编辑“︁魚鰭”︁

[[File:Only fish fin of Oncorhynchus mykiss.jpg|thumb|right|400px|<center>[[虹鱒]]<br>
1 背鰭，2 脂鰭，3 尾鰭，4 臀鰭，5，腹鰭，6 胸鰭</center>]]

'''魚鰭'''是[[魚類]]的[[附肢]]，是大部份魚類在[[动物运动|运动]]时用来产生[[推力]]的[[器官]]。在不同部位的魚鰭有不同的作用，通过协作配合可以产生[[六自由度|六个自由度]]的活动。鰭的功能也不只限於協助水中游動，还可以进行陆面活动（比如[[躄魚科|躄魚]]和[[弹涂鱼]]用胸鰭和腹鳍來进行爬行）甚至空气中产生[[升力]]（比如[[飛魚]]使用胸鰭進行[[滑翔]]），除此之外还有[[海马]]用尾鳍固定身体、雄性[[鳉魚]]用臀鰭來輸送精子、[[長尾鯊]]則會用尾鰭擊暈獵物等不以产生自身运动为目的的行为。

所有[[四足动物]]的[[四肢]]都与鱼类的胸鳍和腹鳍[[同源]]，都[[演化]]自[[四足形类|其肉鳍鱼祖先]]的鱼鳍。

== 類型 ==
鱼类的鱼鳍共有七种，大致分为两类：位于身体[[正中矢状面]]的五种'''奇鳍'''（unpair fins）——其中背鳍、臀鳍和尾鳍又可被称为'''中鳍'''（Median Fins）；以及位于身体中下部两侧的两对'''偶鳍'''（paired fins）。奇鳍主要负责提供游泳时的[[推进力]]和被动防止[[六自由度|翻滚]]；偶鳍主要提供[[六自由度|俯仰]]和左右[[六自由度|偏摆]]转向的推进力，以及需要减速时的[[阻力]]。
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 胸鰭
| [[File:Kopie van DSC00282.JPG|140px]]<center></center>
| valign=top | {{anchor|胸鰭}} 成對的'''胸鰭'''成對地位於魚體兩側，通常就在鰓蓋之後，和[[四足類]]的前肢是[[同源]]的。

* 一些魚的胸鰭高度發達，用以產生強大的[[動升力]]，例如[[鯊魚]]用胸鰭來保持下潛深度，[[飛魚]]則用來“飛翔”。
* 對一些魚來說，胸鰭是用來幫助[[會行走的魚|行走]]，例如[[彈塗魚]]和[[琵琶魚]]。
* 一些魚的鰭棘會形成指狀突出，例如[[角魚科|魴鮄]]和[[豹魴]]。
** [[蝠鲼]]和它的一些親緣動物擁有'''頭鰭'''，這實際上是胸鰭前端的一種變異。

|-
! 腹鰭
| [[File:Barb gonio 080526 9681 ltn Pv.jpg|140px]]<center></center>
| valign=top | {{anchor|腹鰭}} 成對的'''腹鰭'''位於魚體前側下端，在胸鰭之後。和四足類的後肢是同源的。腹鰭的作用是幫助魚類上升、下降、急速轉彎和迅速停止。<ref>Standen EM (2009) [http://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/5/831.full.pdf "Muscle activity and hydrodynamic function of pelvic fins in trout ''(Oncorhynchus mykiss)''] ''The Journal of Experimental Biology'', '''213''': 831–841.{{doi|10.1242/jeb.033084}} </ref>

* [[蝦虎魚]]的兩邊腹鰭融合，成吸盤狀。

|-
! style="width:90px" |背鰭
| [[File:Basking Shark Off Lunga, Treshnish Isles - geograph.org.uk - 39303.jpg|140px]]<center><small>一條鯊魚的背鰭</small></center>
| valign=top | {{anchor|背鰭}} [[File:Dorsal fin 01.jpg|thumb|120px|[[歐鰱]]的背鰭]]
背鰭位於魚類背部，一條魚最多可擁有3個背鰭，背鰭在魚類翻滾時起到保護作用，并協助急速轉向和急停。

* 琵琶魚的背鰭前端變成了“[[釣竿]]”和[[假餌釣魚|假餌]]。
* 支持背鰭的骨骼稱作“鰭條”。

|-
! 臀鰭
| [[File:Barb gonio 080526 9660 ltn Af.jpg|140px]]<center></center>
| valign=top | {{anchor|臀鰭}} '''臀鰭'''位於魚體[[肛門]]前端的腹部，在魚類遊動時可起到穩定身體的作用。
|-
! 脂鰭
| [[File:Adipose fin 01.jpg|140px]]<center><small>一條鮭魚的脂鰭</small></center>
| valign=top | {{anchor|脂鰭}} '''脂鰭'''是一個柔軟的肉質鰭，位於背鰭之後，尾鰭之前，在很多魚身上脂鰭已經消失了，但是在[[鮭科]]、[[脂鯉科]]和[[鮎形目]]魚類的身上仍可找到。它的作用尚不確定。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/1/v-a |title=THE MYSTERIOUS LITTLE FATTY FIN |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2008-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726050848/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/1/v-a |dead-url=no }}</ref>2011年的研究認為起作用可能是爲了探測外界的聲音、觸摸等刺激，並對其作出反應。加拿大學者發現脂鰭上有一個神經網絡，并認為它可能有感覺功能，但是並不清楚去掉它之後會對魚產生什麽影響。<ref>[http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/4529/removal-trout-salmon-fin-touches-a-nerve Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720044000/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/4529/removal-trout-salmon-fin-touches-a-nerve |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>
|-
! 尾鰭
| [[File:PletwyRyb.svg|140px]]<br /><br />
| valign=top | {{anchor|尾鰭}} 尾鰭位於魚類尾柄處用來產生推進力。

A：'''歪鰭'''，[[脊椎]]延伸到了尾鰭上部，使其變得更長，例如鯊魚。

:* '''反歪鰭'''，脊椎延伸到尾鰭下部，使其變得更長，例如[[缺甲鱼纲]]。

B：'''原尾'''，脊椎延伸到尾鰭頂端，尾鰭上下對稱，並不擴大。

C：'''正尾'''，尾鰭表面上對稱，實際上脊椎稍向上部延伸。

D：'''圓尾'''，脊椎延伸到尾鰭頂端，尾鰭對稱并擴大，例如[[多鰭魚目]]、[[肺魚]]和[[腔棘魚]]。很多現代的魚和[[古生代]]的魚都有圓尾。<ref>von Zittel KA, Woodward AS and Schlosser M (1932) ''Text-book of Paleontology'' Volume 2, Macmillan and Company. Page 13.</ref>
|-
! 尾柄隆起骨<br /><br /><br />小鰭{{anchor|AnchFinlet}}
| [[File:Thunnus obesus (Bigeye tuna) diagram cropped.GIF|140px]]
| valign=top | {{anchor|尾柄隆起骨}}一些可以快速遊動的魚擁有'''尾柄隆起骨'''，它位於尾鰭之前，由一些盾板組成。可以保持遊動穩定并支持尾鰭。尾柄隆起骨可能位於尾柄兩側，或上下。

'''小鰭'''位於背鰭或臀鰭之後，是一個很小的鰭。[[金槍魚]]和[[秋刀魚]]有小鰭。
|}
===鳍式===
[[生物形态学]]中用于记录鱼鳍信息的公式被称为'''鳍式'''（Fin formula）：
* 鱼鳍的名字可以缩写为字母：背鳍（D）、臀鳍（A）、尾鳍（C）、胸鳍（P）和腹鳍（V）
* 用罗马数字表示鳍棘和硬刺，用阿拉伯数表示不分枝鳍条和分枝鳍条
** 鳍棘为单根鳍条，硬刺又称为假棘，由2根鳍条组成；鳍棘和硬刺都不分节不分枝
** 鳍条由2根组成，分节。
* 棘与软条的数量范围用“~”表示，棘与软条相连时用“一”连接，分离时用“，”表示，不同鱼鳍用“；”分隔。
** 也有文献以“-”表示棘与软条的数量范围，此时用“/”表示棘与软条相连，“,”表示棘与软条分离。

== 硬骨魚 ==

[[硬骨魚]]被分為[[輻鰭魚]]和[[肉鳍鱼]]，現在輻鰭魚是[[脊椎動物]]中最具優勢的種類，有大約有99%的超過30,000種的魚都是輻鰭魚。而曾經一度繁盛的肉鳍鱼現在幾乎都已經滅絕了，只剩下8個物種存活。硬骨魚沒有[[鰭脊]]，而是以[[鱗質鰭條]]取代。它們擁有[[魚鰾]]，和魚鰭一起作用控制魚類的上浮和下沉。硬骨魚的鰓蓋保證了它們不用遊動也可以呼吸。

=== 肉鳍鱼 ===
{{main|肉鳍鱼}}

[[File:Coelacanth-bgiu.png|thumb|300px|right|肉鳍鱼，例如這條[[腔棘魚]]，鰭是肉質的，有一直延伸到身體的鱗片。依靠著數量眾多的鰭，腔棘魚可以在水中進行幾乎任何方向的轉向。]]

肉鳍鱼的魚鰭中有一個中軸骨，在前鰭的基部上有明顯的肌肉組織與分開的兩片腹鰭。<ref>Clack, J. A. (2002) ''Gaining Ground''. Indiana University</ref>肉鳍鱼和之後[[兩棲動物]]和四足類動物的演化有直接的關聯性。

[[矛尾魚]]是現存的其中一種肉鳍鱼，仍然保留著4億多年前[[泥盆紀]]早期[[腔棘魚]]祖先的許多特徵，{{r|Johanson2006}}是一種[[活化石]]。{{sfn|Forey|1998}}依靠著數量眾多的鰭，腔棘魚可以在水中進行幾乎任何方向的轉向，甚至可以倒立或者腹部向上遊動。{{r|Fricke1987}}

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=== 輻鰭魚 ===
{{main|輻鰭魚}}

[[File:Haddock fins.tiff|thumb|300px|right|[[黑線鱈]]是一種輻鰭魚，有三個背鰭和兩個臀鰭]]

輻鰭魚的魚鰭向鰭的外緣呈放射狀展開，無明顯肌肉組織，由棘組成，一般只有硬棘或者軟棘，當二者同時出現時，硬棘居前。棘有很多用處，例如很多[[鯰形目]]的魚在背鰭及胸鰭都有硬棘，有些更含劇毒，用以保衛自身。

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== 軟骨魚 ==

[[File:Carcharias taurus in UShaka Sea World 1079-a.jpg|thumb|400px|right|[[軟骨魚]]，例如這條[[沙虎鯊]]，它柔軟的鰭是由角質鰭條組成的{{sfn|Hamlett|1999|p=528}} ]]

[[軟骨魚]]的骨骼全部由軟骨組成，雄性的腹鰭里側具有鰭腳，尾鰭為歪尾。[[鰩總目]]的胸鰭與頭部相連，並且極其靈活。鯊魚則大部份都是歪尾，<ref>[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/16/2365.pdf Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering] {{Wayback|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/16/2365.pdf |date=20090326170956 }} - The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2365–2374 (2002)</ref>像大多數魚一樣，鯊魚的尾鰭可以為它們的遊動提供推力，不同鯊魚之間尾鰭的具體形狀大相徑庭。[[虎鯊]]的巨大歪尾為它們提供了緩慢巡遊能力和極強的爆發力。<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book
| last=Nelson
| first=Joseph S.
| title= [[世界鱼类|Fishes of the World]]
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| location=New York
| year= 1994
| isbn= 0-471-54713-1
| oclc=28965588}}</ref>[[長尾鯊]]的尾鰭則被用來直接擊暈獵物。

== 產生推力 ==

魚鰭在擺動時可以產生推力，令魚向相反的方向前進。而大多數魚都可以通過擺動鰭來前後移動。在游動中，尾鰭一般是必須用到的鰭，但有些魚主要靠胸鰭來產生推力。<ref name=Sfakiotakis />

{{multiple image
 | align = left
 | direction = horizontal
 | header            = 鰭的擺動可產生推力
 | header_align      = center
 | header_background =
 | image1    = Barb gonio 080525 9610 ltn Cf.jpg
 | width1     = 122
 | alt1      =
 | caption1  = 魚類通過擺動尾鰭獲得推力
 | image3    = Dasyatis thetidis.jpg
 | width3     = 135
 | alt3      =
 | caption3  = 黃貂魚通過大的胸鰭獲得推力
}}

在流動的水中，短時間內因壓力差而導致的氣泡出現與消失會產生[[空穴現象]]。<ref name=Franc>Franc, Jean-Pierre and Michel, Jean-Marie (2004) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=QJOQYa_oo24C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cavitation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_p6sUNbrHpHimAWjr4CwBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Cavitation&f=false ''Fundamentals of Cavitation''] Springer. ISBN 0000000000000.</ref>這也是鰭作用的原理之一，[[海豚]]和[[金槍魚]]在遊動時尾鰭可以產生強大的空穴現象。不過雖然可以遊得很快，空穴現象導致的氣泡破滅會使海豚感到疼痛，從而限制其速度的提升。 <ref name=hurts>{{cite news | last = Brahic | first = Catherine | title = Dolphins swim so fast it hurts | publisher = NewScientist | date = 2008-03-28 | url = http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn13553-dolphins-swim-so-fast-it-hurts.html | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | archive-date = 2008-05-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080518004830/http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn13553-dolphins-swim-so-fast-it-hurts.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>雖然金槍魚因為尾鰭沒有神經，不會感到疼痛，但同樣會因為空穴現象導致的一些其他物理現象而減速。金槍魚尾鰭上發現過空穴現象造成的傷痕。<ref name=hurts/>

[[鯖科]]是技藝高超的游泳者，它們身體後側有小鰭，2000年和2001年的研究指出“在穩定遊動時，小鰭會在局部流體產生流體動力效應”，最後方的小鰭可以增加鯖遊動時尾鰭的推力。<ref>Nauen JC, Lauder GV (2001a) [http://jeb.biologists.org/content/204/13/2251.long "Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the Chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus''"] {{Wayback|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/204/13/2251.long |date=20200807052800 }} ''Journal of Experimental Biology'', '''204''': 2251–63.</ref><ref>Nauen JC, Lauder GV (2001b) [http://www.biolbull.org/content/200/1/9.full "Three-dimensional analysis of finlet kinematics in the Chub mackerel ''(Scomber japonicus)''"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biolbull.org/content/200/1/9.full |date=20150923202302 }} ''The Biological Bulletin'', '''200''': 9–19.</ref><ref>Nauen JC and Lauder GV (2000) [http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/15/2247.full.pdf "Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the finlets of the Chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus''"] {{Wayback|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/15/2247.full.pdf |date=20201001091120 }} ''Journal of Experimental Biology'', '''203''': 2247–59.</ref>

== 控制動作 ==

一旦魚類開始遊動，遊動的動作就可以使用魚鰭來控制。<ref>Fish FE and Lauder GV (2006) [ftp://130.111.192.3/users/boss/SMS204_forPete/Week7/FishLauder2006.pdf "Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals"]{{dead link|date=2018年5月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics'', '''38''': 193–224. {{doi|10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092201}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | align = left
 | direction = horizontal
 | header            = 用來控制動作的特殊的鰭
 | header_align      = center
 | header_background =
 | image1    = Rotations.png
 | width1     = 237
 | alt1      =
 | caption1  = 像船和飛機一樣，魚類需要控制6個[[自由度 (結構力學)|自由度]]，三個為前後、上下及左右三個移動和前後、上下及左右三面旋轉。<ref name=Magnuson>Magnuson JJ (1978) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wnjnyAafAzUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA239&ots=8H2JDGpPdE&sig=Ygwf_EqmhWwvoEg_icIWCY-peDo#v=onepage&q&f=false "Locomotion by scombrid fishes: Hydromechanics, morphology and behavior"] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wnjnyAafAzUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA239&ots=8H2JDGpPdE&sig=Ygwf_EqmhWwvoEg_icIWCY-peDo#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=20210417174808 }} in ''Fish Physiology'', Volume 7: Locomotion, WS Hoar and DJ Randall (Eds) Academic Press. Page 240–308. ISBN 0000000000000.</ref><ref>[http://www.pomorci.com/Zanimljivosti/Ship's%20movements%20at%20sea.pdf Ship's movements at sea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pomorci.com/Zanimljivosti/Ship%27s%20movements%20at%20sea.pdf |date=20111125015923 }} Retrieved 22 November 2012.</ref><ref>Rana and Joag (2001) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=1kxkdWGa9-cC&pg=PA391&dq=yaw+roll+pitch+airplane&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JcitUJWoHe3ImAWEzYHoAw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=yaw%20roll%20pitch%20airplane&f=false ''Classical Mechanics''] Page 391, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 0000000000000.</ref>
 | image2    = Holacanthus ciliaris 1.jpg
 | width2     = 215
 | alt2      =
 | caption2  = [[岩礁魚類]]擁有最適合它們扁平身體的胸鰭和腹鰭<ref name=Alevizon />
 | image3    = White shark (cropped).jpg
 | width3     = 228
 | alt3      =
 | caption3  = 鯊魚背鰭上的[[真皮]]就像“固定船桅的繩索”，當鯊魚加速遊動時迅速變硬。<ref>Lingham‐Soliar T (2005) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.10207/abstract "Dorsal fin in the white shark, ''Carcharodon carcharias'': A dynamic stabilizer for fast swimming"] {{Wayback|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.10207/abstract |date=20170621200954 }} ''Journal of Morphology'', '''263''' (1): 1–11. {{doi|10.1002/jmor.10207}} [ftp://ftp.cicese.mx/pub/divOC/ocebiol/Erick%20O%F1ate/White%20shark%20papers/Lingham-Soliar_2005_Dorsal_fin_Dynamic_stabilizer_fast_swimming.pdf pdf]{{dead link|date=十一月 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
}}

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[[岩礁魚類]]的體型和[[遠洋性魚]]迥然不同，後者通常會擁有流線型的身體，以減少在水中遊動的阻力，提高速度。岩礁魚類生活在[[珊瑚礁]]中相對逼仄且變化更多的環境中，機動性遠比速度重要得多，<ref name="Alevizon">Alevizon WS (1994) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1559920777 "Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/1559920777|date=20210322032111}}  Gulf Publishing Company ISBN 1-55992-077-7</ref>因此很多岩礁魚類，例如[[蝴蝶魚科]]、[[雀鯛科]]、[[蓋刺魚科]]的胸鰭和腹鰭允許它們進行複雜的變向。<ref name=FMNH>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/HowSwim/HowSwim.html Ichthyology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/HowSwim/HowSwim.html |date=20160105001306 }} ''Florida Museum of Natural History''. Retrieved 22 November 2012.</ref>[[四齒魨科]]、[[箱魨科]]的魚靠胸鰭遊動，幾乎不使用尾鰭。<ref name=FMNH />

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== 其他用途 ==

像其他[[旗魚]]一樣，[[平鰭旗魚]]擁有巨大的背鰭，在快速遊動時可以縮回體內。<ref name="Cavendish">[http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=va1ODFo_tdUC&pg=PA332&dq=Billfish&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2DxwT9qmEqvImAWQssGpBg&ved=0CMABEOgBMBo#v=onepage&q=Billfish&f=false ''Aquatic Life of the World''] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=va1ODFo_tdUC&pg=PA332&dq=Billfish&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2DxwT9qmEqvImAWQssGpBg&ved=0CMABEOgBMBo#v=onepage&q=Billfish&f=false|date=20141217210848}} pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000. ISBN 9780761471707.</ref>

{{multiple image
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 | image1    = Antennarius striatus.jpg
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 | caption1  = [[躄魚科|躄鱼]]使用它們的胸鰭和腹鰭在海底行走<ref>{{cite book |editor=|author= Bertelsen E and Pietsch TW|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse/page/n141 138]–139|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>
 | image2    = Sailfin flyingfish.jpg
 | width2    = 211
 | alt2      =
 | caption2  = [[飛魚]]之所以能夠“飛翔”，靠的是它們的大型胸鰭
 | image3    = Istiophorus platypterus .jpg
 | width3     = 205
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 | caption3  = <center>[[平鰭旗魚]]可伸縮的背鰭</center>
}}

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[[東方豹魴鮄]]有比身體還大的胸鰭，當受到威脅時可以用來嚇退敵人。儘管又稱“飛龜魚”，但是它們和飛魚並無關係，其鰭也起不到飛魚鰭的作用。<ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/Purple-Flying-Gurnard-Dactyloptena-orientalis/ Purple Flying Gurnard, ''Dactyloptena orientalis'' (Cuvier, 1829)] {{Wayback|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Purple-Flying-Gurnard-Dactyloptena-orientalis/ |date=20180513032108 }} ''Australian Museum''. Updated: 15 September 2012. Retrieved: 2 November 2012.</ref><ref>{{FishBase species| genus=Dactyloptena | species=orientalis | year=2012 | month=November }}</ref>

魚鰭有時也可以用作生殖器官，[[四眼魚科]]和[[花鱂科]]雄魚的臀鰭演化成了[[生殖足]]，在交配時會將其插入雌性體內，使卵子在體內直接受精。

[[慈鯛科]]的雌性[[帶紋矛耙麗魚]]在交配時會展示出它們巨大、吸引注意力的紫色胸鰭。研究者發現雄性帶紋矛耙麗魚更青睞胸鰭大的雌性。<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101007210540.htm Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101007210540.htm |date=20210417185620 }} ''ScienceDaily''. 8 October 2010.</ref><ref>Baldauf SA, TCM Bakker, F Herder, H Kullmann and T Thünken (2010) [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/301/ "Male mate choice scales female ornament allometry in a cichlid fish"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/301/ |date=20150923203352 }} ''BMC Evolutionary Biologr//, '''10''' :301. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-10-301}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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 | header            =
 | header_align      = center
 | header_background =
 | image1    = Dactyloptena orientalis.JPG
 | width1    = 220
 | alt1      =
 | caption1  = <center>[[東方豹魴鮄]]有比身體還大的胸鰭，當受到威脅時可以用來嚇退敵人。</center>
 | image2    = Pelvicachromis taeniatus.jpg
 | width2    = 234
 | alt2      =
 | caption2  = 在交配時，[[慈鯛科]]的雌性[[帶紋矛耙麗魚]]會展示出它們巨大、吸引注意力的紫色胸鰭。
 | image3    = Humpback anglerfish.png
 | width3    = 175
 | alt3      =
 | caption3  = [[𩽾𩾌目]]的“釣竿”和假餌
 | image4    = Shark finning icon.jpg
 | width4    = 165
 | alt4      =
 | caption4  = 在一些亞洲國家，[[魚翅]]是一道昂貴的美食<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vannuccini S | year = 1999 | title = Shark utilization, marketing and trade | journal = FAO Fisheries Technical Paper | volume = 389 | location = Rome | publisher = FAO | url = http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/X3690E/x3690e0p.htm | accessdate =  | archive-date = 2017-08-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204244/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3690e/x3690e0p.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref>
}}

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== 鰭的進化 ==
{{see also|魚類的進化}}
2009年，[[芝加哥大學]]的學者發現“腮、鰭和四肢有相同的遺傳結構”。<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090323212021.htm Evolution Of Fins And Limbs Linked With That Of Gills] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090323212021.htm |date=20210417173527 }} ''ScienceDaily''. 25 March 2009.</ref><ref>Gillis JA, RD Dahn and NH Shubin (2009) [http://www.pnas.org/content/106/14/5720.full  "Shared developmental mechanisms pattern the vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/14/5720.full |date=20210418095923 }} ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', '''106''' (14): 5720–5724.</ref><ref>[http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Wings-Legs-and-Fins-How-Do-New-Organs-Arise-in-Evolution-16421 Wings, legs, and fins: How do new organs arise in evolution?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Wings-Legs-and-Fins-How-Do-New-Organs-Arise-in-Evolution-16421|date=20200927104725}} [[Neil Shubin]], University of Chicago.</ref>距今4.36亿年的灵动土家鱼（''Tujiaaspis vividus''）为脊椎动物偶鳍（胸鳍和腹鳍）起源的鳍褶理论提供了关键化石证据<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04897-6|title=Galeaspid anatomy and the origin of vertebrate paired appendages|language=EN}}</ref>

肉鳍魚類被認為是所有[[哺乳動物]]、[[爬行動物]]、[[鳥類]]和[[兩栖動物]]的祖先。<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080922090843.htm "Primordial Fish Had Rudimentary Fingers"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080922090843.htm |date=20210417191311 }} ''ScienceDaily'', 23 September 2008.</ref>陸生[[四足類]]大約在3.75億年前從肉鳍魚類演化到可以登陸，用胸鰭和腹鰭行走，最終發展出四肢。<ref>Hall, Brian K (2007) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fins+into+Limbs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NUmxUMOENYmOmQXGuYDgCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation''] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fins+into+Limbs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NUmxUMOENYmOmQXGuYDgCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA |date=20140323121648 }} University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0000000000000.</ref><ref>[[Neil Shubin|Shubin, Neil]] (2009) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC&dq=%22Your+Inner+Fish%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1qOyUJCqOorsmAX5xYCwDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body''] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC&dq=%22Your+Inner+Fish%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1qOyUJCqOorsmAX5xYCwDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|date=20141105031629}} Vintage Books. ISBN 0000000000000. [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=16412 ''UCTV'' interview] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=16412|date=20210114070358}}</ref><ref>Clack, Jennifer A (2012) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=6Ztrhm8uLQ0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Gaining+Ground:+the+Origin+and+Early+Evolution+of+Tetrapods%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yjK4UNjVDo7KmQWU3IC4Bw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Gaining%20Ground%3A%20the%20Origin%20and%20Early%20Evolution%20of%20Tetrapods%22&f=false "From fins to feet"] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=6Ztrhm8uLQ0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Gaining+Ground:+the+Origin+and+Early+Evolution+of+Tetrapods%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yjK4UNjVDo7KmQWU3IC4Bw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Gaining%20Ground%3A%20the%20Origin%20and%20Early%20Evolution%20of%20Tetrapods%22&f=false |date=20140323165326 }} Chapter 6, pages 187–260, ''in:'' ''Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods'', Indiana University Press. ISBN 0000000000000.</ref>

[[File:Crossopterygii fins tetrapod legs.svg|thumb|180px|left|肉鳍鱼類的鰭（A）和四足類的腿，一致的地方以同樣的顏色標記]]

2011年，[[蒙納許大學]]的研究者利用[[肺魚]]腹鰭的來追蹤四足類的四肢的演化過程。<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111004180106.htm Lungfish Provides Insight to Life On Land: 'Humans Are Just Modified Fish'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111004180106.htm |date=20210417174727 }} ''ScienceDaily'', 7 October 2011.</ref><ref>Cole NJ, Hall TE, Don EK, Berger S, Boisvert CA, ''et al''. (2011) [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001168 {{Wayback|url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001168 |date=20141107034959 }} "Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin" ''PLoS Biology'', '''9''' (10): e1001168. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168}}</ref>芝加哥大學的進一步研究表明肺魚已近有了向四足類演化的跡象。<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111212153117.htm A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111212153117.htm |date=20210415095037 }} ''ScienceDaily'', 13 December 2011.</ref><ref>King HM, NH Shubin, MI Coates and Hale ME (2011) [http://www.pnas.org/content/108/52/21146.full "Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/52/21146.full |date=20210418144946 }} ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', '''108''' (52): 21146–21151.</ref>

== 機械魚鰭 ==

[[File:RobotFishCharlie.jpg|thumb|210px|right|[[CIA]]的“Charlie”]]

魚鰭可以產生有效的推進力，一些魚的推進效率超過了90%。<ref name=Sfakiotakis>Sfakiotakis M, Lane DM and Davies JBC (1999) [http://www.mor-fin.com/Science-related-links_files/http___www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk_Research_oceans_people_Michael_Sfakiotakis_IEEEJOE_99.pdf "Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224091124/http://www.mor-fin.com/Science-related-links_files/http___www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk_Research_oceans_people_Michael_Sfakiotakis_IEEEJOE_99.pdf |date=2013-12-24 }} ''IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering'', '''24''' (2).</ref>因此魚類的加速和機動性比船隻和[[潛艇]]都更為有效，噪音也更小。這使得科學家開始研究魚鰭在[[仿生學]]上的價值。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rjmason.com/ramblings/robotFishMarket.html|author=Richard Mason|title=What is the market for robot fish?|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704021443/http://rjmason.com/ramblings/robotFishMarket.html|archivedate=2009-07-04}}</ref>

1990年代，[[CIA]]設計了一條叫做“Charlie”的機械魚，用來採集水下標本。

2005年，[[倫敦海洋生物水族館]]展出了三個由[[艾塞克斯大學]]計算機科學系設計的機械魚。這些機械魚採用自動化設計，可以像真的魚那樣避開障礙物。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/hhu/HCR-Group.html#Entertainment|publisher=Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University|title=Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC|accessdate=2007-10-25|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61BLQgbUA?url=http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/hhu/HCR-Group.html#Entertainment|archive-date=2011-08-24|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{Cite web
| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/10/07/spark.fish
| title=Robotic fish make aquarium debut
| work=cnn.com
| publisher=[[CNN]]
| date=10 October 2005
| accessdate=12 June 2011
| archive-date=2020-11-26
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126104911/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/10/07/spark.fish/
| dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref name="london_times1">{{Cite web
| url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/leisure/article2172983.ece
| title=Merlin Entertainments tops up list of London attractions with aquarium buy
| last=Walsh
| first=Dominic
| work=thetimes.co.uk
| publisher=Times of London
| date=3 May 2008
| accessdate=12 June 2011
| archive-date=2016-12-21
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221060004/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/leisure/article2172983.ece
| dead-url=no
}}</ref>

2004年，[[麻省理工學院]]的[[休·赫爾]]發明了一個帶有[[執行器]]的機械魚，她將青蛙腿部肌肉移植到機器人上，并進行通電使其抽搐而令機器人遊動。<ref>Huge Herr, D. Robert G [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544953/ "A Swimming Robot Actuated by Living Muscle Tissue"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544953/ |date=20210308230024 }} ''Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation'', '''1''': 6. {{doi|10.1186/1743-0003-1-6}}</ref><ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/biomechatronics4.htm How Biomechatronics Works] {{Wayback|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/biomechatronics4.htm |date=20201205000258 }} ''HowStuffWorks''/ Retrieved 22 November 2012.</ref>

{{clear}}
== 參考資料 ==

=== 引用 ===

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{{reflist|3|refs=

<ref name="Johanson2006">Johanson, Zerina, John A. Long, John A. Talent, Philippe Janvier, and James W. Warren (2006) [http://171.66.127.192/content/2/3/443.full "Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130219094154/http://171.66.127.192/content/2/3/443.full |date=2013-02-19 }} ''Biology Letters'', '''2''' (3): 443–46.</ref>

<ref name="Fricke1987">Fricke, Hans, Olaf Reinicke, Heribert Hofer, and Werner Nachtigall. "Locomotion of the Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae in Its Natural Environment." ''Nature'' 329.6137 (1987): 331–33. Print.</ref>
}}

=== 參考書目 ===
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book|last=Hamlett|first=William C.|title=Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=p 56|date=1999|edition=1|isbn=978-0-8018-6048-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ON-sPP5rowwC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=shark+fin++ceratotrichia+supported&q=shark%20fin%20%20ceratotrichia%20supported}}

{{refend}}

== 擴展閱讀 ==

* Hall, Brian K (2007) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fins+into+Limbs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NUmxUMOENYmOmQXGuYDgCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation''] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fins+into+Limbs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NUmxUMOENYmOmQXGuYDgCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA |date=20140323121648 }} University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226313375.
* Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150602082907/http://limnology.wisc.edu/courses/zoo510/2009/helfman_ch8.pdf "Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding"] Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In:''The Diversity of Fishes: Biology'', John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444311907.
* Lauder GV, EG Drucker  (2004) [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~glauder/reprints_unzipped/Lauder.Drucker.2004.pdf "Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control surfaces"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~glauder/reprints_unzipped/Lauder.Drucker.2004.pdf |date=20201003183836 }} ''Journal of Oceanic Engineering'', '''29''' (3): 556–571.

== 外部連結 ==

* [http://fish.mongabay.com/anatomy.htm 魚類解剖學] {{Wayback|url=http://fish.mongabay.com/anatomy.htm |date=20210419044041 }}
* [http://www.meer.org/ebook/general-fish-tails-fins.htm 一般的魚尾和魚鰭類型] {{Wayback|url=http://www.meer.org/ebook/general-fish-tails-fins.htm |date=20190905135816 }}，加利福尼亞大學
* [http://www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html 魚的鰭] {{Wayback|url=http://www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html |date=20130226042634 }}
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/remediation/robot-fish.htm 機器魚可以找到污染嗎？] {{Wayback|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/remediation/robot-fish.htm |date=20210426183357 }}
{{Diversity of fish}}
[[Category:魚類解剖學]]