编辑“︁路殺”︁

{{noteTA
|G1=IT}}
[[File:Roadkill on Route 170 Okatie Hwy by the Chechessee River, SC, USA, jjron 09.04.2012.jpg|thumb|美国[[南卡罗来纳州|-{zh-cn:南卡罗来纳州; zh-tw:南卡羅來納州; zh-hk:南卡羅萊納州;}-]]170号公路上因[[交通意外]]致死的一只[[白尾鹿]]尸体]]
[[File:Bear roadkill2.jpg|thumb|大型野生动物比如这只[[熊]]容易因交通致死]]
[[File:Roadkill.webm|thumb|[[行车记录仪]]拍摄的汽车夜行撞死鹿的视频]]
'''路殺'''（{{langx|en|Roadkill}}）指的是[[道路]]上的[[動物相|動物]]因[[機動車輛]]的碰撞或碾軋而死亡的現象。

這些事故可能造成野生動物的死亡，也可能造成司机或道路管理部门的[[經濟]]上的損失，并涉及到[[交通安全]]和[[野生动物保护]]的問題。在人類活動增加，對某區域進行道路建設，車輛增加，與在當地生活的野生動物的活動區域重疊後，交通導致動物死亡的現象就會增加。

路杀是全球[[脊椎动物]]死亡的主要原因之一<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grilo |first1=Clara |last2=Koroleva |first2=Elena |last3=Andrášik |first3=Richard |last4=Bíl |first4=Michal |last5=González‐Suárez |first5=Manuela |title=Roadkill risk and population vulnerability in European birds and mammals |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2020-08 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=323–328 |doi=10.1002/fee.2216}}</ref>。美国[[佛罗里达州]]35%的[[美洲狮]]死于路杀<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=SK |last2=Buergelt |first2=CD |last3=Roelke-Parker |first3=ME |last4=Homer |first4=BL |last5=Rotstein |first5=DS |title=Causes of mortality of free-ranging Florida panthers. |journal=Journal of wildlife diseases |date=2002-01 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=107-14 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.107 |pmid=11838201}}</ref>。据估计, 加拿大每年约有1,380万只鸟死于路杀<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bishop |first1=Christine A. |last2=Brogan |first2=Jason M. |title=Estimates of Avian Mortality Attributed to Vehicle Collisions in Canada |journal=Avian Conservation and Ecology |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.5751/ACE-00604-080202}}</ref>；美国则达到了8,900万至3.4亿只<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loss |first1=Scott R. |last2=Will |first2=Tom |last3=Marra |first3=Peter P. |title=Estimation of bird‐vehicle collision mortality on U.S. roads |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |date=2014-07 |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=763–771 |doi=10.1002/jwmg.721}}</ref>。

==名称==
英语中，这类撞（压）死的动物的情況稱為“{{lang|en|roadkill}}”（在臺灣有使用簡稱RK者），中文可直译为“'''路杀'''”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ettoday.net/news/20140815/389714.htm|title=「路殺」是什麼？　黃仕傑：到自然，就要尊重自然！|accessdate=2016-07-03|author=|date=2014-08-15|publisher=|author1=嚴云岑|agency=[[ETtoday]]|archive-date=2017-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305003717/http://www.ettoday.net/news/20140815/389714.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>、“'''路死'''”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pansci.asia/archives/83583|title=路殺是什麼？能吃嗎？|accessdate=2016-12-30|author=|date=2015-08-24|publisher=[[PanSci 泛科學]]|author1=旻妤|agency=|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125110307/https://pansci.asia/archives/83583|dead-url=no}}</ref>等。

==历史==
20世纪初期，在大多数[[工业化]]的第一世界国家，随着[[内燃机]]和[[汽车]]的使用，马路上的动物尸体成为常见的景象。

在[[欧洲]]和[[北美洲]]，[[鹿]]是最可能导致车辆损坏的动物。

在澳大利亚，为防止动物损坏车辆，有的车主会装上{{Link-en|车前格栅护栏|bullbar}}。

==原因==
[[File:Australia animal warning sign.jpg|thumb|left|[[交通标志]]经常用于警告动物经常出没的地区。这些标志并不是总会起作用，图中标志的右边远端即有一只因交通致死的[[鸸鹋]]]]
[[File:Goat underpass.jpg|thumb|[[雪羊]]曾经必须穿过[[2号美国国道]]到达峡谷另一侧的{{Link-en|盐舔食处|salt lick}}。现在它们可以通过这些桥下的岩石通道（图中树荫遮蔽处）到达那里]]
不少公路的扩展是建立在改变和分隔野生动物栖息地之上的，这限制了野生动物的活动范围，导致广泛的野生动物因交通致死现象。<ref>[http://longpointcauseway.com/library/Road%20Mortality%20on%20the%20Long%20Point%20Causeway.pdf "Road Mortality of Amphibians, Reptiles and Other Wildlife on the Long Point Causeway, Lake Erie, Ontario"] {{Wayback|url=http://longpointcauseway.com/library/Road%20Mortality%20on%20the%20Long%20Point%20Causeway.pdf |date=20200926085825 }}, E. Paul Ashley ''et al''., 1996, ''Canadian Field Naturalist'', 110, p. 403-412, at p. 403.</ref>

漫不经心地驾驶、不注意其他事物在车辆路径中的运动、以过高的速度行驶，都会导致出现更多的动物因交通致死现象。<ref name="Psychology Today Animals and Cars">[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/animal-emotions/201007/animals-and-cars-one-million-animals-are-killed-our-roads-every-day "Animals and cars: One million animals are killed on our roads every day"], Marc Bekoff, Psychology Today, July 21, 2010.</ref>

1996年加拿大安大略的一项研究发现，许多[[爬行动物]]在车辆轮胎通常不经过的地方被碾杀，由此推断一些司机故意轧死爬行动物。<ref name="Ashley 2007">E. Paul Ashley et al. [http://longpointwaterfowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Ashley-et-al.-roadkill.pdf "Incidence of Intentional Vehicle–Reptile Collisions"] {{Wayback|url=http://longpointwaterfowl.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Ashley-et-al.-roadkill.pdf |date=20111226075001 }}, in ''Human Dimensions of Wildlife'', No. 12, pp. 137-143, May 1, 2007.</ref>{{rp|138}}为了验证这个假设，2007年的研究发现，2.7％的司机有意地击中研究者伪装成蛇和海龟的诱饵。<ref name="Ashley 2007"/>研究者观察到有的司机加速或变道以撞上诱饵。<ref name="Ashley 2007"/>{{rp|142}}男性司机比女性司机更频繁地撞上诱饵。<ref name="Ashley 2007"/>{{rp|140–141}}

用作车辆驶离马路时提醒司机之用的{{Link-en|路肩震动带|rumble strip}}，有的是使用[[道路用盐]]铺成的。动物可能会把它当成{{Link-en|盐舔食处|salt lick}}而被吸引而来进行舔盐行为。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdt.mt.gov/research/docs/research_proj/wildlife_crossing_mitigation/final_report.pdf |title=Wildlife-Vehicle Collision and Crossing Mitigation Measures: A Toolbox for the Montana Dept of Transportation, May 2007 |publisher=Mdt.mt.gov |date=2013-04-19 |accessdate=2013-11-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102053955/http://mdt.mt.gov/research/docs/research_proj/wildlife_crossing_mitigation/final_report.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/articles/2941.html |title=Reducing Moose–Vehicle Collisions through Salt Pool Removal and Displacement: an Agent-Based Modeling Approach, Ecology and Society, 2009 |publisher=Ecologyandsociety.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-16 |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101235308/http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/articles/2941.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/05sep/05.htm |title=U.S. FHWA, Public Roads, Of Moose and Mud, Sept/Oct 2005 |publisher=Tfhrc.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528111723/http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/05sep/05.htm |archive-date=2010-05-28 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

==后果==
车辆与动物的碰撞可能有许多负面后果：
* 受到车辆撞击的动物的痛苦和死亡
* 车辆乘客的受伤或死亡
* [[家畜]]或[[宠物]]的损失
* 危害[[濒危物种]]
* 车辆损坏
* 经济损失（清理、修理车辆等）
* 不雅观的场景，可能会影响[[旅游业]]<ref name="CSIRO 2008">Alistair J. Hobday and Melinda L. Minstrell: [http://www.publish.csiro.au/view/journals/dsp_journal_fulltext.cfm?nid=144&f=WR08067 ''Distribution and abundance of roadkill on Tasmanian highways: human management options''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/view/journals/dsp_journal_fulltext.cfm?nid=144&f=WR08067 |date=20160423002039 }}, in Wildlife Research, '''35''' 1998</ref>

==防止==
[[File:Bear underpass écoducOurs.jpg|thumb|美国[[佛罗里达州]]国道46号一段桥下的野生动物通道。注意通道两侧还加装了引导用的栅栏]]
* 设立[[道路交通標誌]]以提醒司机该地带有野生动物出没
* [[野生动物通道]]
* 半隔离的道路给动物留出口，使得动物进入道路之后找得到出去的路
* 设置栅栏以完全隔离道路，不过较为昂贵
* 上[[保险]]以抑制经济损失
* 车辆上装{{Link-en|鹿哨|deer whistle}}，空气流过鹿哨时其发出[[超声波]]或其他高[[頻率 (物理學)|频率]][[声波]]，以驱赶鹿或[[袋鼠]]等

==尸体处理==
从公路上清除动物尸体对于公共安全至关重要。<ref name="Ohio EPA Disposal of roadkill">[http://ohioepa.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/2337/~/disposal-of-roadkill-and-other-dead-animals-by-municipalities%3F "Disposal of roadkill and other dead animals by municipalities?"] {{Wayback|url=http://ohioepa.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/2337/~/disposal-of-roadkill-and-other-dead-animals-by-municipalities%3F |date=20181107031426 }}, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 05/09/2011.</ref>清除尸体可以消除尸体对马路驾驶者的干扰和[[生物性危害]]。<ref name="Hancock road kills">[http://www.hancockwildlife.org/article.php/RoadKillsGoodAndBAd "The Good and Bad of Road Kills — How You Can Help Save Lives"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hancockwildlife.org/article.php/RoadKillsGoodAndBAd |date=20170101001209 }}, Hancock Wildlife Foundation, March 17, 2010.</ref>尽快移除尸体也可以防止其他野生动物进入道路试图食用尸体，或是防止同类动物试图取回它们同伴的尸体。<ref name="Psychology Today Animals and Cars"/>有时，人们并不清除动物尸体，而是将其转移到附近给其他野生动物食用，但不会放置于水域附近以防水被污染。<ref name="Ohio EPA Disposal of roadkill"/><ref name="Hancock road kills"/>用木屑覆盖尸体可以帮助分解，同时掩盖气味。<ref name="Ohio EPA Disposal of roadkill"/>

===食用===
某些交通致死的动物，可能會被當成[[食物]]。甚至有专门描述如何食用交通致死动物的菜谱书。不过食用交通致死动物被一些人认为不安全。<ref name="NY State reporting dead wildlife">[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6957.html "Reporting Dead Wildlife"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6957.html |date=20170528082747 }}, Department of Environmental Conservation, New York State, accessed Sept. 18, 2014.</ref>

==参见==
* [[鸟击]]
* [[棲息地破壞]]
* [[棲息地零碎化]]
* [[丛林肉]]
* [[野生动物]]

== 外部鏈結 ==
* [https://globalroadkill.net/ 全球路殺网络] {{Wayback|url=https://globalroadkill.net/ |date=20230815081751 }}
* [https://roadkill.tw 台灣動物路死觀察網Taiwan Roadkill Observation Network] {{Wayback|url=https://roadkill.tw/ |date=20201202212452 }}

==參考資料==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{街道與巷道}}
[[Category:道路運輸]]
[[Category:肉類]]
[[Category:野生生物]]
[[Category:动物死亡]]
[[Category:生態連接]]