила гри в ойну</ref>

目前有四十多個地區有該運動。<!-- In recent years the Romanian oină Federation has launched a wide campaign to revive this kind of sport. Most of the traditional centres have been restored, and new areas have also been incorporated, so oină is practiced in more than 40 regions at the moment. --><ref>{{cite web | url=http://froina.ro/page.php?105 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103192731/http://froina.ro/page.php?105 | archive-date=2014-01-03 | title=Istoria Jocului de Oina - Federatia Romana de Oina - Site Oficial }}</ref>

==場地==
[[File:Oina Field Animation.gif|right|thumb|Oină場的動畫<!-- pitch animation -->]]
<!-- The pitch is a rectangle, -->場地由長{{convert|70|m}}寬{{convert|32|m}}的長方形組成。

<!-- * the in game ("''în joc''") 面積 area, which is {{convert|60x32|m}}
* the batting zone ("''zona de bătaie''") – {{convert|5|m}} long – delimited from the in game area by the batting line
* the back zone ("''zona de fund''") – a {{convert|5|m}} long safe zone during a run – delimited from the in game area by the back line
 -->
進攻方球員必須依序跑過以下四線：<!-- The attacking side player that has commenced a run will have to cross the following four lines in order: -->

* 起跑線（擊球線左側）
* 抵達線（後線左側）
* 返回線（後線右側）
* 逃脫線（擊球線右側）<!-- * the start line (the left side of the batting line)
* the arrival line (the left side of the back line)
* the return line (the right side of the back line)
* the escape line (the right side of the batting line) 

 The in game area is further split into the advance and return triangles and squares. At the intersection of the lines inside the game area and the pitch limits or other lines within the game area, there are circles which determine the positions of the midfielders ("''mijlocași''") and side players ("''mărginași''"). The 1m and 3m semicircles are used for batting and serving. A waiting line is drawn for attacking players to wait their turn to bat. -->

== 隊員 ==
兩隊，每隊11人，一進攻方或「擊球方」(la bătaie)和一防守方或「接球方」(la prindere)。中場休息互換。<!-- There are two teams of 11 players, one attacking side or "at bat" ("''la bătaie''") and one defending side or "at catch" ("''la prindere''"). The roles switch at half time. -->

<!-- The defending players are placed in the following positions:
 -->防守位置如下：
* <!-- 3 midfielders -->3名中場 ("''mijlocași''")
* <!-- 3 advance side players -->3名前進側 ("''mărginași de ducere''")
* <!-- 3 return side players -->3名返回側 ("''mărginași de întoarcere''")
* <!-- 1 back player -->1名後衛 ("''fundaș''") <!-- that is free to move within the back zone -->可以在後區自由移動
* <!-- 1 forward player --> 1名前鋒("''fruntaș''") <!-- that is free to move within the batting zone -->可以在擊球區內自由移動

<!-- The attacking players change roles as the game progresses. The roles are chronologically ordered this way: -->進攻者依時間順序如下：

* 等待回合
* 發球
* 擊球
* 等待跑動
* 跑進前進走廊
* 留在後區
* 跑回返回走廊<!-- * waiting one's turn
* serving the ball
* batting
* waiting to enter the game (make a run)
* running the advance corridor
* staying in the back zone
* running the return corridor -->

每支球隊都有一名隊長<!-- Each team has a captain --> ("''căpitan''" or "''baci''"")<!-- . The midfielder 2 is usually used as captain because he can throw the ball at an attacking player in any game position. For this reason, the midfielder 2 is also known as a ''baci''.
 -->通常中場2號是隊長，因為他可以在任何位置將球傳給進攻者。因此，中場2號也被稱為“baci”。

每隊最多可有5名替補隊員。<!-- Each team has a maximum of 5 substitutes available. -->

== 範圍 ==
<!-- ==Scope of the game== -->
<!-- The teams have very different roles depending on whether they are at bat or at catch. At bat players are tasked to open a play and run the lanes until they cross the escape line. At catch players are tasked to hit the players running the lanes with the ball. There can be a maximum of two players running each lane at the same time. A player can be hit in both lanes once. -->隊員根據擊球還是接球扮演不同角色。擊球時，任務是跑過球道，越過逃脫線。接球時，任務是擊中帶球跑動的球員。每道最多可以有兩名玩家同時奔跑。一名玩家可以在兩道上被擊中一次。

== 規則 ==
<!-- The team at bat is selected by a ritual where the players have to grab the bat, thrown by the referee, and the last one to be able to place at least four fingers on the bat wins. The game begins with the team at bat, with one of the players throwing the ball while another player of the same team has to hit it with a wooden bat ("''bâtă''") and send it as far as he can towards the adversary field. After that, if the ball is caught by the adversaries, the player can run (if he wishes, or if he is forced to run by the referee) the advance and return corridors/lanes ("''culoarele de ducere și întoarcere''"), without being hit by the defenders. If he stops the ball with his palm, it is not considered a hit. The player is not allowed to catch the ball, and he must release it immediately. If the player doing a run is hit he goes out of field and into the back zone, or he finishes his tasks, depending on which lane he is running.

The full set of regulations can be found here. -->完整的規則可以在[http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/regulamentul-de-joc/index.php 這裡] {{Wayback|url=http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/regulamentul-de-joc/index.php |date=20101108103649 }}找到。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/regulamentul-de-joc/index.php |title=Regulamentul de joc - Federatia Romana de Oina |website=www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108103649/http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/regulamentul-de-joc/index.php |archive-date=8 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== 評分 ==
<!-- ===In game=== --><!-- 
At catch players score two points for each player hit with a ball, unless the ball touches the palm or the back of the palm. -->接球時，除非球接觸到手掌或手掌背面，否則每擊球一次，就得兩分。

<!-- At bat players score by batting beyond certain lines, like so:
* the ball crosses the 65m line in the air and does not go out of bounds (does not cross the lateral lines), whether or not the defense touches the ball in the air – 2 points
* the ball falls in the back zone – 2 points
* the ball is touched in the air by the defense, and goes out of bounds in the air from within the back zone – 2 points
* the ball goes out of bounds in the air from within the back zone without being touched by the defense – 1 point
* the ball crosses the 60m line (the back line) in the air and is caught by the defense – 1 point
* the ball crosses the threequarters line in the air and falls in the threequarters area – 1 point
* the ball goes out of bounds in the air from within the threequarters area – 1 point
* the ball is diverted out of bounds in the air from within the threequartees area by the defense – 1 point
* the ball falls on the threequarters area of the back line – 1 point
* the ball is diverted from within the threequarters area in front of the threequarters line by the defense and is not subsequently caught in the air – 1 point -->擊球時，透過擊球超出特定線來得分，如下所示：
* 球在空中越過65m線且未出界（未越過邊線），無論防守方是否在空中觸球 - 2 分
* 球落入後區 – 2 分
* 球在空中被防守球員觸及，並在後區內空中出界 - 2 分
* 球在沒有被防守球員觸及的情況下從後區飛出界外 – 1 分
*球在空中越過60m線（後線）並被防守球員接住 – 1分
* 球在空中越過四分之三線並落入四分之三區域 – 1 分
* 球從四分之三區域內飛出界外 – 1 分
* 球在空中被防守方從四分之三區域內轉移出界 - 1 分
* 球落在後線四分之三區域 – 1 分
* 球從四分之三線前的四分之三區域內被防守隊員轉移，並且隨後沒有被接在空中 - 1 分

=== 競賽 ===
<!-- Winning brings the team 3 points, a draw brings in 2 points, and the losing team will score 1 point. Quitting or elimination of the team will result in no points being awarded and a 0–9 loss. Running out of substitutes due to injuries will result in a 0–6 loss and 1 point being awarded, while if the same situation is due to the elimination of a player, the result will be a 0–9 loss and no points being awarded.
 -->勝隊積3分，平手積2分，負隊積1分。退出或被淘汰的球隊將不會獲得任何積分，並以 0-9 比分輸掉比賽。因傷缺席替補球員，則為0-6負，得1分；同樣情況，因球員被淘汰，則為0-9負，不得分。

== 球 ==
oină是由[[皮革]]製成的球，內部填充[[馬]]毛、[[豬]]毛或[[牛]]毛。在高級比賽中，球的直徑約為{{convert|8|cm}}，重量為{{convert|140|g}}；在U-18比賽中，球的直徑約為{{convert|7|cm}}，重量為{{convert|100|g}}。

== 比較棒球 ==
<!-- * Similar weight of the ball: around {{convert|140|g}} for both
* Longer and slimmer bat for oină
* A game takes only 30 minutes for oină
* Oină teams have 11 players, baseball teams have 9 players
* In oină, the defense can score by hitting the attacking players that are in game (running the lanes) -->
* 球重相似：兩者約為{{convert|140|g}}
* oină球棒更長更細
* 一場oină比賽僅需30分鐘
* oină隊11人，棒球隊9人
* oină防守方可以透過擊中比賽中的進攻球員（跑過球道）來得分

== 比賽 ==
=== 羅馬尼亞 ===
<!-- All competitions are organized by the governing body, the Romanian Oină Federation ("''Federaţia Română de Oină''" – FRO). -->
主要大型比賽：<!-- 
The main competitions are: -->
* <!-- The National Championship -->全國錦標賽
* <!-- The Romanian Cup -->羅馬尼亞盃
* <!-- The Romanian Supercup -->羅馬尼亞超級盃
* <!-- The National Junior Championship -->全國青少年錦標賽

<!-- Other competitions in 2010 -->2010年其它大型比賽<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/hotarari-ale-adunarii-generale/calendarul-competitional-pe-anul.html |title=CALENDARUL COMPETITIONAL PE ANUL 2010 - Federatia Romana de Oina |access-date=2010-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108103617/http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/hotarari-ale-adunarii-generale/calendarul-competitional-pe-anul.html |archive-date=2010-11-08 }} 2010 calendar</ref> <!-- are: -->：
* "Dragu" <!-- Cup -->盃
* "Gherăești" <!-- Cup -->盃
* "Antena Satelor" <!-- National Championship (junior) -->全國錦標賽（少年組）
* <!--Federation  Cup -->聯盟<!-- 聯邦 -->盃
* <!-- Border Police Cup -->邊境警察杯
* "Monteoru" <!-- Cup -->盃
* "Cleopatra" Cup (beach oină)
* "Zarandului" <!-- Cup -->盃
* "Tătaru" <!-- Cup -->盃
* <!-- Village Cup -->鄉村杯
* "Antena Satelor" <!-- Cup -->盃
<!--* various other junior and indoor oină competitions 各種青少年和室內比賽-->

<!-- A  number of international events are organized:
* "Cronos" Cup (junior)
* International Festival of Sports Related to Oină
* Oină-Lapta Tournament 

==Internationalizing Oină==
Oină and variants of the sport are also played in neighboring countries where there has been or still is a Romanian ethnic or cultural presence. As part of its program to bring oină to the spotlight again, the FRO has begun the process of creating an international federation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportlocal.ro/detaliu-stire-national/romnia-i-moldova-pun-bazele-federaiei-internaionale-de-oin |title=România şi Moldova pun bazele Federaţiei Internaţionale de Oină :: Sport Local |access-date=2010-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220052123/http://www.sportlocal.ro/detaliu-stire-national/romnia-i-moldova-pun-bazele-federaiei-internaionale-de-oin |archive-date=2010-02-20 }} Romania and the Republic of Moldova place the foundation of the International Oină Federation</ref> A minimum of three national federations need to exist in order to form an international federation, and two exist already (the Romanian and Moldovan federations). The FRO has begun talks of founding oină clubs and federations in neighboring Bulgaria and Serbia,<ref>http://froina.sportlocal.ro/blog/stiri.html#Oina%20ajunge{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and in Sweden.<ref>http://froina.sportlocal.ro/blog/stiri.html#Turneu%20international{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Demonstration matches are to be held in Serbia.
-->
== 參見 ==
*<!-- [[Sport in Romania]] -->[[羅馬尼亞體育]]
*[[棒球]]
*{{tsl|en|Dinamic Coruia|}}
*{{tsl|en|Straja Bucharest|}}
*{{tsl|en|Victoria Surdila Greci|}}

==參考==
{{reflist}}

==外部連結==
*[http://www.froina.ro/ <!-- The new Romanian Oină Federation website -->羅馬尼亞Oină聯合會新網站] {{Wayback|url=http://www.froina.ro/ |date=20240528183655 }} {{in lang|ro}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100304002326/http://www.federatiaromanadeoina.ro/ The old FRO website] {{in lang|ro}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080319101810/http://www.oina.ro/ The Oină Association website, created in collaboration with the Romanian Oină Federation within the purpose of promoting oină as a Romanian national sport] {{in lang|ro}}

{{Team Sport}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oina}}
<!-- 没有链接 -->[[Category:Ball and bat games]]
<!-- [[Category:Sport in Romania]] -->[[Category:羅馬尼亞體育]]
<!-- [[Category:Team sports]] -->[[Category:團隊運動]]
<!-- 没有链接 -->[[Category:Sports originating in Romania]]