编辑“︁軛”︁

{{otheruses|共軛}}
[[File:09.Chugo.jpg|thumb|肩隆軛]]
{{wiktionarypar|yoke}}

'''軛'''是一種用木製造的[[梁]]，擱套在兩頭牛或其他牲口的頸背部，用來給成對工作的牲口共同拉一負載；某些軛的設計，也適用於個別單一牲口。軛可以用來幫助犁田、拉車。軛有幾種類型，用於不同的文化，或不同類型的牛使用；東亞的軛常為曲木。<!--   A pair of oxen is also called a ''yoke of oxen'', and yoke is also used as a verb: "to ''yoke'' a pair of oxen". -->

軛也使用於其他動物，如馬、騾、驢、水牛等。

==英語詞源==
:See [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European *yugóm|Wiktionary appendix: *yugóm]]
"yoke" 被認為是來自[[原始印歐語]]*yugóm (yoke)，從動詞* yeug - (join, unite)。這詞根在幾乎所有已知的[[印歐語系]]有後裔，包括[[德語]]Joch、[[拉丁語]]iugum、[[古希臘語]]  ζυγόν（zygon）、[[梵語]]युग（yugá）、[[赫梯語]] 𒄿𒌑𒃷（iúkan）、[[古教會斯拉夫語]]иго（igo）、[[立陶宛語]]jungas、[[古愛爾蘭語]]cuing、[[羅馬尼亞語]]jug等。（全部解作“yoke”）

==頸軛==
[[File:Bullock yokes.jpg|thumb|left|犍牛隊的頸軛]]
頸軛是綁在一對牛的脖子上的木製橫檔（偶爾在馬上）。<!-- It is held on the animals' necks by an [[oxbow]], from which it gets its name.  The oxbow is usually U-shaped and also transmits force from the animals' shoulders. A swivel between the animals, beneath the centre of the yoke, attaches to the pole of a vehicle or to chains ([[trace (tack)|trace]]s) used to drag a load. -->
頸軛在[[北歐]]、[[美國]]、[[澳洲]]和[[非洲]]使用。

==頭軛==
[[File:Zugochsen.jpg|thumb|頭軛]]
頭軛配置在牛頭，通常在[[牛角]]後/前方。<!-- and has carved-out sections into which the horns fit; it may be a single beam attached to both oxen, or each ox may have a separate short beam (see picture).  The yoke is then strapped to the horns of the oxen with yoke straps.   Some types fit instead onto the front of the head, again strapped to the horns, and ox pads are then used for cushioning the oxen's foreheads.  A tug pole is held to the bottom of the yoke using yoke irons and chains. The tug pole can either be a short pole with a chain attached for hauling, or a long pole with a hook on the end that has no chain at all. Sometimes the pole is attached to a wagon and the oxen are simply backed over this pole, the pole is then raised between them and a backing bolt is dropped into the chains on the yoke irons in order to haul the wagon. --> 

頭軛廣泛用於在[[南歐]]、大部分[[南美]]地區和[[加拿大]]。

==肩隆軛==
[[File:Burma07.jpg|thumb|left|肩隆軛在[[緬甸]]使用]]
肩隆軛是用在牛的[[肩隆]]前。<!-- The yoke is held in position by straps, either alone or with a pair of wooden staves either side of the ox's withers; the pull is however from the yoke itself, not from the staves.  Withers yokes particularly suit [[zebu]] cattle, which have high humps on their withers. -->

肩隆軛廣泛用於[[非洲]]和[[印度]]，那裡[[瘤牛]]（肩峰牛）很常見。

==中國古代的軛==
中國以牲畜為驅動力的古車驅動部分主要有[[轅]]和軛。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cathay.ce.cn/pieces/200905/26/t20090526_19179597.shtml |title=古代車輛的構造(圖) |access-date=2016-05-18 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305101601/http://cathay.ce.cn/pieces/200905/26/t20090526_19179597.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>

==比較==
<!-- Although all three yoke types are effective, each has its advantages and disadvantages.  As mentioned above, withers yokes suit zebu cattle, and head yokes can of course only be used for animals with suitable horns.  Head yokes need to be re-shaped frequently to fit the animals' horns as they grow; unlike the other types they fix the animal's heads apart (when a single beam), helping the oxen to stand quietly without fighting.  Bow yokes need to be the correct size for the animal (new ones are often made as the animal grows), but they need no adjustment in use. -->

==象徵==
===基督教===
{{see|基督教婚姻觀#一軛論}}
<!-- With its of connotations of subservience, in ancient cultures it was traditional to force a defeated enemy to pass beneath a symbolic yoke of spears or swords. A remnant of this tradition is the [[saber arch]] seen at some military weddings.{{Fact|date=December 2009}} -->
軛在[[舊約聖經]]經常作為一個比喻。[[哥林多後書]]6:14引用了信者和不信者不要同負一軛。
<!-- The yoke is frequently used as a metaphor in the [[Old Testament]], first used in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 27:40 regarding [[Esau]]. In the teachings of [[Jesus Christ]], his followers are told "Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light". This is a metaphor for submitting to Jesus and being connected to him as with a yoke. ([[Gospel of Matthew]] 11:30) -->
===佛教===
佛教以軛來比喻使眾生拘束在輪迴中的煩惱，分為四大類，即[[四軛]]。

===印度教===
古印度宗教中，以軛來作為禪定默觀的名稱之一，即[[瑜伽]]。佛教與印度教皆傳承了這個名稱。

==參見==
*[[犁]]

==參考文獻==
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==外部連結==
{{Commons category|Yokes}}
*[http://prairieoxdrovers.com/index.html Prairie Ox Drovers] {{Wayback|url=http://prairieoxdrovers.com/index.html |date=20201109030608 }} - ox training association
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724084039/http://www.iscowp.org/Ox%20Power/HOW%20TO%20MAKE%20A%20YOKE_copy%281%29.htm ISCOWP]
*[http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf Paper describing types of yoke and comparing them.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf |date=20120322111111 }}

[[Category:農具]]
[[Category:動物設備]]