编辑“︁
镍
”︁
跳转到导航
跳转到搜索
脚本错误:没有“Mainspace editnotice”这个模块。
警告:
您没有登录。如果您进行任何编辑,您的IP地址会公开展示。如果您
登录
或
创建账号
,您的编辑会以您的用户名署名,此外还有其他益处。
反垃圾检查。
不要
加入这个!
{{refimprove|time=2016-12-18T11:51:32+00:00}} {{NoteTA |G1 = Chemistry }} {{Elementbox |name=镍 |enname=nickel |number=28 |symbol=Ni |left=[[钴]] |right=[[铜]] |above= |below=[[钯]] |series=过渡金属 |series comment= |group=10 |period=4 |block=d |series color= |phase color= |appearance=有银白色金属光泽 |image name=Nickel chunk.jpg |image size= |image name comment= |image alt= |image name 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=58.6934(4){{CIAAW2021}} |electron configuration=[[[氬|Ar]]] 3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 或 [[[argon|Ar]]] 3d<sup>9</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 16, 2 或 2, 8, 17, 1 |color= |phase=固態 |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=8.908 |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3mp=7.81 |melting point K=1728 |melting point C=1455 |melting point F=2651 |boiling point K=3186 |boiling point C=2913 |boiling point F=5275 |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=17.48 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=377.5 |heat capacity=26.07 |vapor pressure 1=1783 |vapor pressure 10=1950 |vapor pressure 100=2154 |vapor pressure 1 k=2410 |vapor pressure 10 k=2741 |vapor pressure 100 k=3184 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=面心立方 |oxidation states=4<ref>{{cite journal| title = A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)| author = M. Carnes ''et al.''| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition| year = 2009| volume = 48 | page =3384| doi = 10.1002/anie.200804435}}</ref>, 3, '''2''', 1<ref>{{cite journal| author = S. Pfirrmann ''et al.''| title = A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition| year = 2009| volume = 48 | page =3357| doi = 10.1002/anie.200805862}}</ref>, -1 |oxidation states comment=弱[[鹼性]]氧化物 |electronegativity=1.91 |number of ionization energies=4 |1st ionization energy=737.1 |2nd ionization energy=1753.0 |3rd ionization energy=3395 |atomic radius=124 |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=124±4 |Van der Waals radius=163 |magnetic ordering=[[铁磁性|铁磁]] |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=69.3 n |thermal conductivity=90.9 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25=13.4 |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.=4900 |Young's modulus=200 |Shear modulus=76 |Bulk modulus=180 |Poisson ratio=0.31 |Mohs hardness=4.0 |Vickers hardness=638 |Brinell hardness=700 |CAS number=7440-02-0 |isotopes={{infobox nickel isotopes}} |discovered by=[[阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特]] |discovery date=1751 |first isolation by=阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特 |first isolation date=1751 }} '''{{zy|鎳|niè|ㄋㄧㄝˋ|nip6}}'''({{langx|en|Nickel}}),是一種[[化學元素]],[[化學符號]]为'''{{化學式|鎳}}''',[[原子序數]]为28,[[原子量]]為{{val|58.6934|u=[[原子質量單位|u]]}}。鎳是一種有光澤的銀白色[[金屬]],其銀白色帶一點淡金色。鎳屬於[[過渡金屬]],質硬,具延展性。純鎳的化學活性相當高,這種活性可以在反應[[表面積]]最大化的粉末狀態下看到,但大塊的鎳金屬與周圍的[[空氣]]反應緩慢,因為其表面已形成了一層帶保護性質的[[氧化物]]。即使如此,由於鎳與氧之間的活性夠高,所以在地球表面還是很難找到自然的金屬鎳。地球表面的自然鎳都被封在較大的[[鐵隕石|鎳鐵隕石]]裏面,這是因為隕石在太空的時候接觸不到氧氣的緣故。在地球上,這種自然鎳總會和[[鐵]]結合在一起,這點反映出它們都是[[超新星核合成]]主要的最終產物。一般認為地球的[[地核]]就是由鎳鐵混合物所組成的<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lars Stixrude | coauthors = Evgeny Waserman and Ronald Cohen | title = Composition and temperature of Earth's inner core | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 102 | issue = B11 | pages = 24729–24740 | publisher = American Geophysical Union | date = November 1997 | url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997/97JB02125.shtml | doi = 10.1029/97JB02125 | bibcode = 1997JGR...10224729S | access-date = 2014-03-27 | archive-date = 2012-05-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514215541/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997/97JB02125.shtml }}</ref>。 鎳的使用(天然的隕鎳鐵合金)最早可追溯至公元前3500年。[[阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特]]於1751年最早分離出鎳,並將它界定為化學元素,儘管他最初把鎳[[礦石]]誤認為銅的礦物。鎳的外語名字來自德國礦工傳說中同名的淘氣妖精(Nickel,與英語中魔鬼別稱"Old Nick"相近),這是由於鎳銅礦不能用煉銅的方法煉出銅來,所以被比擬成妖魔。鎳最經濟的主要來源為鐵礦石[[褐鐵礦]],含鎳量一般為1-2%。鎳的其他重要礦物包括[[硅鎂鎳礦]]及[[鎳黃鐵礦]]。鎳的主要生產地包括[[加拿大]]的[[索德柏立盆地|索德柏立區]](一般認為該處是[[隕石]]撞擊坑)、[[太平洋]]的[[新喀里多尼亞]]及[[俄羅斯]]的[[諾里爾斯克]]。 由於鎳在室溫時的[[氧化]]緩慢,所以一般視為具有耐腐蝕性。歷史上,因為這一點鎳被用作[[電鍍]]各種表面,例如金屬(如鐵及[[黃銅]])、化學裝置內部及某些需要保持閃亮銀光的合金(例如[[鎳銀]])。世界鎳生產量中的約6%仍被用於抗腐蝕純鎳電鍍。鎳曾經是[[硬幣]]的常見成份,但現時這方面已大致上被較便宜的鐵所取代,尤其是因為有些人的皮膚對鎳[[過敏]]。儘管如此,英國還是在皮膚科醫生的反對下,於2012年開始再使用鎳鑄造錢幣<ref name=anna>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22956874|title=A bad penny? New coins and nickel allergy|author=Anna Lacey|work=BBC Health Check|date=2013-06-22|accessdate=2013-07-25|archive-date=2013-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807015003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22956874|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 只有四種元素在室溫時具有[[鐵磁性]],鎳就是其中一種。<ref name="CoeySkumryev1999">{{cite journal|last1=Coey| first1=J. M. D.| last2=Skumryev| first2=V.|last3=Gallagher|first3=K.|journal=Nature |volume=401| issue=6748| year=1999| pages=35–36|doi=10.1038/43363 | title = Rare-earth metals: Is gadolinium really ferromagnetic?|bibcode=1999Natur.401...35C| s2cid=4383791}}</ref>含鎳的[[鋁鎳鈷合金]][[永磁体]],其磁力強度介乎於含鐵的永久磁鐵與[[稀土磁鐵]]之間。鎳在現代世界的地位主要來自於它的各種[[合金]]。全世界鎳產量中的約68%被用於生產[[不鏽鋼]]。其他常見的合金,還有一些的新的[[高溫合金]],就幾乎就佔盡了餘下的世界鎳用量。用於製作化合物的化學用途只佔了鎳產量的不到3%<ref name=ullmann-1>{{Ullmann | author=Derek G. E. Kerfoot | title = Nickel | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a17_157}}</ref>。鎳化合物在化學製造有好幾種特定的用途,例如作為[[雷尼鎳|氫化反應的催化劑]]。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nickelinstitute.org/~/media/Files/MediaCenter/NiCompounds/NI%20Compounds%202015%20v12%20FINAL.ashx?la=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002419/https://nickelinstitute.org/~/media/Files/MediaCenter/NiCompounds/NI%20Compounds%202015%20v12%20FINAL.ashx?la=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-08-31|title=Nickel Compounds – The Inside Story|website=Nickel Institute}}</ref>某些微生物和植物的[[酶]]用鎳作為[[活性位點]],因此鎳是它們重要的養分。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mulrooney|first1=Scott B.|last2=Hausinger|first2=Robert P.|date=2003-06-01|title=Nickel uptake and utilization by microorganisms|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=27|issue=2–3|pages=239–261|doi=10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00042-1|pmid=12829270|issn=0168-6445|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==特性== ===原子及物理性質=== [[File:Ni@CNT2.jpg|thumb|left|纳米镍晶体在[[碳纳米管]]中的[[透射电子显微镜|电子显微照片]]。比例尺的长度是5 nm。<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/srep15033|pmid=26459370|pmc=4602218|title=Nickel clusters embedded in carbon nanotubes as high performance magnets|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|page=15033|date=2015|display-authors=4|last1=Shiozawa|first1=Hidetsugu|last2=Briones-Leon|first2=Antonio|last3=Domanov|first3=Oleg|last4=Zechner|first4=Georg|last5=Sato|first5=Yuta|last6=Suenaga|first6=Kazu|last7=Saito|first7=Takeshi|last8=Eisterer|first8=Michael|last9=Weschke|first9=Eugen|last10=Lang|first10=Wolfgang|last11=Peterlik|first11=Herwig|last12=Pichler|first12=Thomas|bibcode=2015NatSR...515033S}}</ref>]] 鎳是有光澤的銀白色[[金屬]],其銀白色帶一點淡金色,可被高度磨光。只有四種元素在室溫上下具有鐵磁性,鎳就是其中一種,其餘三種為鐵、[[鈷]]及[[釓]]。其[[居里溫度]]為355 °C,即大塊的鎳在這個溫度以上就會失去磁性<ref>{{cite book |author=Kittel, Charles|title=Introduction to Solid State Physics |publisher=Wiley |year=1996 |page=449 |isbn=0-471-14286-7}}</ref>。镍是[[面心立方晶系]]的,晶格参数0.352 nm,计算出的[[原子半径]]为0.124 nm。这种晶体结构在70 GPa以下都是稳定的。镍坚硬、有延展性、对过渡金属来说有较高的[[导电率]]和[[热导率]]。理想的镍晶体的[[抗压强度]]预测为34 GPa,但由于晶体[[位错]]的形成和运动,真正的大块镍永远不会有这么高的强度。不过,这个抗压强度已经在[[纳米粒子]]中达到。<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06575-6|pmid=30291239|pmc=6173750|title=Nickel nanoparticles set a new record of strength|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|pages=4102|year=2018|last1=Sharma|first1=A.|last2=Hickman|first2=J.|last3=Gazit|first3=N.|last4=Rabkin|first4=E.|last5=Mishin|first5=Y.|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.4102S}}</ref> ===電子排列的爭議=== 鎳原子共有兩種[[电子排布|電子排列]]:[Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>8</sup>及[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup> 3d<sup>9</sup>,而兩者的能量非常接近(符號[Ar]指的是其核心結構與氬相似)。對於哪一種排列的能量較低仍存在分歧<ref name=Scerri/>。化學教科書引用的鎳電子排列為[Ar] 3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><ref>G.L. Miessler and D.A. Tarr, "Inorganic Chemistry" (2nd ed., Prentice–Hall 1999) p.38</ref>或與前者相同的[Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>8</sup><ref>R.H. Petrucci et al “General Chemistry” (8th ed., Prentice–Hall 2002) p.950</ref>。這種排列遵從[[構造原理|馬德隆能量排序規則]],預測4s的位置被填滿後才開始填3d的位置。這一點是有實驗支持的,鎳原子最低的能量態為4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>8</sup>能階,更確切來說是3d<sup>8</sup>(<sup>3</sup>F) 4s<sup>2</sup> <sup>3</sup>F的J = 4能階<ref name=NIST>[http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/levels_form.html NIST Atomic Spectrum Database] {{Wayback|url=http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/levels_form.html |date=20170707030640 }} 要看鎳的原子能階的話,請於能譜查詢盒內輸入"Ni I"然後按讀取資料。</ref> 然而,這兩種排列實際上都會各自衍生出一系列不同能量的態<ref name=NIST/>。這兩組能量互相交疊,而排佈[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup> 3d<sup>9</sup>的各態平均能量比[Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>8</sup>的要低。因此,原子計算的研究文獻引用鎳的基態排佈時用的是[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup> 3d<sup>9</sup><ref name=Scerri>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=SNRdGWCGt1UC&pg=PA239 |pages=239–240 |title=The periodic table: its story and its significance |author=Scerri, Eric R. |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007 |isbn=0-19-530573-6}}</ref>。 ===同位素=== {{main|鎳的同位素}} 天然鎳共有五種穩定的[[同位素]]:<sup>58</sup>Ni、<sup>60</sup>Ni、<sup>61</sup>Ni、<sup>62</sup>Ni和<sup>64</sup>Ni,其中<sup>58</sup>Ni的[[豐度]]最高(68.077%)。[[鎳-62|<sup>62</sup>Ni]]是現存元素中每核子束縛能最高的[[核素]],其束縛能比[[铁的同位素|<sup>58</sup>Fe]]及[[铁-56|<sup>56</sup>Fe]]還要高,而<sup>56</sup>Fe很多時候被誤以為是擁有束縛能最高的原子核<ref>Fewell, M. P.. ''The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy. American Journal of Physics'' 63 (7): 653–58. . URL:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..653F {{Wayback|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..653F |date=20130731171738 }}. Accessed: 2011-03-22. (Archived by WebCite® at)</ref>。已被發現的鎳[[放射性同位素]]共有18種,其中最穩定的三種為<sup>59</sup>Ni(半衰期76000年)、<sup>63</sup>Ni(半衰期100.1年)和<sup>56</sup>Ni(半衰期6.077天)。其他餘下的放射性同位素半衰期皆少於60小時,其中大部份的半衰期更少於30秒。此元素擁有一種[[核同质异能素|亞穩態]]<ref name="Audi">{{cite journal| last = Audi|first = Georges|title = The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties|journal=Nuclear Physics A|volume = 729|pages = 3–128| publisher=Atomic Mass Data Center|year = 2003|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001|bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A| last2 = Bersillon| first2 = O.| last3 = Blachot| first3 = J.| last4 = Wapstra| first4 = A.H.}}</ref>。 恆星“死亡”過程中的[[矽燃燒過程]]會產生鎳-56,在之後的Ia型[[超新星]]爆炸時會大量放出鎳-56。這些超新星在中期到後期時,其[[光變曲線]]的形狀顯示的正是鎳-56的衰變,經電子捕獲而衰變成鈷-56,並最終衰變成鐵-56<ref name="Nucleos">{{cite book |title = Nucleosynthesis and chemical evolution of galaxies|year = 1997|url = https://archive.org/details/nucleosynthesisc0000page| isbn= 978-0-521-55958-4| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nucleosynthesisc0000page/page/154 154]–160| chapter = Further burning stages: evolution of massive stars| first = Bernard Ephraim Julius|last = Pagel}}</ref>。鎳-59是一種長命的[[宇宙源核素|宇宙源]][[放射性同位素]],其半衰期為76000年。鎳-59在[[同位素地質學]]中有多種用途:它被用於鋻定隕石的着陸年份,和判定冰與[[沉積物]]中外太空塵埃的豐度。[[镍-60]]是鐵-60的子體衰變產物,而鐵-60是一種已絕跡的放射性核素,其半衰期為260萬年。由於鐵-60的半衰期是如此長,所以如果[[太陽系]]的物質含有足夠高濃度的鐵-60,那麼它的耐久性就很有可能會影響到鎳-60的同位素構成測量結果。因此,外太空物質中的鎳-60豐度,可能會為太陽系的起源及其早期歷史提供線索。鎳-62的每核子束縛能比其他任何元素的任何同位素都高(每核子8.7946 [[電子伏特|MeV]])<ref>{{cite web|url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html#c1|title = The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei|accessdate = 2008-11-19|archive-date = 2011-05-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514050922/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html#c1|dead-url = no}}</ref>。任何比鎳-62重的同位素,都不能在不損失能量的情況下,通過[[核融合]]來進行合成。1999年發現的鎳-48是已知重金屬同位素的核子中質子比率最高的。鎳-48含質子28個,中子20個,故具有雙[[幻数 (物理学)|幻數]](跟[[鉛]]-208一樣),因此性質異常穩定<ref name="Audi"/><ref>{{cite web|last = W|first = P|title = Twice-magic metal makes its debut – isotope of nickel|publisher = Science News|date = 1999-10-23|url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_17_156/ai_57799535|accessdate = 2006-09-29|archive-date = 2015-09-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045422/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_17_156/ai_57799535}}</ref>。 在各種鎳同位素的原子質量中,原子質量最輕的只有48[[原子質量單位|u]](<sup>48</sup>Ni),最重的則有78u(<sup>78</sup>Ni)。最近的測量結果指出,鎳-78的半衰期為0.11秒;科學家們相信,鎳-78這種同位素在[[超新星核合成]]過程中合成比鐵重的元素時具有重要作用<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3310246.html?page=1&c=y|title = Atom Smashers Shed Light on Supernovae, Big Bang|date = 2005-04-22|first = Davide|last = Castelvecchi|accessdate = 2008-11-19|archive-url = https://archive.today/20120723105754/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3310246.html?page=1&c=y|archive-date = 2012-07-23|dead-url = yes}}</ref>。 ===產狀=== [[File:Widmanstatten hand.jpg|thumb|left|圖為[[八面體隕鐵]],可見上面有由兩種鎳鐵──錐紋石和鎳紋石所組成的[[魏德曼花紋]]]] 鎳在地球上最常見的產狀有:與[[硫]]和鐵組成的[[鎳黃鐵礦]]、與硫組成的[[針硫鎳礦]]、與[[砷]]組成的[[紅砷鎳礦]]及與砷和硫組成的鎳[[方鉛礦]]<ref>[http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/nickel/index.html National Pollutant Inventory – Nickel and compounds Fact Sheet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/nickel/index.html |date=20111208083730 }}. Npi.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-01-09.</ref>。 鎳估計蘊藏量最高的地區是[[澳洲]]和[[新喀里多尼亞]](共佔45%)<ref name="USGSCS2012">{{cite web|first = Peter H.|last = Kuck|publisher = United States Geological Survey|accessdate = 2008-11-19|title = Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012: Nickel|url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2012-nicke.pdf|archive-date = 2017-07-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170709122709/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2012-nicke.pdf}}</ref>。 就世界資源方面來說,平均含鎳量達1%的已知陸上資源最少蘊含13億公噸的鎳(約為已知蘊含量的兩倍)。其中六成磚紅壤礦床,另外四成為硫化物礦床<ref name="USGSCS2012"/>。 根據[[地球物理學]]的證據,有假說指出地球上大部份的鎳都集中在地球的[[外核]]和[[內地核|內核]]。[[錐紋石]]和[[鎳紋石]]是兩種天然產生的鎳鐵[[合金]]。鐵鎳在錐紋石中的比例一般在90:10與95:5之間,同時也有可能存在雜質(如[[鈷]]或[[碳]]);而鎳紋石的含鎳量則在20%至65%之間。這兩種礦物基本上都只能在[[鐵隕石|鎳鐵隕石]]中找到<ref>{{cite journal|title = Trace element partitioning between taenite and kamacite – Relationship to the cooling rates of iron meteorites|last1= Rasmussen|first1= K. L.|last2= Malvin|first2= D. J.|last3= Wasson|first3= J. T.|journal=Meteoritics |volume= 23|year = 1988|pages = a107–112 |bibcode= 1988Metic..23..107R|doi = 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1988.tb00905.x|issue = 2}}</ref>。 ==化合物== {{main article|镍化合物}} [[File:Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D (1).svg|left|thumb|upright|四羰基鎳]] 最常見的鎳[[氧化态|氧化態]]為+2,但Ni<sup>0</sup>、Ni<sup>+</sup>和Ni<sup>3+</sup>的化合物都有名,此外還有三種奇特的氧化態Ni<sup>2-</sup>、Ni<sup>1-</sup>和Ni<sup>4+</sup><ref name=Greenwood>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}</ref>。 ===鎳(0)=== [[四羰基镍|四羰基鎳]](Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub>)是由[[路德维希·蒙德|路德維希·蒙德]]所發現的<ref name="MondNa">{{cite journal|year = 1898|journal=Nature| doi = 10.1038/059063a0|title = The Extraction of Nickel from its Ores by the Mond Process|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1898-11-17_59_1516/page/n13|volume = 59|page = 63|issue=1516|bibcode = 1898Natur..59...63. }}</ref>。它在室溫下是一種具揮發性的液體,而且毒性猛烈。四羰基鎳在加熱後(180 °C)會分解成鎳與一氧化碳。<ref>Lascelles, K.; Morgan, L. G.; Nicholls, D.; Beyersmann, D. (2005), "Nickel Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_235.pub2</ref> : Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub> {{eqm}} Ni + 4 CO 蒙德法就利用了上述這一過程來精煉鎳。[[配合物]][[双(1,5-环辛二烯)镍|雙-(1,5環辛二烯)鎳]]是鎳氧化態也是0,由於它的配位子[[1,5-环辛二烯|1,5-環辛二烯]]很容易就能被置換在[[有機鎳化學]]中是一種很有用的催化劑。<ref>"The Extraction of Nickel from its Ores by the Mond Process". ''Nature''. '''59''' (1516): 63–64. 1898. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode Bibcode] {{Wayback|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode |date=20210105224847 }}:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1898Natur..59...63. 1898Natur..59...63.] {{Wayback|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1898Natur..59...63. |date=20171120170125 }}. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi] {{Wayback|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier |date=20180206120354 }}:[https://doi.org/10.1038%2F059063a0 10.1038/059063a0] {{Wayback|url=https://doi.org/10.1038%2F059063a0 |date=20190710172709 }}.</ref> ===鎳(I)=== 鎳(I)配合物並不常見,其中一個例子是四面體配合物NiBr(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>。此氧化態很多時候會含有Ni-Ni鍵,例如K<sub>4</sub>[Ni<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>6</sub>],此化合物呈暗紅色,具[[抗磁性]],用[[钠汞齐|鈉汞齊]]還原K<sub>2</sub>[Ni<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>6</sub>]可得,在水中會產生氧化反應,同時會放出氫<ref name="InorgChemH">{{Housecroft3rd|page=729}}</ref>。 [[File:Structure of hexacyanodinickelate(I) ion.png|left|thumb|150px|[Ni<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4-</sup>離子的結構<ref name="InorgChemH" />]] ===鎳(II)=== [[File:Color of various Ni(II) complexes in aqueous solution.jpg|left|thumb|450px|各種含鎳(II)配合物水溶液,有着各種不同的顏色。左起,[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>、[Ni([[乙二胺|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]])<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>、[NiCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>和[Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>。]] [[File:Nickel(II)-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[結晶水|水合]][[硫酸鎳]]晶體]] 鎳(II)能與所有常見的陰離子生成化合物,即硫化物、硫酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氫氧化物、羧酸鹽及鹵化物。把鎳金屬或其氧化物溶在硫酸裏,就能大量生產出[[硫酸镍|硫酸鎳(II)]]。它有六水合物及七水合物<ref>Keith Lascelles, Lindsay G. Morgan, David Nicholls, Detmar Beyersmann “Nickel Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a17_235.pub2}}</ref>。 一些鎳(II)的四配位配合物(如[[双(三苯基膦)二氯化镍|雙-(三苯基膦)氯化镍]])有着兩種不同的分子幾何形式──四面體及平面四方。四面體配合物具[[順磁性]],而平面四方配合物則具[[抗磁性]]。鎳配合物中的這種平面─四面體平衡,還有八面體結構,是其他較重的[[10族元素|10族金屬]][[鈀]](II)與[[鉑]](II)的二價電子配合物中所沒有的,因為它們基本上只有平面四方結構<ref name=Greenwood/>。 [[二茂镍|二茂鎳]]的[[反键轨道]]上填充有电子,使其结构的稳定性降低,易被氧化,也易分解。<ref>李琪, 乔庆东. 有机电化学法合成二茂镍的研究[J]. 石油化工高等学校学报, 2010. 23(3): 58-61, 67</ref> [[File:Nickel antimonide.jpg|thumb|left|upright|銻化鎳(III)]] ===鎳(III)及鎳(IV)=== 鎳(III)及鎳(IV)氧化態的簡單化合物只有氟化物及氧化物,而唯一例外就是KNiIO<sub>6</sub>,可算是[[過碘酸鹽|過碘酸根離子]][IO<sub>6</sub>]<sup>5-</sup>的正式鹽<ref name="InorgChemH" />。混合氧化物BaNiO<sub>3</sub>中含有鎳(IV),而[[三氧化二镍|氧化鎳(III)]]中則含有鎳(III),它們及鎳的其他氧化物都可被用作各種[[蓄電池]]的陰極,種類包括[[鎳鎘電池|鎳鎘]]、[[鎳鐵電池|鎳鐵]]、[[氫氧電池|氫鎳]](用氫氣的)和[[鎳氫電池|鎳氫]](用[[氢化物|金屬氫化物]]的),也有一些生產商會用鎳氧化物來作[[鋰離子電池]]的陰極<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/12/imara-corporati.html|title=Imara Corporation Launches; New Li-ion Battery Technology for High-Power Applications|date=2008-12-18|publisher=Green Car Congress|accessdate=2014-03-27|archive-date=2008-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222102915/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/12/imara-corporati.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。σ-予體配位子(如[[硫醇]]及[[磷化氫]])可用於穩定鎳(III)<ref name="InorgChemH" />。 ==歷史== 由於鎳礦石很容易被誤認為銀礦石,因此對這種金屬的認識和使用是相對近期的事。然而,偶然使用到鎳是一件自古已有的事,可追溯至公元前3500年。從現今[[敘利亞]]境內出土的[[青銅]]含鎳量可高至2%<ref>{{cite book|title = Nickel and Its Alloys|publisher = National Bureau of Standards|first = Samuel J|last = Rosenberg|url = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA381960|year = 1968|access-date = 2014-03-27|archive-date = 2012-05-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523193126/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA381960|dead-url = yes}}</ref>。此外,中國有文獻指出當地在公元前1700至1400年期間已經有使用[[白铜|白銅]](一種銅鎳合金)。英國早在17世紀就已經从中國進口這種白銅,但這種合金含鎳的事實要到1822年才被發現<ref name="McNeil">{{cite book|title = An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology|chapter = The Emergence of Nickel|first = Ian|last = McNeil|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year = 1990|isbn = 978-0-415-01306-2|pages = 96–100}}</ref>。 中世紀的德國人在[[厄尔士山脉|厄爾斯山脈]]發現了一種跟銅礦石很像的紅色礦物。然而,礦工們卻未能從中提煉到銅,因此他們就把這種困擾歸咎於他們傳說中的妖精Nickel(與英語中魔鬼別稱"Old Nick"相近)。他們把這種礦石命名為“銅妖”(Kupfernickel,其中Kupfer是銅的意思)<ref>''Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary'', p888, W&R Chambers Ltd, 1977.</ref><ref name="JEC-I">{{cite journal|title = The story of Nickel. I. How "Old Nick's" gnomes were outwitted|last = Baldwin|first = W. H.| journal=Journal of Chemical Education|year = 1931|volume = 8|page = 1749|doi = 10.1021/ed008p1749|bibcode = 1931JChEd...8.1749B|issue = 9 }}</ref><ref name="JEC-II">{{cite journal|title = The story of Nickel. II. Nickel comes of age|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1931-10_8_10/page/1954|last = Baldwin|first = W. H.| journal=Journal of Chemical Education|year = 1931|volume = 8|page = 1954|doi = 10.1021/ed008p1954|bibcode = 1931JChEd...8.1954B|issue = 10 }}</ref><ref name="JEC-III">{{cite journal|title = The story of Nickel. III. Ore, matte, and metal|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1931-12_8_12/page/2325|last = Baldwin|first = W. H.| journal=Journal of Chemical Education|year = 1931|volume = 8|page = 2325|doi = 10.1021/ed008p2325|bibcode = 1931JChEd...8.2325B|issue = 12 }}</ref>。這種礦石就是現在的[[紅砷鎳礦]],它是一種鎳的砷化物。1751年,[[阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特]]男爵嘗試從銅妖礦石中煉出銅來──但卻煉出一種白色的金屬,因此他用為礦石命名的妖精名字,來為這種金屬命名<ref>{{cite journal|title = The discovery of the elements: III. Some eighteenth-century metals|last = Weeks|first = Mary Elvira|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|year = 1932|volume = 9|page = 22|doi = 10.1021/ed009p22|bibcode = 1932JChEd...9...22W }}</ref>。 鎳在被发现以後的唯一來源就是罕見的銅妖礦石。直至1822年,才開始從製作[[鈷藍色]]染料的副產品中取得鎳。最早大規模生產鎳的國家是挪威,他們自1848年開始就從本地含鎳量高的[[磁黃鐵礦]]生產鎳。鐵的生產在1889年中引入了鎳,因此鎳的需求量增加。[[新喀里多尼亞]]的鎳礦床在1865年被發現,於1875年至1915年間為全世界提供了大部份的鎳。之後發現了更多大型的鎳礦床,使得真正的大規模生產鎳變得可行,這些礦床為1883年發現的加拿大[[索德柏立盆地]],1920年發現的俄羅斯[[諾里爾斯克]]-[[塔爾納赫]]和1924年發現的南非[[梅倫斯基暗礁]](Merensky Reef)<ref name="McNeil"/>。 [[File:Nickel2.jpg|thumb|right|由純鎳鑄造的[[荷蘭盾|荷蘭硬幣]]。]] 鎳從十九世紀開始就成為了鑄造硬幣的材料。在美國,Nickel(鎳,或其簡稱Nick)這個暱稱原本指的是由銅及鎳鑄成的[[飞鹰1美分硬币|1美分飛鷹硬幣]],這種硬幣在1857-58年間把純銅的成份中的12%換成了的鎳。之後1859-64年流通的[[印第安人头像一美分硬币|印第安頭像硬幣]]也用了一樣的合金成份,因此也用上了這個暱稱。要注意的是在之後1865年,在鎳成份提高至21%後,這個暱稱就被改作稱呼[[3美分镍币|3美分硬幣]]。1866年,[[5美分硬幣#盾牌鎳幣|5美分盾牌硬幣]]名正言順地以25%的鎳含量(其餘75%為銅)承繼了這個暱稱。時至今日,5美分硬幣當年的合金比例與暱稱仍然在美國通用。瑞士於1881年最早使用幾乎以純鎳鑄造的硬幣,而當中最有名的鎳幣當數1922年至1981年非大戰期間,由加拿大(當時世界最大的鎳生產國)鑄造含鎳量達99.9%的[[5加分硬幣]],而高含鎳量就使得這些硬幣帶磁性<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/learn/circulation-currency-1100028|title = Industrious, enduring–the 5-cent coin|year = 2008|accessdate = 2009-01-10|publisher = Royal Canadian Mint|archive-date = 2009-01-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126020102/http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/learn/circulation-currency-1100028|dead-url = yes}}</ref>。第二次世界大戰期間的1942-45年,由於鎳在裝甲中的功用使得它成了戰爭資源,所以美國和加拿大都把硬幣中的大部分或全部的鎳成份換掉<ref name="JEC-I"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nidi.org/index.cfm/ci_id/160.htm|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929095200/http://www.nidi.org/index.cfm/ci_id/160.htm|archivedate = 2006-09-29|title = Trends of Nickel in Coins – Past, Present and Future|accessdate = 2008-11-19|publisher = The Nickel Institute|first = Bill|last = Molloy|date = 2001-11-08|deadurl = yes}} Canada used nickel plating on its five-cent coins in 1945</ref>。(可以做磁鐵) {{-}} ==世界生產== [[File:Nickel world production zh.svg|thumb|230px|鎳產量的時間趨勢<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140 |title=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604121254/http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/ |archive-date=2013-06-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]] [[美國地質調查局]]的報告指出,鎳最大的生產國為菲律賓、印尼、俄羅斯、加拿大及澳洲<ref name="USGSCS2012"/>。在俄羅斯以外的歐洲地區中,最大的鎳礦床位於[[芬蘭]]和[[希臘]]。平均含鎳量達1%的已知陸上資源最少蘊含13億公噸的鎳(約為已知蘊含量的兩倍)。其中六成磚紅壤礦床,另外四成為硫化物礦床。此外,在大面積的海床上有含鎳資源的錳殼及礦瘤,尤其是在太平洋的海床上<ref name=usgs1 /> [[俄勒岡州]]的[[里德爾 (俄勒岡州)|里德爾]]市(Riddle)是美國唯一在本土對鎳進行過商業開採的地方,當地有一個面積為幾平方英里的矽鎂鎳礦表層礦床。該礦場於1987年關閉<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.oregongeology.com/sub/publications/OG/OBv15n10.pdf|title = The Nickel Mountain Project|journal = Ore Bin|volume = 15|issue = 10|year = 1953|pages = 59–66|author = |access-date = 2014-03-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212005749/http://www.oregongeology.com/sub/publications/OG/OBv15n10.pdf|archive-date = 2012-02-12|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Environment Writer: Nickel|publisher = National Safety Council|url = http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/backissues/chemicals/nickel.htm|year = 2006|accessdate = 2009-01-10|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081005035552/http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/backissues/chemicals/nickel.htm|archivedate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>。[[鷹礦計劃]]打算在[[密歇根州]]的[[密西根上半島|上半島]]處開發一個新的鎳礦場<ref>{{cite news |title=First primary nickel mine in U.S. moves forward |work= Mining Engineering |date=January 2008 |page=16}}</ref>。 {| class="wikitable sortable" !礦場產量及蘊藏量<ref name=usgs1>{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2013-nicke.pdf|work=U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries|title=Nickel|date=January 2013|accessdate=2014-03-27|archive-date=2013-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509061155/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2013-nicke.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> !2012年 !2011年 !蘊藏量 |- | [[澳大利亚]] || align="right" | 230,000 || align="right" |215,000 || align="right" | 20,000,000 |- | [[博茨瓦納]] || align="right" | 26,000 || align="right" | 26,000 || align="right" | 490,000 |- | [[巴西]] || align="right" | 140,000 || align="right" | 209,000 || align="right" | 7,500,000 |- | [[加拿大]] || align="right" | 220,000 || align="right" | 220,000 || align="right" | 3,300,000 |- |[[臺灣|中國]]|| align="right" | 91,000 || align="right" |89,800||align="right" | 3,000,000 |- | [[哥倫比亞]] || align="right" | 80,000 || align="right" |76,000 || align="right" | 1,100,000 |- | [[古巴]] || align="right" | 72,000 || align="right" | 71,000 || align="right" | 5,500,000 |- | [[多明尼加共和國]] || align="right" | 24,000 || align="right" | 21,700 || align="right" |970,000 |- | [[印尼]] || align="right" | 320,000 || align="right" | 290,000 || align="right" | 3,900,000 |- | [[馬達加斯加]] || align="right" | 22,000 || align="right" | 5,900 || align="right" | 1,600,000 |- | [[新喀里多尼亞]] || align="right" |140,000 || align="right" | 131,000 || align="right" | 12,000,000 |- | [[菲律賓]] || align="right" |330,000 || align="right" | 270,000 || align="right" |1,100,000 |- | [[俄羅斯]] || align="right" | 270,000 || align="right" | 267,000 || align="right" | 6,100,000 |- | [[南非]] || align="right" | 42,000 || align="right" | 44,000 || align="right" |3,700,000 |- | 其他國家 || align="right" | 120,000 || align="right" | 103,000 || align="right" | 4,600,000 |- | 世界總和(公噸,準確至1,000公噸) || align="right" | 2,100,000 || align="right" | 1,940,000 || align="right" | 75,000,000 |} {{-}} ==提取與精煉== 傳統上,大部份硫礦石都要經過[[高溫冶金學|高溫冶金]]技巧,來造出一種[[硫滓]],以作精煉之用。由於近來[[濕法冶金學]]的進展,所以現時不少的鎳精煉都用這些方法來進行。硫礦床傳統上是用[[泡沫浮選法]]按濃度處理,再經高溫冶金提取金屬。而在濕法冶金的過程中,鎳礦石經浮選法處理後(若Ni-Fe比率太低則改用微差浮選法),就被送上熔煉。在產出硫滓以後,就用[[謝里特-戈登法]]({{lang|en|Sherritt-Gordon processes}})處理<ref name=ASM/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nickel / cobalt mining extraction procedures|url=https://blog-en.condorchem.com/nickel-cobalt-mining-extraction-procedures/|access-date=2021-05-05|date=2019-09-06|work=Industrial wastewater & air treatment|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511173417/https://blog-en.condorchem.com/nickel-cobalt-mining-extraction-procedures/}}</ref>。首先,加入[[硫化氫]]將銅移除,留下只剩鈷及鎳的精礦。之後使用溶劑萃取法,把鈷及鎳分開,最終的鎳成品純度高於99.9%。 [[File:Nickel electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|圖左為經[[電解|電精煉]]處理過的鎳礦瘤,從圖右礦瘤上的孔中可見有由鎳[[電解質]]構成的綠色鹽晶體。]] ===電精煉=== 第二種常見的精煉方法就是,把金屬的硫滓瀝取到鎳的鹽溶液中,然後對鎳溶液使用電解冶金法,這樣就能在陰極的表面上形成電解鎳<ref name = ASM/>。 ===蒙德法=== [[File:Nickel kugeln.jpg|thumb|left|由[[蒙德法]]所作的高純度鎳球。]] {{main|蒙德法}} 要從氧化鎳中取得最高純度的鎳就要用到[[蒙德法]],它可將鎳精礦的純度提升至高於99.99%<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Mond |first1=L. |last2=Langer |first2=K. |last3=Quincke |first3=F.| title= Action of carbon monoxide on nickel| journal=Journal of the Chemical Society|year=1890| pages=7{{lang|en|⧼英語⧽}}49–753|doi = 10.1039/CT8905700749|volume= 57}}</ref>。這種方法的[[專利]]由出生於德國的英國化學家[[路德维希·蒙德|路德維希·蒙德]](Ludwig Mond)取得,並於20世紀開始前就已經被工業生產所使用。鎳在蒙德法中於40–80℃的溫度下與[[一氧化碳]]反應,生成[[四羰基镍|四羰基鎳]]。鐵也會在同樣的反應中生成[[五羰基鐵]],但反應速度緩慢。如有需要的話,可用蒸餾法分離。這過程中也會生成[[八羰基二钴|八羰基二鈷]],但它在反應溫度下會分解成[[十二羰基四鈷]],一種不具揮發性的固體<ref name = ullmann-1/>。 有兩種方法可以從四羰基鎳中再提取鎳。第一種方法,把四羰基鎳在高溫下傳進反應室,反應室內有數萬粒的鎳珠,一直被持續攪拌。然後四羰基鎳就會分解出純鎳,並依附到鎳珠的表面上。第二種方法,把四羰基鎳在230℃的溫度下傳進較小的反應室,它會分解出細粉末狀的純鎳。分解副產品一氧化碳在蒙德法中會被循環再用。用這方法生成的高純度鎳被稱為“羰基鎳”<ref>{{cite book|author=Neikov, Oleg D.; Naboychenko, Stanislav; Gopienko, Victor G and Frishberg, Irina V|title=Handbook of Non-Ferrous Metal Powders: Technologies and Applications|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6aP3te2hGuQC&pg=PA371|accessdate=2012-01-09|date=2009-01-15|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-85617-422-0|pages=371–|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429043250/https://books.google.com/books?id=6aP3te2hGuQC&pg=PA371}}</ref>。 ===金屬價值=== 鎳的市場價格於2006年至2007年初期一直大輻攀升;以2007年4月5日為準,鎳的交易價格為每[[公噸]]52,300美元,或每[[盎司]]1.47美元<ref name=LME>{{cite web| url = http://www.lme.com/nickel_graphs.asp| title = LME nickel price graphs| publisher = London Metal Exchange| accessdate = 2009-06-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228180212/http://www.lme.com/nickel_graphs.asp| archive-date = 2009-02-28| dead-url = yes}}</ref>。價格在這高峰過後又大幅回落,以2013年9月19日為準,鎳的交易價格則為每公噸13,788美元,或每盎司0.39美元<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/nickel/ |title=Nickel Prices and Nickel Price Charts |access-date=2014-03-27 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803071203/http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/nickel/ }}</ref> [[5美分硬幣]]含有1.25克的鎳(0.04盎司),以2007年4月的價格結算,值6.5美分;再加上3.75克的銅,值3美分;所以這個硬幣的金屬值9美分。由於5美分硬幣面值只有5美分,所以很多人想把硬幣熔掉賺錢。然而,[[美國鑄幣局]]有見及此,已於2006年12月14日開始執行法例,並有30天公眾諮詢期,凡熔掉或出口1美分或5美分硬幣即屬違法<ref>[http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=724 United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=724 |date=20160527072103 }}, The United States Mint, press release, December 14, 2006</ref>。最高判處罰款一萬美元及/或入獄五年。 以2013年9月19日為準,5美分硬幣(含鎳及銅)熔掉後的價值為0.0450258美元,為面值的90%<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.coinflation.com/| title = United States Circulating Coinage Intrinsic Value Table| accessdate = 2013-09-13| publisher = Coininflation.com| archive-date = 2016-06-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160617065505/http://www.coinflation.com/| dead-url = yes}}</ref>。 ==應用== [[File:Turbinenschaufel RB199.jpg|thumb|right|200px|高溫鎳合金[[噴氣發動機]](RB189型)的渦輪機葉片]] 現時美國鎳用途佔產量的比例如下:46%用於生產鎳鋼,34%用於生產非鐵[[合金]]及[[高溫合金]],14%用於電鍍,剩下的6%則屬其他用途<ref name="USGSCS2012"/><ref name="USGSYB2006">{{cite web|first = Peter H.|last = Kuck|publisher = United States Geological Survey|accessdate = 2008-11-19|title = Mineral Yearbook 2006: Nickel|url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/myb1-2006-nicke.pdf|archive-date = 2017-07-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170709120546/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/myb1-2006-nicke.pdf}}</ref>。 鎳被用於各種特定及容易認出的工業品及消費品,其中包括[[不鏽鋼]]、[[鋁鎳鈷合金|鋁鎳鈷]]磁鐵、[[硬幣]]、[[蓄電池]]、[[電吉他]]弦線、[[麥克風]]收音盒及多種特殊合金。特別需要強調的是,鎳是一種合金金屬,它的主要用途是鎳鋼及鎳[[鑄鐵]],而它們的種類繁多。鎳還被廣泛用於其他合金,例如鎳黃銅及鎳青銅,及含有各種金屬元素的其他合金(如[[英高鎳合金|英高鎳]]、[[英高鎳合金|英高合金]]、[[莫內爾合金]]及[[鎳蒙克合金]]),而各種合金元素則包括銅、鉻、鋁、鉛、鈷、銀及金<ref name="ASM">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/?id=IePhmnbmRWkC|title = ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys|first = Joseph R|last = Davis|publisher=ASM International|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-87170-685-0|pages = 4–13|chapter = Uses of Nickel}}</ref>。 [[File:MagnetEZ.jpg|thumb|left|由[[鋁鎳鈷合金]]製作的“馬蹄磁鐵”。鋁鎳鈷合金的成份一般為8-12%鋁,15-26%鎳,5-24%鈷,最多1%的鈦,而餘下的則用鐵。其後發現了鐵、鈷、鎳的一種合金的[[矯頑性]]比當時最好磁鐵高出一倍後,鋁鎳鈷合金的研發就在1931年開始了。鋁鎳鈷合金磁鐵現時在多種應用上正被[[稀土磁鐵]]所取代。]] 由於鎳具有良好的抗腐蝕性,所以以前的人偶爾會用鎳來代替裝飾用的銀。1859年開始,有些國家偶爾會把鎳用作便宜的鑄幣原料(見上文),但到了20世紀後期硬幣中的鎳基本已被較便宜[[不鏽鋼]](即[[鐵]])所取代,而美國硬幣則是這趨勢中重要的例外。 對某些貴金屬而言,鎳是一種極佳的合金用劑,因此鎳被用於所謂的火試金法,專門探收各種[[鉑系元素]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Buchanan, D. L.|title=Platinum-Group Element Exploration|publisher=Elsevier|year=2012|pages=122|isbn=9780444597151|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wp5U4oNWMjUC|access-date=2014-04-17|archive-date=2014-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013249/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wp5U4oNWMjUC}}</ref>。就這一點而言,鎳能夠從鉑系元素的礦石中探收到全部六種的元素,甚至還能稍微地探收到一點金。高通量的鎳礦也可能從事其他鉑系元素的開採(主要是[[鉑]]和[[鈀]]),這類礦場的例子有俄羅斯的諾里爾斯克和加拿大的索德柏立盆地。 [[發泡金屬|發泡]]鎳及網格鎳可被用於[[鹼性燃料電池]]的[[氣體擴散電極]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Kharton, Vladislav V.|title=Solid State Electrochemistry II: Electrodes, Interfaces and Ceramic Membranes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5n5Fwf5D2EMC&pg=PT166|accessdate=2012-01-09|date=2011-06-21|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-32638-9|pages=166–|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428222821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5n5Fwf5D2EMC&pg=PT166}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A New Cathode Design for Alkaline Fuel Cells(AFCs)|author=Bidault, F.; Brett, D. J. L.; Middleton, P. H.; Brandon, N. P.|url=http://perso.ensem.inpl-nancy.fr/Olivier.Lottin/FDFC08/Bidault.pdf|publisher=Imperial College London|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720233739/http://perso.ensem.inpl-nancy.fr/Olivier.Lottin/FDFC08/Bidault.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-20}}</ref>。 鎳及其合金常被用作[[氢化|氫化反應]]的催化劑。[[雷尼鎳]]是一種常用的鎳催化劑形式,它是一種有多孔結構的鎳鋁合金,但很多時候也會用其他催化劑,例如相關的“雷尼型”催化劑。 鎳是一種天然的磁致伸縮材料,亦即是說,在[[磁場]]下這種材料的長度會有少許改變<ref>[http://aml.seas.ucla.edu/research/areas/magnetostrictive/overview.htm UCLA – Magnetostrictive Materials Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905155229/http://aml.seas.ucla.edu/research/areas/magnetostrictive/overview.htm |date=2013-09-05 }}. Aml.seas.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2012-01-09.</ref>。而就鎳的個案而言,長度的變化是減少的(即材料收縮),又稱負磁致伸縮,輻度約為一百萬分之五十。 鎳也被用於燒結[[碳化鎢]]或其他硬金屬工業品,用量約為重量的6-12%。鎳可使碳化鎢帶磁性,並為燒結碳化鎢部件提供抗腐蝕性,不過它的硬度就比燒結用的鈷要低<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics| title = Structure and properties of tungsten carbide hard alloys with an alloyed nickel binder| doi = 10.1007/BF00796252|year = 1992|last1 = Cheburaeva|first1 = R. F.|last2 = Chaporova|first2 = I. N.|last3 = Krasina|first3 = T. I.|volume = 31|page = 423|issue=5}}</ref>。 [[镍氢电池|鎳氫電池]],可充電重複使用的環保電池。 ==在生物中的用途== 儘管到1970年代才被確認,但鎳在微生物和植物的生理上有着重要的角色<ref>{{cite book|title=Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature|editor=Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel |publisher=Wiley |year=2008 |series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=2 |isbn=978-0-470-01671-8 |author=Edited by Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, and Roland K. O. Sigel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Metallomics and the Cell|first1=Andrew M.|last2=Zambie|first2=Deborah B.|publisher=Springer|year=2013|isbn=978-94-007-5560-4|editor1-first=Lucia (Ed.)|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=12|chapter=Chapter 11 Nickel Metallomics: General Themes Guiding Nickel Homeostasis|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5561-10_11|last1=Sydor|editor1-last=Banci}} electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 {{ISSN|1559-0836}} electronic-{{ISSN|1868-0402}} </ref>。植物酶[[脲酶]](一種促進[[尿素]]水解的酶)中就含有鎳。鎳鐵類[[氢化酶|氫化酶]]除含有[[铁硫簇|鐵硫簇]]以外還含有鎳。這種鎳鐵類氫化酶的特性就是能使氫氧化。有一種含鎳的[[四吡咯]][[輔酶]]──輔因子F430,可在甲基[[辅酶M|輔酶M]]還原酶中找到,該還原酶是產甲烷[[古菌]]的能量來源。其中一種的一氧去氫酶含有鐵鎳硫簇<ref>{{cite book|last = Jaouen|first = G.|title = Bioorganometallics: Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine|publisher=Wiley-VCH: Weinheim|year = 2006|isbn = 3-527-30990-X}}</ref>。其他含鎳的酶包括一種罕見的細菌類[[超氧化物歧化酶]]<ref>{{cite journal|last = Szilagyi| first = R. K.|coauthor = Bryngelson, P. A.; Maroney, M. J.; Hedman, B.; Hodgson, K. O.; Solomon, E. I.|title = S K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Investigation of the Ni-Containing Superoxide Dismutase Active Site: New Structural Insight into the Mechanism|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|year = 2004|volume = 126|issue = 10|pages = 3018–3019|doi = 10.1021/ja039106v|pmid = 15012109}}</ref>,和存在於細菌及幾種寄生於[[錐蟲|錐體蟲]]的真核寄生體中的[[乙二醛酶I]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Greig N, Wyllie S, Vickers TJ, Fairlamb AH |title=Trypanothione-dependent glyoxalase I in Trypanosoma cruzi |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=400 |issue=2 |pages=217–23 |year=2006 |pmid=16958620 |url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/400/0217/bj4000217.htm |doi=10.1042/BJ20060882 |pmc=1652828 |access-date=2014-03-27 |archive-date=2019-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710172709/http://www.biochemj.org/content/400/2/217 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>(在如酵母菌及哺乳類等較高等生物中的這種酶所用的是二價電子的[[鋅]],Zn<sup>2+</sup><ref name="aronsson_1978">{{cite journal | author = Aronsson A-C, Marmstål E, Mannervik B | year = 1978 | title = Glyoxalase I, a zinc metalloenzyme of mammals and yeast | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. | volume = 81 | issue = 4 | pages = 1235–1240. | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(78)91268-8 | pmid = 352355}}</ref><ref name="ridderstroem_1996">{{cite journal | author = Ridderström M, Mannervik B | year = 1996 | title = Optimized heterologous expression of the human zinc enzyme glyoxalase I | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 314 | pages = 463–467 | pmid = 8670058 | pmc = 1217073 | issue = Pt 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Saint-Jean AP, Phillips KR, Creighton DJ, Stone MJ | year = 1998 | title = Unknown title | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 37 | pages = 10345–10353 | doi = 10.1021/bi980868q | pmid = 9671502 | issue = 29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Thornalley|first = P. J.|title = Glyoxalase I—structure, function and a critical role in the enzymatic defence against glycation|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|year = 2003|volume = 31|pages = 1343–1348|doi = 10.1042/BST0311343|pmid = 14641060|issue = Pt 6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Vander Jagt DL | year = 1989 | chapter = Unknown chapter title | title = Coenzymes and Cofactors VIII: Glutathione Part A | editor = D Dolphin, R Poulson, O Avramovic, editors | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | location = New York}}</ref>)。 ==毒性== {{further|{{le|镍过敏|Nickel allergy}}}} {{medical}} {{Chembox |ImageFile=Nickel chunk.jpg | show_footer = no |Section7={{Chembox Hazards | ExternalSDS = | GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS08}} | GHSSignalWord = Danger | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|317|351|372|412}} | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|273|280|314|333+313}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/357553?lang=en®ion=US | title=Nickel 357553 | publisher=Sigma Aldrich | access-date=October 3, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003104947/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/357553?lang=en®ion=US | archive-date=October 3, 2018 | dead-url=no }}</ref> | NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-S = <!--<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=357553&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F357553%3Flang%3Den |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003104944/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=357553&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F357553%3Flang%3Den |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |dead-url=no }}</ref>--> }} }} 美國政府為鎳及其化合物設定了的最低風險量,其量為在15-364天期間吸入0.2 µg/m<sup>3</sup><ref>[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-15.pdf ToxGuideTM for Nickel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-15.pdf |date=20210511173546 }}. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</ref>。一般相信[[硫化镍|硫化鎳]]的煙霧及塵埃為[[致癌物質]],及其他各種鎳的化合物也有可能是致癌的<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14643413 |year=2003 |author1=Kasprzak |first2=F. W. |first3=K.|title=Nickel carcinogenesis |volume=533 |issue=1–2 |pages=67–97 |journal=Mutation research |last2=Sunderman Jr |last3=Salnikow |doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.08.021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=7585584 |year=1995 |last1=Dunnick |first2=M. R.|first3=A. E. |first4=J. M. |first5=F. F. |first6=K. J.|first7=E. B.|first8=C. H.|title=Comparative carcinogenic effects of nickel subsulfide, nickel oxide, or nickel sulfate hexahydrate chronic exposures in the lung |volume=55|issue=22|pages=5251–6|journal=Cancer Research |last2=Elwell |last3=Radovsky|last4=Benson|last5=Hahn|last6=Nikula|last7=Barr|last8=Hobbs|first1=JK}}</ref>。[[四羰基鎳]][Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub>]是一種毒性很強的氣體。金屬羰基化合物的毒性取決於該金屬本身的毒性,及該羰基化合物釋出劇毒[[一氧化碳]]氣的能力,而四羰基鎳也不例外;而且四羰基鎳在空氣中會爆炸<ref>{{cite book|author=Stellman, Jeanne Mager|title=Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety: Chemical, industries and occupations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nDhpLa1rl44C&pg=PT133|accessdate=2012-01-09|year=1998|publisher=International Labour Organization|isbn=978-92-2-109816-4|pages=133–|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429134217/https://books.google.com/books?id=nDhpLa1rl44C&pg=PT133}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Clinical Toxicology|year = 1999|volume = 37|issue = 2|pages =239–258| title =Nickel|first1=Donald G.|last1=Barceloux|first2= Donald |last2= Barceloux|doi =10.1081/CLT-100102423|pmid =10382559}}</ref>。 美國規定的每天鎳飲食攝取最大耐受量為1000 µg<ref>{{cite journal|last=Trumbo P, Yates AA, Schlicker S, Poos M|title=Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc|journal=J Am Diet Assoc|date=Mar 2001|volume=101|issue=3|pages=294–301|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00078-5|pmid=11269606}}</ref>,而估計的平均鎳攝取量為每天69-162 µg<ref>{{cite book|last=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry|title=Toxicological Profile for Nickel|date=Aug 2005|publisher=US Public Health Service|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=245&tid=44|access-date=2014-03-27|archive-date=2021-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124160953/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=245&tid=44}}</ref>。相對大量的鎳(與[[鉻]])會在煮食過程中從不鏽鋼廚具[[瀝取]]到食物中,其量與每天平均攝取量相若。例如在煮過10次後,一份蕃茄醬的含鎳量就有88 µg<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kamerud KL, Hobbie KA, Anderson KA|title=Stainless Steel Leaches Nickel and Chromium into Foods During Cooking|journal=J Agric Food Chem|date=2013-08-28|doi=10.1021/jf402400v|pmid=23984718}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Flint GN, Packirisamy S|title=Purity of food cooked in stainless steel utensils|journal=Food Addit Contam|date=Feb–Mar 1997|volume=14|issue=2|pages=115–26|doi=10.1080/02652039709374506|pmid=9102344}}</ref>。 過敏體質的人可能會對鎳有[[過敏反應]],造成皮膚過敏,即[[皮膚炎]]。而[[汗皰疹]]的患者可能也會對鎳過敏。鎳是接觸性過敏的一大來源,部份成因是作[[耳環]]用的珠寶首飾上的鍍鎳<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Contact Dermatitis |year=2007 |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=287–99 |title= The epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population—prevalence and main findings |author=Thyssen J. P., Linneberg A., Menné T., Johansen J. D. |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x |pmid=17937743}}</ref>。受鎳過敏形響的耳洞一般會發紅並變癢。由於這個問題,所以現時不少耳環都採用了不含鎳的材料。對於會與人體皮膚接觸的產品,其最大可含鎳量是由[[歐盟]]所管制的。在2002年,研究人員發現1歐元及2歐元的硬幣含鎳量遠高於標準。相信是由[[電鍍]]反應所造成的<ref>{{cite journal|first = O.|last = Nestle|coauthors = Speidel, H.; Speidel, M. O.|title = High nickel release from 1- and 2-euro coins|journal=Nature|volume = 419|issue = 6903|page = 132|year = 2002|pmid = 12226655|doi = 10.1038/419132a|bibcode = 2002Natur.419..132N }}</ref>。鎳在2008年獲美國接觸性皮膚炎協會選為年度過敏原。<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.nickelallergyinformation.com/2008/06/nickel-named-2008-contact-alle.htm| title =Nickel Named 2008 Contact Allergen of the Year| accessdate =2009-06-06| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090203033929/http://www.nickelallergyinformation.com/2008/06/nickel-named-2008-contact-alle.htm| archivedate =2009-02-03}}</ref> 報告指出,缺氧誘導因子(HIF-1)的鎳誘導活化和缺氧誘導基因的調升,都是由細胞的[[抗壞血酸鹽]]的水平低下所引致。在培養基中加入抗壞血酸鹽後,細胞內的抗壞血酸鹽水平增加,然後由金屬誘導穩定化的HIF-1與取決於HIF-1α的基因表象都有了逆轉<ref>{{cite journal|first = k.|last = Salnikow|coauthors = Donald, S. P.; Bruick, R. K.; Zhitkovich, A.; Phang, J. M.; Kasprzak, K. S.|title = Depletion of intracellular ascorbate by the carcinogenic metal nickel and cobalt results in the induction of hypoxic stress|journal=J. Biol. Chem.|volume = 279|year = 40337–40344|pmid = 15271983|doi=10.1074/jbc.M403057200|issue = 39|pages = 40337–44 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first = K. K.|last = Das|coauthors = Das, S. N.; Dhundasi, S. A.|title = Nickel, its adverse health effects and oxidative stress|journal = Indian J. Med. Res.|volume = 128|pages = 117–131|year = 2008|pmid = 19106437|url = http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/october/1005.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2011-08-22|issue = 4|author = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929023007/http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/october/1005.pdf|archive-date = 2011-09-29|dead-url = yes}}</ref>。 鎳化合物中毒性最強的是[[环戊二烯基亚硝酰镍|環戊二烯基亞硝酰鎳]](C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)NiNO。它是一種血紅色的液體,并被认为是有史以来最有毒的[[有机金属化学|有机金属化合物]]。据说其毒性与[[四羰基镍]]相当。<ref name=tocn>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=2KTdG3xA0eIC&pg=PA464&dq=Cyclopentadienyl+nickel+nitrosyl+toxic#v=onepage&q=Cyclopentadienyl%20nickel%20nitrosyl%20toxic&f=false |page=464| title=The Organic Chemistry of Nickel: Organonickel Complexes| isbn=9780323146906| last1=Jolly| first1=P. W.| date=2012-12-02}}</ref> {{-}} ==另見== * [[:Category:镍化合物|分類:鎳化合物]] * [[雷尼鎳]] * [[高溫合金]] ==參考資料== {{reflist|2}} ==外部連結== {{Elements.links|Ni}} {{过渡金属|Ni}} {{過渡金屬1}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:过渡金属]] [[Category:镍|镍]] [[Category:第4周期元素|4J]] [[Category:化学元素|4J]] [[Category:铁磁性材料]]
摘要:
请注意,所有对Local Chinese Wikipedia的贡献均可能会被其他贡献者编辑、修改或删除。如果您不希望您的文字作品被随意编辑,请不要在此提交。
您同时也向我们承诺,您提交的内容为您自己所创作,或是复制自公共领域或类似自由来源(详情请见
Project:著作权
)。
未经许可,请勿提交受著作权保护的作品!
取消
编辑帮助
(在新窗口中打开)
导航菜单
个人工具
未登录
讨论
贡献
创建账号
登录
命名空间
页面
讨论
大陆简体
不转换
简体
繁體
大陆简体
香港繁體
澳門繁體
大马简体
新加坡简体
臺灣正體
查看
阅读
编辑
查看历史
更多
搜索
导航
首页
最近更改
随机页面
MediaWiki帮助
工具
链入页面
相关更改
特殊页面
页面信息