编辑“︁钯”︁

{{Elementbox
|name= 鈀
|enname= Palladium
|number= 46
|symbol= Pd
|left=[[铑]] 
|right=[[銀]] 
|above=[[镍]] 
|below=[[铂]] 
|series= 過渡金屬
|group= 10
|period= 5
|block= d
|image name= Palladium 1-noReflection.jpg
|appearance= 金屬：銀白色
|atomic mass= 106.42(1){{CIAAW2021}}
|electron configuration= &#91;[[氪|Kr]]&#93; 4d<sup>10</sup>
|electrons per shell= 2, 8, 18, 18
|phase= 固體
|density gpcm3nrt = 12.023
|density gpcm3mp = 10.38
|melting point K = 1828.05
|melting point C =1554.9
|melting point F =2830.82
|boiling point K = 3236
|boiling point C = 2963
|boiling point F = 5365
|heat fusion= 16.74
|heat vaporization= 362
|heat capacity= 25.98
|vapor pressure 1= 1721
|vapor pressure 10= 1897
|vapor pressure 100= 2117
|vapor pressure 1 k= 2395
|vapor pressure 10 k= 2753
|vapor pressure 100 k= 3234
|vapor pressure comment= >3300
|crystal structure=面心立方
|oxidation states= '''0'''、+1<ref>Pd(I)已被观察到，见{{cite journal|last1= Crabtree|first1= R. H.|title= CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-01-11_295_5553/page/288|journal= [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume= 295|pages= 288–289|year= 2002|doi= 10.1126/science.1067921|pmid= 11786632|issue= 5553|s2cid= 94579227}}</ref>、'''+2'''、+3<ref>Pd(III)已被观察到，见{{cite journal|last1=Powers |first1=D. C. |last2=Ritter |first2=T. |title=Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis |journal=Top. Organomet. Chem. |volume=35 |pages=129–156 |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6 |pmid=21461129 |url=http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |series=Topics in Organometallic Chemistry |isbn=978-3-642-17428-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2013 |pmc=3066514|bibcode=2011hoso.book..129P }}</ref>、'''+4'''、+5<ref>Pd(V)存在于含有五配位钯的有机硅化合物配合物中，见{{cite journal |first1=Shigeru |last1=Shimada |first2=Yong-Hua |last2=Li |first3=Yoong-Kee |last3=Choe |first4=Masato |last4=Tanaka |first5=Ming |last5=Bao |first6=Tadafumi |last6=Uchimaru |title=Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms |doi=10.1073/pnas.0700450104 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |year=2007 |issue=19 |pages=7758–7763}}</ref><br />（弱碱性氧化物）
|electronegativity= 2.20
|number of ionization energies=3
|1st ionization energy= 804.4
|2nd ionization energy= 1870
|3rd ionization energy= 3177
|atomic radius= 137
|covalent radius= 139±6
|Van der Waals radius= 163
|magnetic ordering= [[順磁性]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf |date=2011-03-03 }}, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </ref> 
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|electrical resistivity at 20= 105.4
|thermal conductivity= 71.8
|thermal expansion at 25= 11.8
|speed of sound rod at 20= 3070
|Young's modulus= 121
|Shear modulus= 44
|Bulk modulus= 180
|Poisson ratio= 0.39
|Mohs hardness= 4.75
|Vickers hardness= 461
|Brinell hardness= 37.3
|CAS number= 7440-05-3
|isotopes={{infobox palladium isotopes}}
|discovered by=[[威廉·海德·渥拉斯頓]]
|first isolation by=[[威廉·海德·渥拉斯頓]]
|discovery date=1802
}}
'''{{zy|鈀|bǎ|ㄅㄚ|baa2}}'''（{{langx|en|Palladium}}），是一種[[化學元素]]，其[[化學符號]]为'''{{化學式|鈀}}'''，[[原子序數]]为46，[[原子量]]為{{val|106.42|u=[[原子質量單位|u]]}}。鈀是在1803年由[[威廉·海德·渥拉斯頓]]所發現的一種罕見而具有光澤的銀白色金屬。鈀的英文名稱是以[[小行星]][[智神星]]來命名的。鈀與[[鉑]]、[[銠]]、[[釕]]、[[銥]]、[[鋨]]共称[[鉑族金屬]]。鉑族金屬化學性質相似，但鈀的[[熔點]]最低，也是這些[[貴金屬]]中[[密度]]最低的一種。

鈀金屬，與它的同族元素鉑金屬，在現有的供給量當中，有一半以上被用在[[觸媒轉換器]]當中。這些觸媒轉換器能將汽機車排放廢氣中的90%的有害氣體（例如：[[一氧化碳]]、[[二氧化氮]]、[[碳氫化合物]]），轉換為毒害性較低的物質（例如：[[二氧化碳]]、[[氮氣]]、[[水]]）。鈀也常被使用在電子工業、[[牙醫學]]、[[醫學]]、{{link-en|氫氣純化|hydrogen purification}}、化學應用、{{link-en|地下水處理|groundwater remediation}}以及珠寶業。鈀能催化氫氣及氧氣反應產生水及熱，是[[燃料電池]]中關鍵的成分。

[[鈀]]及其他[[鉑族金屬]]的{{link-en|礦床|Ore}}很罕見。鈀含量較高的礦床主要分佈在：南非{{link-en|德蘭士瓦盆地|Transvaal Basin}}的{{link-en|布希維爾德火成巖複合體|Bushveld Igneous Complex}}的白雲帶、美國[[蒙大拿]]州的{{link-en|斯蒂爾沃特綜合體|Stillwater igneous complex}}、加拿大[[安大略省]]的[[索德柏立盆地]]及{{link-en|珊德灣|Thunder Bay}}區、俄羅斯的[[諾里爾斯克]]綜合體，近期更在[[菲律賓]][[米沙鄢群島]]的北部發現。<ref>NASA, together with USGS, (United States Geological Survey), released a 3-year study report detailing the 8,450 square kilometer palladium deposits lying below the seas of Visayan, Sibuyan, and Tablas Strait. Source: https://breakingphnews.blogspot.com/2016/05/biggest-palladium-deposits-found-in.html {{Wayback|url=https://breakingphnews.blogspot.com/2016/05/biggest-palladium-deposits-found-in.html |date=20190423154839 }}</ref>
回收廢棄[[觸媒轉換器]]中的鈀也是其中一種來源。由於眾多的應用以及資源的有限性，引起了大量的投資興趣。

== 性质 ==
[[鈀]]屬於週期表中第十族元素，但是他的最外層電子組態遵守[[洪德定則]]。由于钯较弱的[[相对论|相对论效应]]和4d轨道较强的[[钻穿效应]]的影响，4d轨道的能量要低于5s轨道，位於s殼層中的電子會遷移填入較低能量之[[d軌域]]，所以它的最外层电子排布为4d<sup>10</sup>而不是4d<sup>8</sup>5s<sup>2</sup>。

[[鈀]]是一種類似[[鉑]]的軟銀白色金屬，是鉑族金屬族當中密度及熔點最低的。[[退火]]時柔軟且具有延展性，冷加工時可提升強度和硬度。钯可緩慢溶於热发烟[[硝酸]]、熱濃[[硫酸]]以及常溫之[[王水]]。
钯在精細研磨後可溶於含氧的[[鹽酸]]當中。<ref name="CRC">{{cite book|author=Hammond, C. R.|chapter=The Elements |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide|edition=81st|publisher=CRC press|isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9|date=2004}}</ref> 
鈀在標準溫度下不與[[氧]]反應，因此在空氣中不會失去光澤。加熱至800℃的鈀將產生一層氧化鈀，並且在含[[硫]]的潮濕空氣中會輕微褪色。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=Bruce D. |last2=Anderson |first2=David S. |title=Handbook of corrosion data |date=1995 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-518-1 |page=126 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXwgAZJBWb0C&pg=RA1-PT126 |chapter=Atmospheric Environment |access-date=2019-08-03 |archive-date=2021-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502204121/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXwgAZJBWb0C&pg=RA1-PT126 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

在3.2K的低溫中以α粒子轟擊鈀膜將會使之產生缺陷，而表現出超導性。<ref>B. Strizker, Phys. Rev. Lett., 42, 1769 (1979).</ref>

== 同位素 ==
{{main|钯的同位素}}
自然存在的鈀元素具有七種不同的[[同位素]]，其中六種是穩定存在的。最穩定的[[放射性同位素]]有：[[半衰期]]為650萬年的<sup>107</sup>Pd（可在自然界中找到）、半衰期為17天的<sup>103</sup>Pd以及半衰期為3.63天的<sup>100</sup>Pd。另外有發現18種鈀的放射性同位素，<sup>91</sup>Pd至<sup>123</sup>Pd，它們原子重量的分布在90.94948(64) amu（<sup>91</sup>Pd）至122.93426(64) amu（<sup>123</sup>Pd）。這18種同位素，除了<sup>101</sup>Pd（半衰期為8.47小時）、<sup>109</sup>Pd（半衰期為13.7小時）及<sup>112</sup>Pd（半衰期為21小時）之外，其他的半衰期均小於30分鐘。<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=12 November 2009|url=http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Compositions/index.html|title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for Palladium (NIST)|date=2009-08-23|archive-date=2000-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000312175021/http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Compositions/index.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> 

若是同位素的原子質量小於最常见同位素<sup>106</sup>Pd的原子質量，該同位素最主要的衰變模式為[[電子捕獲]]，而主要的[[衰變產物]]為[[銠]]。若是同位素的原子質量較<sup>106</sup>Pd大，其主要的衰變模式為[[β衰變]]，主要的衰變產物為[[銀]]。

[[放射性]]<sup>107</sup>Ag是<sup>107</sup>Pd的衰變產物，最早於1978年在[[聖塔克拉拉]][[隕石]]中發現。發現者認為這種以鐵為核心的小行星之聚結和分化可能發生在[[核合成]]事件後之1000萬年。<sup>107</sup>Pd與銀之關聯性在自[[太陽系]]增生中已融化的物體中觀測到，證實早期太陽系中[[核種]]的短暫存在。<ref>{{cite journal|title=The isotopic composition of Ag in meteorites and the presence of <sup>107</sup>Pd in protoplanets|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta_1990-06_54_6/page/1729| journal =Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|date=1990|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1729–1743|doi=10.1016/0016-7037(90)90404-9|first1=J. H.|last1 = Chen|first2=G. J.|last2=Wasserburg|bibcode = 1990GeCoA..54.1729C }}</ref>

==化合物==
{{Category see also|钯化合物}}
钯化合物通常以0价和+2价两种价态存在，其它价态的化合物也是已知的。总体上来说，与其它元素相比，钯化合物的性质和铂更接近。

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Alpha-palladium(II)-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png|''α''-PdCl<sub>2</sub>的结构
File:Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png|{{center|''β''-PdCl<sub>2</sub>的结构}}
</gallery>

===钯(II)===
[[氯化钯]]可由钯和氯气直接反应而成，是合成其它钯化合物的起点。氯化钯可以用来制造各种钯催化剂。<ref>{{OrgSynth|title = Palladium Catalysts|author = Mozingo, Ralph |collvol = 3|collvolpages = 685|year = 1955|prep = cv3p0685}}</ref>PdCl<sub>2</sub>的硝酸溶液会和[[乙酸]]反应，生成[[乙酸钯]]。PdCl<sub>2</sub>可和配体反应，产生平面正方形结构的PdCl<sub>2</sub>L<sub>2</sub>配合物，如[[苯甲腈]]配合物PdX<sub>2</sub>(PhCN)<sub>2</sub>。<ref>{{cite book|title =Bis(Benzonitrile)Dichloro Complexes of Palladium and Platinum|pages =60–63|volume= 28|doi =10.1002/9780470132593.ch13|date=1990|first1=Gordon K.|last1=Anderson|first2=Minren|last2=Lin|last3=Sen|first3= Ayusman|last4 =Gretz|first4=Efi|series =Inorganic Syntheses|isbn =978-0-470-13259-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1134/S1070328408110110 |title=Palladium complexes based on optically active terpene derivatives of ethylenediamine |journal=Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=855–857 |year=2008 |last1=Zalevskaya |first1=O. A |last2=Vorob'eva |first2=E. G |last3=Dvornikova |first3=I. A |last4=Kuchin |first4=A. V |s2cid=95529734 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7f9e8701ad51ea4fea95f9b6dc10f63137d69b9b }}</ref>
: PdCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 L → PdCl<sub>2</sub>L<sub>2</sub>（L = [[苯甲腈|PhCN]]、[[三苯基膦|PPh<sub>3</sub>]]、[[氨|NH<sub>3</sub>]]等）
[[二氯双(三苯基膦)钯]]是有用的催化剂。<ref>{{OrgSynth|title = Palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1-alkenylboronates with vinylic halides: (1Z,3E)-1-Phenyl-1,3-octadiene|collvol = 8|collvolpages = 532|author1-link=Norio Miyaura|author1= Miyaura, Norio|author2 = Suzuki, Akira|name-list-style=amp|year = 1993|prep = cv8p0532}}</ref>

[[File:Pd(OAc)2.jpg|thumb|left|[[乙酸钯]]]]

===钯(0)===
钯可以形成多种通式为PdL<sub>4</sub>、PdL<sub>3</sub>或PdL<sub>2</sub>的零价钯化合物。举个例子，还原PdCl<sub>2</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>和PPh<sub>3</sub>的混合物可以得到[[四(三苯基膦)钯]]（(Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>）：<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Inorg. Synth.|volume = 13|pages = 121–124|title = 23. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)|first1 = D. R.|last1 = Coulson|doi = 10.1002/9780470132449.ch23|date = 1972|last2 = Satek|first2 = L. C.|last3 = Grim|first3 = S. O.|series = Inorganic Syntheses|isbn = 978-0-470-13244-9}}</ref>
:2 PdCl<sub>2</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 4 PPh<sub>3</sub> + 5 [[肼|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] → 2 Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> + N<sub>2</sub> + 4 N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup>

另一个重要的钯(0)配合物[[三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯]]（Pd<sub>2</sub>(dba)<sub>3</sub>）则可以通过[[四氯合钯(II)酸钠]]在[[二亚苄基丙酮]]存在下被还原而成。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1039/C29700001065 |title=A novel palladium(0) complex; bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications |issue=17 |pages=1065 |year=1970 |last1=Takahashi |first1=Y |last2=Ito |first2=Ts |last3=Sakai |first3=S |last4=Ishii |first4=Y }}</ref>

钯(0)和钯(II)化合物都是[[钯催化偶联反应|偶联反应]]的催化剂。[[乙酸钯]]、[[四(三苯基膦)钯]]和[[三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯]]都可用作催化剂或催化剂前体。<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WLb962AKlSEC&pg=PA392|chapter = Application to Organic Synthesis |page = 392|title = The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals|first = Robert H.|last = Crabtree|publisher = John Wiley and Sons|date = 2009|isbn = 978-0-470-25762-3}}</ref>

===其它氧化态===
钯(IV)化合物较罕见，其中一个例子是[[六氯合钯(IV)酸钾]] K<sub>2</sub>[PdCl<sub>6</sub>]。钯(III)的化合物也是已知的。<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6 |pmid=21461129 |pmc=3066514 |chapter=Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis |title=Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry |volume=35 |pages=129–156 |series=Topics in Organometallic Chemistry |year=2011 |last1=Powers |first1=David C |last2=Ritter |first2=Tobias |isbn=978-3-642-17428-5 }}</ref>2002年有人声称合成了钯(VI)，<ref name="pmid11786638">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1067027 |pmid=11786638 |title=Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-01-11_295_5553/page/308 |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5553 |pages=308–310 |year=2002 |last1=Chen |first1=W |last2=Shimada |first2=S |last3=Tanaka |first3=M |bibcode=2002Sci...295..308C |s2cid=45249108 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11786632">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1067921 |pmid=11786632 |title=CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-01-11_295_5553/page/288 |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5553 |pages=288–289 |year=2002 |last1=Crabtree |first1=R. H |s2cid=94579227 }}</ref>但随后被反驳。<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=19750645 |year=2002 |last1=Aullón |first1=G |title=Hexakis(silyl)palladium(VI) or palladium(II with eta2-disilane ligands? |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=1956–9 |last2=Lledós |first2=A |last3=Alvarez |first3=S |doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20020603)41:11<1956::AID-ANIE1956>3.0.CO;2-# }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=19750644 |year=2002 |last1=Sherer |first1=E. C |title=Electronic structure and bonding in hexacoordinate silyl-palladium complexes |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=1953–6 |last2=Kinsinger |first2=C. R |last3=Kormos |first3=B. L |last4=Thompson |first4=J. D |last5=Cramer |first5=C. J |doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20020603)41:11<1953::AID-ANIE1953>3.0.CO;2-H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

钯也可以形成如Pd<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>4</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>Pd(acac)<sub>2</sub>的混合价态化合物。Pd<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>4</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>Pd(acac)<sub>2</sub>由Pd<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>4</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>和Pd(acac)<sub>2</sub>这两个单元不断交替而成。<ref name="pmid25319757">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/anie.201408461 |pmid=25319757 |title=A Motif for Infinite Metal Atom Wires |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=53 |issue=51 |pages=14087–14091 |year=2014 |last1=Yin |first1=Xi |last2=Warren |first2=Steven A |last3=Pan |first3=Yung-Tin |last4=Tsao |first4=Kai-Chieh |last5=Gray |first5=Danielle L |last6=Bertke |first6=Jeffery |last7=Yang |first7=Hong }}</ref>

钯和[[电正性]]更强的元素形成合金时，会得到负电荷。这些化合物被称为钯化物，如[[钯化镓]]。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Armbrüster | first=Marc | title=Intermetallic compounds in catalysis – a versatile class of materials meets interesting challenges | journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=21 | issue=1 | date=2020-01-31 | issn=1468-6996 | doi=10.1080/14686996.2020.1758544 | pages=303–322| pmid=33628119 | pmc=7889166 | bibcode=2020STAdM..21..303A }}</ref>[[稀土元素]]可以形成通式RPd<sub>3</sub>的钯化物。<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Wang | first1=Qiaoming | last2=Collins | first2=Gary S. | title=Nuclear quadrupole interactions of 111In/Cd solute atoms in a series of rare-earth palladium alloys | journal=Hyperfine Interactions | volume=221 | issue=1–3 | year=2013 | issn=0304-3843 | doi=10.1007/s10751-012-0686-4 | pages=85–98|arxiv=1209.3822| bibcode=2013HyInt.221...85W | s2cid=98580013 }}</ref>

==应用==
[[File:Aufgeschnittener Metall Katalysator für ein Auto.jpg|thumb|金属芯催化转化器的横截面]]
[[File:RR3415-0002 25 rubles palladium 1989 Ivan III.jpg|thumb|苏联25卢布纪念钯币是钯作为货币使用的罕见例子]]
钯在现代最大的用途是[[催化转换器]]<ref name=unctad>{{cite web|publisher = [[联合国贸易和发展会议|United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]]|url = http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/palladium/uses.htm|title = Palladium|accessdate =2007-02-05|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061206003556/http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/palladium/uses.htm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate = 2006-12-06}}</ref>，也能用作珠宝、[[牙科]]材料、<ref name=unctad/><ref>{{cite journal|journal = Platinum Metals Review|title = Palladium in Restorative Dentistry: Superior Physical Properties make Palladium an Ideal Dental Metal|first = Roy|last = Rushforth|volume = 48|issue = 1|date = 2004|url = http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/48/1/30-31/|access-date = 2018-07-07|archive-date = 2015-09-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074122/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/48/1/30-31/|dead-url = no}}</ref>手表配件、[[血糖试纸]]、飞机[[火花塞]]、手术器械和电接触点，<ref>{{cite book|title = Jewelry-making through history: an encyclopedia|first = Rayner W.|last = Hesse|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|date = 2007|page = 146|url = https://books.google.com/?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA146|chapter = palladium|isbn = 978-0-313-33507-5}}</ref>或者用于制作专业的横向[[长笛]]。<ref>{{cite book|title = The flute book: a complete guide for students and performers|first = Nancy|last = Toff|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 1996|page =20 |isbn = 978-0-19-510502-5 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=pCSanDD4CtsC&pg=PA20}}</ref>；也能用作貴金屬[[金融商品|投資商品]]，如钯金的[[ISO 4217|ISO货币代码]]是XPD及964，其余有此类代码的金属还有[[金]]、[[银]]和[[铂]]。<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2neeMTPKtEMC&pg=PA34|chapter = Precious Metals|page = 34|title = Foreign exchange: a practical guide to the FX markets|isbn = 978-0-471-73203-7|author = Weithers, Timothy Martin|date = 2006|access-date = 2018-07-07|archive-date = 2021-04-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153817/https://books.google.com/books?id=2neeMTPKtEMC&pg=PA34|dead-url = no}}</ref>钯能够吸收氢气，因此它也是1989年开始的有争议的[[冷聚变]]实验的关键组分。

[[诺里尔斯克镍公司]]（Norilsk Nickel）是俄罗斯最大的，同时也是世界最大的有色金属和贵金属生产商之一，其生产的钯占全球产量的66%。

===催化===
钯均匀负载时，如得到[[钯碳催化剂]]，可以用作多功能的[[催化剂]]，它可以加速[[氢化]]、[[脱氢]]以及[[裂化反应]]。有机化学中大部分[[碳－碳键]]的偶合反应都借助于钯化合物催化剂来完成，如[[赫克反应]]和[[铃木反应]]。

当钯分散到导电材料上时，可以得到优良的电催化剂，用于催化在碱性介质氧化伯醇。<ref>{{cite book|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/?id=RDT0OUdlj0MC&pg=PA90| title=Palladium reagents and catalysts: new perspectives for the 21st century| first = Jiro |last = Tsuji |publisher= John Wiley and Sons|date = 2004|isbn =0-470-85032-9}}</ref>在2010年，钯催化的有机反应获得了[[诺贝尔化学奖]]。另外，钯可用于均相催化，和多种[[配体]]结合，完成高选择性的化学转换，如钯催化剂用于催化的C−F键的反应。<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Chemical & Engineering News|volume = 86|issue = 35|date = 2008|title = Palladium's Hidden Talent|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-engineering-news_2008-09-01_86_35/page/52|pages = 53–56|first =Carmen|last = Drahl|doi =10.1021/cen-v086n035.p053}}</ref>

钯也是[[林德拉催化剂]]的重要成分。<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mTHQB7MkUFsC&pg=PA270|page = 270|chapter = Catalytic reduction|title = Organic chemistry|isbn = 978-0-495-38857-9|publisher = Cengage Learning|author1 = Brown, William Henry|author2 = Foote, Christopher S|author3 = Iverson, Brent L|date = 2009|access-date = 2018-07-07|archive-date = 2020-11-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201114025409/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTHQB7MkUFsC&pg=PA270|dead-url = no}}</ref>
[[File:Kumada Catalytic Cycle.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Kumada交联反应的催化循环，该反应广泛用于精细化学品的合成]]

钯催化剂主要用于有机化学以及工业应用，它在[[合成生物学]]上也是有较好的前景。在2017年，钯[[纳米颗粒]]在[[哺乳动物]]体内被证实了有治疗疾病的催化活性。<ref name="pmid28699627">{{cite journal |doi =10.1038/ncomms15906 |pmid=28699627 |title= Nano-palladium is a cellular catalyst for in vivo chemistry |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |pages= 15906 |year=2017 | vauthors = Miller MA, Askevold B, Hannes M, Kohler RH, Pirovich D, Weissleder R |pmc=5510178|bibcode=2017NatCo...815906M }}</ref>

===电子学===
钯在电子学中的第二大应用便是用于[[电容器]]中，<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ttiinc.com/object/ME_Zogbi_20030203.html|title = Shifting Supply and Demand for Palladium in MLCCs|first = Dennis|last = Zogbi|date = 2003-02-03|publisher = TTI, Inc.|access-date = 2018-07-07|archive-date = 2006-03-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060317093840/http://www.ttiinc.com/object/ME_Zogbi_20030203.html|dead-url = no}}</ref>其中钯以及[[钯银合金]]用作电极。<ref name=unctad/>钯（或[[钯镍合金]]）可以用作消费电子产品中的连接部分、配件组分或焊接材料。<ref>{{cite book|author=Mroczkowski, Robert S.|title=Electronic connector handbook: theory and applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGkw8YR-uXsC&pg=SA3-PA30|date=1998|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-041401-3|pages=3–|access-date=2018-07-07|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428033234/https://books.google.com/books?id=XGkw8YR-uXsC&pg=SA3-PA30|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Harper, Charles A.|title=Passive electronic component handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtlKBAcFBQAC&pg=PA580|date=1997|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-026698-8|pages=580–|access-date=2018-07-07|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428043040/https://books.google.com/books?id=OtlKBAcFBQAC&pg=PA580|dead-url=no}}</ref>根据2006年[[莊信萬豐]]的报告，电子行业在当年耗用了107万[[金衡制|金衡]]盎司（合33.2吨）的金属钯。<ref name="matthey">{{cite web|date = 2007|publisher = [[莊信萬豐|Johnson Matthey]]|title = Platinum 2007|url = http://www.platinum.matthey.com/uploaded_files/2007/07_palladium.pdf |first = David|last = Jollie|format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216100834/http://www.platinum.matthey.com/uploaded_files/2007/07_palladium.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-16}}</ref>

===储氢===
钯在室温可以很容易地吸收氢气，形成[[氢化钯]]PdH<sub>x</sub>（x＜1）。<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF02667685|title=The H-Pd (hydrogen-palladium) System|date=1994|last1=Manchester|first1=F. D.|last2=San-Martin|first2=A.|last3=Pitre|first3=J. M.|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria|volume=15|pages=62}}</ref>虽然很多过渡金属也有这种性质，但钯可以高效地吸收氢气，并且在x接近1之前不会失去延展性。<ref name=gr>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw|pages=1150–151}}</ref>钯的这一性质被用于高效、相对廉价且安全的氢储存设备的研究中，但钯本身的价格昂贵是必须要考虑的因素。<ref name="grochala">{{cite journal |last1=Grochala |first1=Wojciech |last2=Edwards |first2=Peter P. |title=Thermal Decomposition of the Non-Interstitial Hydrides for the Storage and Production of Hydrogen |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=1283–316 |year=2004 |pmid=15008624 |doi=10.1021/cr030691s }}</ref>钯中的氢含量影响着[[磁化率]]，随着氢含量的增高，磁化率降低，并且在形成PdH<sub>0.62</sub>时变为零。在任意更高的比例下，固溶体变为具有[[抗磁性]]。<ref>Mott, N. F. and Jones, H. (1958) ''The Theory of Properties of metals and alloys''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-486-60456-X}}. p. 200</ref>

===牙医材料===
钯在一些[[牙科用汞齐]]有少量使用（约0.5%），它可用于减少腐蚀并增加最终修复体的金属光泽。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colon |first1=Pierre |last2=Pradelle-Plasse |first2=Nelly |last3=Galland |first3=Jacques |title=Evaluation of the long-term corrosion behavior of dental amalgams: influence of palladium addition and particle morphology |journal=Dental Materials |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=232–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12628436 |doi=10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00035-0 }}</ref>

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==外部連結==
{{Elements.links|钯}}
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{{过渡金属|Pd}}
{{過渡金屬2}}
{{钯化合物}}
{{珠寶材料}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:钯| ]]
[[Category:化学元素|5J]]
[[Category:第5周期元素|5J]]
[[Category:稀有金属]]
[[Category:过渡金属]]
[[Category:貴金屬]]
[[Category:自然元素礦物]]