编辑“︁馬陸”︁


{{Expand language|1=en|status=yes|time=2023-02-03T03:55:40+00:00}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Diplopoda
|name =馬陸
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|423|0}}
|image = Millipede.jpg
|image_width = 250px
|image_caption = [[砖红厚甲马陆]]（''Trigoniulus corallinus''）
|authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|De Blainville]] ''in'' [[Paul Gervais|Gervais]], 1844年<ref name="Systax">{{cite web |url = http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/cgi-bin/system/zoosys.pl?id=610&stufe=3&typ=ZOO&sid=T&only=no&syno=no&lang=e#610:3 |title = Diplopoda DeBlainville in Gervais, 1844 (Class) |work = [[SysTax]] |publisher = [[University of Ulm|Universität Ulm]], [[Ruhr University|Ruhr-Universität Bochum]] |accessdate = 2007-08-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070818131054/http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/cgi-bin/system/zoosys.pl?id=610&stufe=3&typ=ZOO&sid=T&only=no&syno=no&lang=e#610:3 |archive-date = 2007-08-18 |dead-url = yes }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/cgi-bin/system/zoosys.pl?id=610&stufe=3&typ=ZOO&sid=T&only=no&syno=no&lang=e#610:3 |date=20070818131054 }}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = [[亞綱]]
| subdivision = 
* [[毛尾馬陸亞綱]] Penicillata
* [[節胸亞綱]] Arthropleuridea†
* [[唇顎亞綱]] Chilognatha
|diversity = 16個目，147個科，1,868個屬及約1.2萬個物種<ref name="Shear 2011 class." />。
|diversity_link = 倍足綱多樣性
}}{{他用}}
{{提示|百足蟲|馬路|马鹿}}
'''馬陸'''（{{langx|en|Millipede}}），又稱'''千足虫'''、'''千腳虫'''、'''馬蠲'''、'''馬䗃'''、'''馬蚿'''、'''馬𧏿'''（音同“逐”），為'''倍足綱'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|Diplopoda}}）[[節肢動物]]的通稱。馬陸為陸生節肢動物，通常生活在陰暗[[潮濕]]的地方，大多以枯枝落葉為食，有時會啃食[[植物]]幼苗，會留下葉脈，像吃剩的魚骨。大多數馬陸的活動速度都比[[蜈蚣]]慢。現時本綱已描述的[[物種]]有約8000種，估計只佔[[地球]]上所有倍足綱物種的十分之一<ref name="Chapman"/>。

== 外型構造==
[[File:Tachypodoiulus niger 1.jpg|thumb|''[[Tachypodoiulus niger]]'']]
馬陸的[[頭部]]有一對[[触角]]，身體細長且分為多節，頭四節為[[頭胸部]]，餘下皆為[[腹部]]<ref>{{cite web |author=[[嚴尚文]] |date=2011-07-01 |title=馬陸 ~ 千足蟲 |url=http://sowells.nidbox.com/diary/read/8220519 |language=zh-hant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425205346/https://sowells.nidbox.com/diary/read/8220519 |archive-date=2020-04-25 |accessdate=2015-12-08 |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://sowells.nidbox.com/diary/read/8220519 |date=20200425205346 }}</ref>，除第一節及最後一節外，绝大部分[[體節]]各有兩對腳；雖然馬陸又稱為千足蟲，但一般物種大约有36隻到400隻脚不等，目前已知只有2021年發表的馬陸新種{{le|真千足蟲屬|Eumillipes|冥-{后}-真千足蟲}}（''Eumillipes persephone''）有超過1000隻腳<ref>{{Cite web |last=阿雀 |date=2021-12-17 |title=澳洲發現1306隻腳的馬陸 「千足蟲」稱號終於名符其實 |url=https://dq.yam.com/post/14549 |website=DQ 地球圖輯隊 |language=zh-TW |access-date=2022-08-22 |archive-date=2022-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822003117/https://dq.yam.com/post/14549 |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://dq.yam.com/post/14549 |date=20220822003117 }}</ref>。至於體型最大的馬陸物种是生活在[[东非]]的[[非洲巨马陆]]（''Archispirostreptus gigas''）。

除了真千足蟲外，其他以眾多的腳數目而聞名的馬陸有''[[Illacme plenipes]]''和''[[Sibiriulus baigazanensis]]''。在[[俄羅斯]]研究員[[米洛斯拉夫·薩赫涅維奇]]於[[西伯利亞]]的[[阿爾泰生物保護區]]首次發現''Sibiriulus baigazanensis''之前，''Illacme plenipes''是當時世界上腿最多的生物<ref name="Illacme">{{Cite journal |last=Marek |first=Paul E. |last2=Bond |first2=Jason E. |date=2006-06 |title=Rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/441707a |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=441 |issue=7094 |doi=10.1038/441707a |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2022-10-07 |archive-date=2022-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014020703/https://www.nature.com/articles/441707a |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/441707a |date=20221014020703 }}</ref>。''Sibiriulus baigazanensis''的身長幾公分到20公分不等，其中最多擁有超過700支腳。

馬陸遭遇危險時會分泌臭味物質，因此大多數鳥獸都不愛獵食，唯有[[狐獴]]喜好捕食牠們。马陆体液及其分泌物含有一种化學物質[[苯醌]]（[[1,4-苯醌]]、[[1,2-苯醌]]），可以發揮驱[[蚊]]作用（曾意外被發現於[[南美洲]]{{tsl|en|Capuchin monkey|僧帽猴}}的行為）<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weldon |first=Paul J. |last2=Aldrich |first2=Jeffrey R. |last3=Klun |first3=Jerome A. |last4=Oliver |first4=James E. |last5=Debboun |first5=Mustapha |date=2003-07-01 |title=Benzoquinones from millipedes deter mosquitoes and elicit self-anointing in capuchin monkeys ( Cebus spp.) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-003-0427-2 |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=90 |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0427-2 |issn=0028-1042 |pmid=12883771}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=蔡坤憲 |date=2016-06-01 |title=「蚊」鳴的開始 |url=http://www.ntsec.gov.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=3049 |work=科學研習No.55-06 |publisher=[[國立臺灣科學教育館]] |pages=64頁 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425205356/https://www.ntsec.gov.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=3049 |archive-date=2020-04-25 |accessdate=2016-09-11 |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.ntsec.gov.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=3049 |date=20200425205356 }}</ref>{{rp|4-11}}。有些馬陸在遇襲時會把自己蜷縮起來成為球狀，例如[[蟠形總目]]的馬陸等。
{{wide image|Female Illacme plenipes (MIL0020) with 618 legs - ZooKeys-241-077-SP-6-top.jpg|800px|一隻有著618條腿的雌性''[[Illacme plenipes]]''|500px|left}}
{{-}}

==分類==
[[File:Millipede collage.jpg|thumb|倍足綱之下的生物]]
[[File:Millipede order species comparison.png|thumb|相關物種的的多樣性分布，囊括約3,500種的帶馬陸（[[Polydesmida]]）和 [[Siphoniulida]]目的2個物種<ref name="Shear 2011 class."/>]]
馬陸的生物學及分類學的科學研究被稱為「Diplopodology」：也就是倍足綱物種研究。現時有大約1.2萬個馬陸的物種已被描述，但估計現存在地球的馬陸物種恐達1.5到2.0萬種<ref name="Brewer et al 2012 PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=Brewer |first=Michael S. |last2=Sierwald |first2=Petra |last3=Bond |first3=Jason E. |date=2012-05-15 |editor-last=Kolokotronis |editor-first=Sergios-Orestis |title=Millipede Taxonomy after 250 Years: Classification and Taxonomic Practices in a Mega-Diverse yet Understudied Arthropod Group |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037240 |journal=PLoS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037240 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3352885 |pmid=22615951}}</ref>，有文獻甚至估計有8萬種<ref name="SierwaldBond2007">{{Cite journal |last=Sierwald |first=Petra |last2=Bond |first2=Jason E. |date=2007-01-01 |title=Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=17163800 |access-date=2022-10-07 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009162318/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210 |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210 |date=20221009162318 }}</ref>。

根據2011年的分類，倍足綱的物種可大致分為三個[[亞綱]]，26個[[目 (生物)|目]]<ref name="Shear 2011 class.">{{cite journal |last=Shear |first=W. |title=Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |year=2011 |volume=3148 |pages=159–164 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p164.pdf |access-date=2015-11-26 |archive-date=2019-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725010639/https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p164.pdf |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p164.pdf |date=20211030001350 }}</ref>（已[[滅絕]]分類群以[[劍號]](†)標記）：
* [[毛尾馬陸亞綱]] Penicillata <small>Latrielle, 1831</small> = [[觸顎亞綱]]（Pselaphognatha）
** [[毛馬陸目]] Polyxenida <small>Verhoeff, 1934</small>
* †[[節胸亞綱]] Arthropleuridea (在某些文獻中會併入毛尾馬陸亞綱)<ref name="Shear.Edgecombe2010">{{cite journal |last1=Shear |first1=William A. |last2=Edgecombe |first2=Gregory D. |year=2010 |title=The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887 |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |volume=39 |issue=2–3 |pages=174–190 |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002 |pmid=19944188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190258/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2017-12-22 |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887 |date=20150924190258 }}</ref>
** †[[節胸目]] Arthropleurida <small>Waterlot, 1934</small>
** †[[始节胸目]] Eoarthropleurida <small> Shear & Selden, 1995</small>
** †目 [[Microdecemplicida]] <small>Wilson & Shear, 2000</small>
* [[唇顎亞綱]] Chilognatha <small> Latrielle, 1802</small><ref name="core.ecu.edu">{{cite book |chapter=Diplopoda |last1=Bueno-Villegas |first1=Julián |last2=Sierwald |first2=Petra |last3=Bond |first3=Jason E. |editor1-last=Bousquets |editor1-first=J. L. |editor2-last=Morrone |editor2-first=J. J. |title=Biodiversidad, taxonomia y biogeografia de artropodos de Mexico |pages=569–599 |url=http://core.ecu.edu/biol/bondja/publications/Buenoetal2004.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185655/http://core.ecu.edu/biol/bondja/publications/Buenoetal2004.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-12-02 }} {{Wayback|url=http://core.ecu.edu/biol/bondja/publications/Buenoetal2004.pdf |date=20160304185655 }}</ref><ref name="Shelley">{{cite web |last=Shelley |first=Rowland M. |title=Millipedes |url=http://www.nadiplochilo.com/milli.html |accessdate=October 12, 2013 |archive-date=2019-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814031637/http://www.nadiplochilo.com/milli.html |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.nadiplochilo.com/milli.html |date=20190814031637 }}</ref>
** †目 [[Zosterogrammida]] <small>Wilson, 2005</small> ([[地位未定]])<ref name=Shear.Edgecombe2010 />
** [[五帶馬陸下綱]] Pentazonia <small>Brandt, 1833 </small>
*** †目 [[Amynilyspedida]] <small>Hoffman, 1969</small>
*** [[蚌形總目]] Limacomorpha <small>Pocock, 1894 </small>
**** [[扁形馬陸目]] Glomeridesmida <small>Cook, 1895 </small>
*** [[蟠形總目]] Oniscomorpha <small>Pocock, 1887 </small>
**** [[球馬陸目]] Glomerida <small>Brandt, 1833 </small>
**** [[蟠馬陸目]] Sphaerotheriida <small>Brandt, 1833</small>
** [[蠕形馬陸下綱]] Helminthomorpha <small>Pocock, 1887</small>
*** †[[原多足總目]] Archipolypoda <small>Scudder, 1882</small>
**** † [[原多足目]] Archidesmida<small>Wilson & Anderson 2004</small>
**** † [[Cowiedesmida]]目 <small>Wilson & Anderson 2004</small>
**** † [[Euphoberiida]]目 <small>Hoffman, 1969</small>
**** † [[Palaeosomatida]]目 <small>Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005</small>
*** † [[Pleurojulida]]目 <small>Schneider & Werneburg, 1998</small> (可能為畸顎馬陸類的姊妹分類群)<ref name=SierwaldBond2007/>
*** [[畸顎馬陸類]] Colobognatha <small>Brandt, 1834 </small>
**** [[平馬陸目]] Platydesmida <small>Cook, 1895</small>
**** [[多板馬陸目]] Polyzoniida <small>Cook, 1895 </small>
**** [[Siphonocryptida]]目 <small>Cook, 1895</small>
**** [[管馬陸目]] Siphonophorida <small>Newport, 1844</small>
*** [[真顎馬陸類]] Eugnatha <small>Attems, 1898</small>
**** [[馬陸總目]] Juliformia <small>Attems, 1926</small>
***** [[姬馬陸目]] Julida <small>Brandt, 1833</small>
***** [[山蛩目]] Spirobolida <small>Cook, 1895</small> = [[圓馬陸目]]
***** [[異蛩目]] Spirostreptida <small>Brandt, 1833</small><ref name="wanfangdata">{{cite book|url=http://c.wanfangdata.com.cn/LocalChronicle-FZ018328.aspx|title=中國藥用動物志|volume=第二冊|editors=姜鳳梧,鄧明魯,高士賢,張義正,陳恩渝|publisher=天津科學技術出版社|date=1983-10|accessdate=2015-12-05|language=zh|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095537/http://c.wanfangdata.com.cn/LocalChronicle-FZ018328.aspx|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=http://c.wanfangdata.com.cn/LocalChronicle-FZ018328.aspx |date=20151208095537 }}</ref>
***** †總科 [[Xyloiuloidea]] <small>Cook, 1895</small> (Sometimes aligned with Spirobolida)<ref name="Hoffman1963">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Richard L. |date=1963 |title=New Genera and Species of Upper Paleozoic Diplopoda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301419 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=37 |issue=1 |issn=0022-3360 |jstor=1301419 |access-date=2022-10-07 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007235727/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301419 |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301419 |date=20221007235727 }}</ref>
**** [[刺馬陸總目]] Nematophora <small>Verhoeff, 1913 </small>
***** [[美肢馬陸目]] Callipodida <small>Pocock, 1894</small>
***** [[泡馬陸目]] Chordeumatida <small>Pocock 1894</small>
***** [[斯特馬陸目]] Stemmiulida <small>Cook, 1895</small>
***** [[Siphoniulida]]目 <small>Cook, 1895</small>
**** 總目 [[Merocheta]] <small>Cook, 1895</small>
***** [[帶馬陸目]] Polydesmida <small>Pocock, 1887</small>
* †屬 ''[[Eileticus]]'' ([[地位未定]])

目前[[Siphoniulida]]目和[[多板馬陸目]]的分類地位尚未確立，已滅絕分類群的分類地位也是暫定的<ref name="SierwaldBond2007" /><ref name="Shear.Edgecombe2010" />。

== 参见 ==
* [[蜈蚣]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}

==外部連結==
{{portal|节肢动物}}
{{Commons|Diplopoda}}
{{EB1911 poster|Millipede}}
* [http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/milli-peet/milli-peet-class-diplopoda Milli-PEET: The Class Diplopoda] {{Wayback|url=http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/milli-peet/milli-peet-class-diplopoda |date=20131108030414 }} – The Field Museum, Chicago
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180627155055/https://www.polydesmida.info/millipedesofaustralia/index.html Millipedes of Australia]
* [http://soilbugs.massey.ac.nz/diplopoda.php Diplopoda: Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates] {{Wayback|url=http://soilbugs.massey.ac.nz/diplopoda.php |date=20200513224821 }} – Massey University
* [http://www.gbifev2.mwn.de/GloMyrIS/searchh_myr.htm SysMyr, a myriapod taxonomy database] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gbifev2.mwn.de/GloMyrIS/searchh_myr.htm |date=20200425205440 }}
* [http://www.bmig.org.uk/ British Myriapod & Isopod Group] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bmig.org.uk/ |date=20201113200600 }}

== 延伸阅读 ==
{{Wikisource further reading}}
{{節肢動物門}}
{{Millipedes}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q167367}}

[[Category:馬陸| ]]
[[Category:1844年描述的分类群|B]]