编辑“︁6.5mm Grendel”︁

{{Infobox firearm cartridge
| name = 6.5毫米格伦戴尔弹
| image = 65G 144 123 129 120 90.jpg | image_size = 300px
| caption = 6.5毫米格伦戴尔弹的不同弹头——从{{convert|144|gr|abbr=on}}到{{convert|90|gr|abbr=on}}
| origin = [[美国]]
| type = [[步枪]]
| designer = Bill Alexander、 Arne Brennan、Janne Pohjoispää
| design_date = 2003年<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexanderarms.com/index.php/products/65-grendel.html |title=6.5mm Grendel (internet archive copy) |publisher=Alexander Arms |access-date=2015-10-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109030611/http://www.alexanderarms.com/index.php/products/65-grendel.html |archive-date=January 9, 2012 }}</ref>
| parent = [[.220 Russian]]<ref name = "Guthrie 1"/>
| case_type = 无缘瓶形
| is_SI_specs = yes
| bullet = 6.71
| neck = 7.44
| shoulder = 10.87
| base = 11.15
| rim_dia = 11.2
| rim_thick = 1.5
| case_length = 38.7
| length = 57.5
| case_capacity = 2.3
| max_pressure = 52000 [[磅力每平方英寸|psi]]（AR-15枪栓）, 58000 psi（弹壳强度）
| rifling = 1:8吋或1:9吋
| primer = 步枪小底火
| velocity = 
| energy = 1900
<!-- Ballistic data, load 1 -->
| bw1 = 90
| btype1 = Speer TNT
| vel1 = 2880
| en1 = 1658
<!-- Ballistic data, load 2 -->
| bw2 = 108<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lapua.com/en/products/reloading/bullets/centerfire-rifle-bullets/8 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108160632/http://www.lapua.com/en/products/reloading/bullets/centerfire-rifle-bullets/8 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| btype2 = Scenar (moly)
| vel2 = 2790
| en2 = 1866
<!-- Ballistic data, load 3 -->
| bw3 = 120
| btype3 = Norma FMJBT
| vel3 = 2700
| en3 = 1942
<!-- Ballistic data, load 4 -->
| bw4 = 123
| btype4 = Sierra Matchking
| vel4 = 2650
| en4 = 1917
<!-- Ballistic data, load 5 -->
| bw5 = 130
| btype5 = Norma
| vel5 = 2510
| en5 = 1818

<!-- Ballistics data source -->
| test_barrel_length = 24 inches
| balsrc = [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055532/http://www.65grendel.com/65GrendelReloadingData.pdf Alexander Arms Pressure-safe Load Data] 
}}

'''6.5毫米“格伦戴尔”弹'''（6.5mm Grendel），也称'''6.5×39毫米弹'''，是一款为[[AR-15半自動步槍|AR-15]]平台步枪中/长程射击（200～800码距离）而设计的低[[后坐力]]、高[[测量精度|精度]][[中间型威力弹]]，由[[英国裔美国人|美籍英裔]]武器设计师比尔·亚历山大（Bill Alexander）、[[休斯顿]]的美国竞技射手阿恩·布伦南（Arne Brennan）和拉普阿公司的[[芬兰]]弹道学家简·珀尤伊斯帕（Janne Pohjoispää）共同合作在.220俄国弹（.220 Russian）的基础上研发而成，是6.5mm PPC的改进版设计<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Jack|authorlink =Jack Lewis (screenwriter) | title=The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons|url=https://archive.org/details/gundigestbookofa0007lewi|year=2007|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=978-0-89689-498-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/gundigestbookofa0007lewi/page/n78 77]}}</ref>。此弹于2003年5月在[[北卡罗来纳州]]的[[黑水国际|黑水训练场]]首次面世，在弹道性能超越[[7.62毫米北约弹]]的同时[[后坐力]]减半，并且可以在{{cvt|1200|yd}}的距离上保持[[超音速]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.alexanderarms.com/products/65-grendel|title=6.5 Grendel|publisher=Alexander Arms|accessdate=2021-06-04|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604194321/http://www.alexanderarms.com/products/65-grendel}}</ref>。自问世以来，因为适用性较好已经延伸到在[[栓动步枪]]和[[卡拉什尼科夫自动步枪|AK枪族]]上使用<ref name=outdoorhub>Outdoor Hub, [http://www.outdoorhub.com/stories/2015/10/13/photos-prototype-6-5-grendel-ak-rework-from-definitive-arms/ Prototype 6.5 Grendel AK Rifle from Definitive Arms] {{Wayback|url=http://www.outdoorhub.com/stories/2015/10/13/photos-prototype-6-5-grendel-ak-rework-from-definitive-arms/ |date=20190917050303 }}, 13 October 2015</ref>。

“[[格伦戴尔]]”的名称是总部位于美国[[弗吉尼亚州]][[拉德福 (弗吉尼亚州)|拉德福市]]的亚历山大武器公司（Alexander Arms）的[[注册商标]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4009:gj1k3k.2.1 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2016-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115080813/http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alexanderarms.com/index.php/news-events/111-65-grendel-saami.html |title="Alexander Arms Announces: The 6.5 Grendel Is An Official SAAMI Cartridge " |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2019-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813024750/http://www.alexanderarms.com/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2011/10/6-5-grendel-is-approved-as-sammi-cartridge-alexander-arms-gives-up-6-5-grendel-trademark/ |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2017-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101015046/http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2011/10/6-5-grendel-is-approved-as-sammi-cartridge-alexander-arms-gives-up-6-5-grendel-trademark/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，源自八世纪的[[古英语]]长篇[[史诗]]《[[贝奥武夫]]》中的妖怪[[大反派]]<ref name="Gun Digest">{{citeweb|url=https://gundigest.com/gun-reviews/alexander-arms-6-5-grendel-hunter-review|title=Alexander Arms 6.5 Grendel Hunter Review|last=Gash|first=Steve|date=2015-07-01|publisher=Gun Digest|accessdate=2021-06-04|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604194450/https://gundigest.com/gun-reviews/alexander-arms-6-5-grendel-hunter-review}}</ref>。亚历山大公司之前也曾同样命名了其著名的.50英寸口径“贝奥武夫”弹（.50 Beowulf）。

== 研发历史 ==
6.5毫米格伦戴尔弹的设计目的是为了能够为[[AR-15]]提供一款有效射程在{{convert|200|-|800|yd|m}}、可以配在[[STANAG弹匣]]中使用、性能超过[[5.56mm NATO]]/[[.223 Rem]]的步枪弹。因为受到[[弹匣]]和[[枪机]]尺寸的限制，格伦戴尔弹的设计者决定使用较短较粗的[[弹壳]]来容纳更多[[推进药]]并同时保证可以使用狭长的流线型高弹道系数[[弹丸|弹头]]。厂装弹药的弹头重量在{{convert|90|-|129|gr|g|lk=on}}之间，[[枪口初速]]可以在使用{{convert|129|-|130|gr|adj=on}}的弹头时达到{{convert|2500|ft/s|abbr=on}}，用{{convert|90|gr|abbr=on}}的弹头达到{{convert|2900|ft/s|abbr=on}}，接近使用{{convert|77|gr|adj=on}}弹头的5.56&nbsp;NATO弹药。根据弹壳和弹头材质的不同，格伦戴尔弹的总重量在{{convert|14.7|-|17.8|g|gr}}之间。

格伦戴尔弹的弹壳头直径与.220 Russian、[[7.62×39mm]]和6.5mm PPC相同，但是大于5.56mm NATO，因此需要使用非标准的AR-15[[枪栓|栓头]]，同时也会稍微减少标准弹匣的弹容量。一個可裝30發的[[5.56×45mm NATO]]的[[STANAG弹匣]]只能容纳26发6.5mm格伦戴尔弹。

== 弹道性能 ==
[[Image:65g 26mag B.jpg|thumb|C-Products的26发“格伦戴尔”弹匣|right]]
格伦戴尔弹的定位在[[5.56mm NATO]]和[[7.62mm NATO]]之间，因为6.5毫米口径弹头的弹道系数较高，能在加长距离上保留更多的终端动能<ref name = "Guthrie 1">{{cite web| last = Guthrie| first = J| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 6.5mm Grendel: The Round the Military Ought to Have| work = | publisher = Shooting Times| date = 2012-11-16| url = http://www.shootingtimes.com/2012/11/16/6-5mm-grendel-the-round-the-military-ought-to-have/| format = | doi = | accessdate = 2013-03-08| archive-date = 2013-01-19| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130119011425/http://www.shootingtimes.com/2012/11/16/6-5mm-grendel-the-round-the-military-ought-to-have/| dead-url = no}}</ref><!-- REM: Production rifles have consistently achieved sub–[[minute of angle]] (MOA) groups at test ranges out past 600 meters.-->。比如，{{convert|123|gr|g|abbr=on}}弹头的格伦戴尔弹在1000米距离上的动能和穿甲性要优于更大更重的{{convert|147|gr|g|abbr=on}}M80弹<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/The%20Next%20Generation.htm |title=The Case for a General-Purpose Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridge (GPC) by Anthony G Williams |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2014-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109212356/http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/The%20Next%20Generation.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>Ehrhart, Thomas P. ''Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half Kilometer''. pg 37-38</ref><ref>[http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=808&page=2 Infantry Weapons Conference Report] {{Wayback|url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=808&page=2 |date=20170622225610 }} - SAdefensejournal.com, 9 January 2012</ref><ref>[https://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/Another-7.62mm-Bullet-For-M-16s-1-8-2012.asp Another 7.62mm Bullet For M-16s] {{Wayback|url=https://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/Another-7.62mm-Bullet-For-M-16s-1-8-2012.asp |date=20130911080536 }} - Strategypage.com, 8 January 2012</ref>。但为了能够获得优于7.62mm NATO的弹道性能，必须要使用长[[枪管]]和重弹头；而如果要用短枪管达到同样性能，弹头的重量就必须更重<ref>[http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2148 The Army’s Individual Carbine Competition: What’s Next?] {{Wayback|url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2148 |date=20131029193337 }} - SAdefensejournal.com, 24 October 2013</ref>。
 
=== 外弹道 ===
[[Image:Grendel MV.JPG|thumb|[[枪口初速]]变化与弹头重量的对比]]
{|class=wikitable
|-
!colspan=7|弹头速度——24英寸（609.6毫米）枪管
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[弹丸|弹头]][[质量]]
!colspan=2|[[枪口初速]]
!colspan=2|1000米距离外速度
|-
![[格令]]（gr）
![[克]]（g）
![[英尺每秒|英尺/秒]]（ft/s）
![[米每秒|米/秒]]（m/s）
!英尺/秒（ft/s）
!米/秒（m/s）
|-
|Lapua Scenar
|{{convert|108|gr|g|disp=table}}
|{{convert|2700|ft/s|disp=table}}
|{{convert|1166|ft/s|disp=table}}
|-
|Lapua Scenar
|{{convert|123|gr|g|disp=table}}
|{{convert|2620|ft/s|disp=table}}
|{{convert|1222|ft/s|disp=table}}
|-
|Lapua FMJBT
|{{convert|144|gr|g|disp=table}}
|{{convert|2450|ft/s|disp=table}}
|{{convert|1213|ft/s|disp=table}}
|}

如上所述，格伦戴尔弹的弹壳与.220俄国弹关系紧密。总体来说，弹头重量每增加一格令，枪口初速就会减少10.8英尺/秒（每增加一克减少6.1米/秒），枪管长度每增加一英寸就会减少20英尺/秒（每增加一厘米减少2.4米/秒），具体细节可以从亚历山大公司公布的标图中获得。

== 军用和警用 ==
[[塞尔维亚]]目前正试用扎斯塔瓦武器公司（Zastava Arms）生产的一款使用格伦戴尔弹的步枪作为军队主力装备<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vs.rs/content/gallery/4658a360-50d4-11e6-b66b-001a649ddcfe.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827163715/http://www.vs.rs/content/gallery/4658a360-50d4-11e6-b66b-001a649ddcfe.jpg |archive-date=2016-08-27 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>，而一款美制的6.5毫米格伦戴尔弹步枪在通过贝尔格莱德技术测试中心批准后也可能被[[特种部队]]采用，由[[乌日策]][[南斯拉夫人民解放军和游击队|第一游击队]]弹药厂（''Prvi Partizan Užice''，即PPU）生产的三款格伦戴尔弹药则会被测试给这些步枪使用<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-484 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915164246/http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-484 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-485 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915161316/http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-485 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-483 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915165257/http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-483 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vs.rs/index.php?news_article=68a2bb24-50d2-11e6-b66b-001a649ddcfe |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724162940/http://www.vs.rs/index.php?news_article=68a2bb24-50d2-11e6-b66b-001a649ddcfe |archive-date=2016-07-24 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2016/10/josh-wayner/universal-service-cartridges-will-never-happen/ |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2018-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062225/http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2016/10/josh-wayner/universal-service-cartridges-will-never-happen/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 另见 ==
* [[步枪子弹列表]]
* [[.224 Valkyrie]]
* [[6.8mm Remington SPC]]
* [[6.5mm Creedmoor]]
* [[.30 Walker]]
* [[6mm PPC]]
* [[6mm AR]]: a 6.0mm version which shares Grendel's casing, but sends a (usually) lighter projectile up to 1,000 yards.
* [[.220 Russian]]
* [[7.62x39mm]]
* [[6.5×42mm]], also known as 6.5 MPC (Multi Purpose Cartridge), based on a necked up .223 Remington case.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defensereview.com/ssk-65-mpc-best-assault-rifle-cartridge-for-21st-century-warfare/ |title=The 6.5 MPC cartridge by SSK developed by J.D. Jones at SSK Industries {{!}} Article on DefenseReview.com |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112061516/http://www.defensereview.com/ssk-65-mpc-best-assault-rifle-cartridge-for-21st-century-warfare/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== 参考文献 ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Guns 'n' Ammo: Book of the AR-15, 2004, "The 6.5mm Grendel", David Fortier, p.&nbsp;66.
* Special Weapons for Military & Police, Annual #27 2004, "Beyond the 5.56mm NATO", Stan Crist, pp.&nbsp;62–67.
* Guns 'n' Ammo: Book of the AR-15, 2005, "6.5mm Grendel and 6.8 SPC", David Fortier, pp.&nbsp;32–44.
* Shooting Times, February 2005, "Cooking up Loads for the 6.5mm Grendel", David Fortier, pp.&nbsp;52–56.
* Shooting Illustrated, September 2005, "6.5mm Grendel and Alexander Arms", J. Guthrie, pp.&nbsp;34–37, 67–69.
* Petersen's: Rifle Shooter, March/April 2006, "Cartridge Efficiency—Why case shape matters", M. L. McPherson, pp.&nbsp;22–24.
* Shooting Times, January 2007, "Other AR Chamberings", Sidebar Article, David Fortier, p.&nbsp;56.
* Special Weapons, Semi-Annual #50 2007, "The Super Versatile AR", Charlie Cutshaw, pp.&nbsp;44–45, 80–83.
* Special Weapons, Semi-Annual #50 2007, "5.56mm NATO Alternatives", Stan Crist, pp.&nbsp;52–59.
* Shooting Times, March 2007, "Les Baer's 6.5mm Grendel AR Sets a New Standard", David Fortier, pp.&nbsp;26–32.
* Special Weapons for Military & Police #52, Spring 2007, "BETTER-IDEA 6.5mm GRENDEL," Stan Crist
* Special Weapons for Military & Police #52, Spring 2007, "New Battlefield Requirements—New Rifles and Ammo Needed", Charlie Cutshaw
{{div col end}}

== 外部链接 ==
{{commonscat}}
* http://www.alexanderarms.com/{{Wayback|url=http://www.alexanderarms.com/ |date=20191105090359 }}