编辑“︁蚊”︁

{{refimprove|time=2024-08-30}}
{{noteTA
|1=zh-cn:寨卡病毒;zh-hk:寨卡病毒;zh-mo:茲卡病毒;zh-tw:茲卡病毒;zh-sg:茲卡病毒;
|2=zh-cn:基孔肯雅热; zh-hk:基孔肯雅熱; zh-tw:屈公病
}}
{{redirect|蚊子}}
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[白堊紀]]中後期至今<ref name = Borkent>{{ cite journal | author = Borkent, A.; Grimaldi, D. A. | title = The earliest fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber | journal = ''Annals of the Entomological Society of America'' | volume = 97 | issue = 5 | pages = 882–888 | year = 2004 | issn = 0013-8746 | doi = 10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0882:TEFMDC]2.0.CO;2 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228762859_The_earliest_fossil_mosquito_Diptera_Culicidae_in_mid-Cretaceous_Burmese_amber }}</ref>，{{fossil_range|100|0|earliest=226}}
| image = Aedes aegypti CDC9178.tif
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[埃及斑蚊]]（''Aedes aegypti''，吸血蚊）
| image2 = Elephant Mosquito (31724429831).jpg
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption = 巨蚊（''Toxorhynchites rutilus''，非吸血蚊）
| taxon =  Culicidae
| authority={{tsl|en|Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen}}, 1818
| subdivision_ranks = 亚科
| subdivision =
* [[疟蚊亚科]] Anophelinae
* [[家蚊亚科]] Culicinae
}}

'''蚊科'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|Culicidae}}）是[[昆蟲綱]][[雙翅目]]之下的一個[[科 (生物)|科]]。該科生物通常被稱為'''蚊'''或'''蚊子'''，是一種具有刺吸式[[口器]]的纖小飛蟲。绝大多数蚊科的雄蚊以植物汁液为食，雌蚊则[[寄生|外寄生]]于其他生物表面，使用刺吸式[[口器]]刺穿[[宿主]]的[[皮肤]]以吸取[[血液]]。其[[宿主]]成千上萬，主要为[[脊椎动物]]，如[[哺乳动物]]、[[鸟类]]、[[爬行动物]]、[[两栖动物]]、[[鱼类]]等。有些种类的蚊子还会寄生于[[节肢动物]]。吸食血液对宿主一般不会有太大影响，但在吸食过程中，蚊子的唾液会使宿主出现[[皮疹]]等症状。蚊子是许多种疾病的[[载体 (生物学)|传播媒介]]，蚊子会以吸食[[血液]]的方式，将疾病从一个[[宿主]]体内传播到另一个宿主体内，[[登革熱]]、[[瘧疾]]、[[黃熱病]]、[[寨卡病毒]]、{{link-en|絲蟲病|Filariasis}}、[[日本腦炎]]、[[西尼罗河病毒]]、[[基孔肯雅热]]等{{link-en|虫媒病毒|arbovirus}}可以通过这种方式快速传播，因此，蚊子被蚊蟲控制協會（英文：Mosquito Control Association）評為世界上最危險的動物之一。目前除[[南極洲]]外，各大洲皆有蚊子的廣泛分布。<ref name=mmca-b>{{cite web|title=Mosquitoes of Michigan -Their Biology and Control|url=http://www.mimosq.org/mosquitobiology/mosquitobiology.htm|publisher=Michigan Mosquito Control Organization|year=2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330125526/http://www.mimosq.org/mosquitobiology/mosquitobiology.htm|archivedate=2013-03-30|access-date=2013-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week |title=The Deadliest Animal in the World |first=Bill |last=Gates |publisher= |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512185757/https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes? – BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35408835|website = BBC News|access-date = 2016-02-01|language = en-GB|archive-date = 2021-05-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210501235810/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35408835|dead-url = no}}</ref>

== 身體構造 ==
跟一般的[[昆蟲]]一樣，身體分為頭、胸、腹三個部分。身體和腳皆細長。大小隨種類不同，不過大部分小於15mm。體重約為2-2.5mg。只有一對翅膀（[[雙翅目]]的特徵），另一對退化為[[平衡桿]]。飛行速度約為每小時1.5到2.5公里，單次飛行可持續4分半鐘，一般蚊子飛行時每秒翅膀振动594次左右；這樣的振動，使我們在蚊子飛行時會聽到「嗡嗡」的[[聲音]]。[[口器]]為刺吸式，特化成細長的喙，大部分種類雌蚊的口器都適合刺吸血液。蚊體表覆蓋形狀及顏色不同的鱗片，使蚊體呈不同的顏色。這是鑑別蚊類的重要依據之一。翅脈上也有鱗片，翅後緣有緣鱗。多為[[夜行性動物]]。

== 生活 ==
=== 生活史 ===
[[File:Culex sp larvae.png|thumb|left|250px|蚊子（[[家蚊屬]]）的幼蟲，又稱為“{{zy|孑|jié|ㄐㄧㄝˊ|kit3}}{{zy|孓|jué|ㄐㄩㄝˊ|kyut3}}”]]
蚊科均為[[完全變態]]，包括四個發育時期：卵、幼蟲、[[蛹]]及成蟲。前三個時期的長短與種類及溫度有關。舉例來說，媒斑蚊（''Culex tarsalis''，常見於[[美國]]），在20℃下須14天來完成前三時期的發育。但在25℃上，只需要10天就可以發育完成。完成前三時期的發育所需的時間通常介於4天至一個月之間。蚊子的卵依種類的不同可能產在水面、水邊或水中三種不同的位置，水面上的如瘧蚊和家蚊，水邊的如斑蚊。瘧蚊和家蚊約在二天內孵化，而斑蚊則在三至五天會孵化。

蚊科昆蟲的幼蟲又稱為'''{{zy|孑|jié|ㄐㄧㄝˊ|kit3}}{{zy|孓|jué|ㄐㄩㄝˊ|kyut3}}'''，通常生活在池沼、水溝或積水的器皿等處。[[孑孓]]常用尾端貼著水面，作倒垂式的漂浮。這是孑孓在[[呼吸]]。它利用腹部近尾端的呼吸管，直接呼吸水面上的空氣。孑孓利用口的刷毛會產生水流，流向嘴巴，以攝食有機物及微生物，但有少數種類以其他孑孓為食物。孑孓經過四次蛻皮後會發育成蛹。蛹幾乎和孑孓一樣活躍，不攝食，但可在水中游動。形狀從側面看起來成逗點狀。靠連接胸部[[氣孔]]的一對呼吸角呼吸。經两天完全成熟。

有一些種類的蚊子幼蟲（例如{{link-en|瓶草蚊屬|Wyeomyia}}），住在[[鳳梨科]]植物中的積水裡。有些甚至居住在[[豬籠草]]等[[捕蟲植物]]之中。''Deinocerites''屬的蚊子則居住在海邊的小洞中。大部分不居住在熱帶的品種，都以卵的形態度過冬天。但也有少部分的種類以成蟲或孑孓的型態來越冬，例如家蚊屬的一些種類，即以雌成蟲的型態來越冬。实验室发现，蚊子在0度以上能存活的时间非常长，大概能存活到三到五个月。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.jstv.com/a/20161124/147998145497.shtml|title=蚊子过冬有“绝招” 零度以上能活三到五个月|accessdate=2017-11-11|author=|date=2016-11-24|publisher=江苏广电融媒体新闻中心|archive-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612190550/http://news.jstv.com/a/20161124/147998145497.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[File:Mosquito_larva.jpg|thumb|孑孓]]

=== 攝食 ===
大部分蚊科的雌蚊均有吸血習性，主要是為了交配後產卵（並非靠吸食血液維生），所以牠們的口器特化為細長的喙，以便刺穿動物的[[皮膚]]。跟其他吸血昆蟲的針狀（像注射針筒）口器不同，雌蚊口器上佈滿了鋸齒狀的突出。和注射針頭平滑的表面相比，鋸齒狀的口器和皮膚組織接觸的面積較小，這減少了對於神經的刺激，所以產生的疼痛感大大降低。蚊子吸血時，會反覆的穿刺皮膚，藉這個動作來尋找最適合的穿刺位置（以[[微血管]]密度決定）。接著，將口針刺入皮膚并注射含有[[抗凝血劑|抗凝血化合物]]的[[唾液]]，有时唾液含有[[病原体]]并可能感染[[寄主]]。口針可直接刺入微血管，或利用口器的游移劃破微血管，形成血池後再吸血。

雌蚊藉由特殊的感應器來尋找牠們的獵物。雌蚊對[[二氧化碳]]、[[熱]]及汗水非常敏感，所以牠們能在一定的距離內尋找[[恆溫動物]]的[[哺乳類]]和[[鳥]]叮咬。經常有人認為血型、肥胖、性別甚至血糖會影響被叮咬的風險，但是在世界範圍內都沒有令人信服的統計數據。

雌蚊需要攝取[[蛋白質]]以獲得足夠的營養來產卵，而從一般雄蚊的正常飲食（花蜜、果汁）中無法獲得足量的蛋白質，因此雌蚊才會吸血。而也有少數蚊科雌雄皆不吸血，如[[巨蚊屬]]的雌蚊口器構造並不適合吸血，成蟲以花蜜為主食，幼蟲則以其他蚊子（包含同類）的幼蟲為食。

== 演化 ==
據信，在2.17億年前的[[三叠纪]]就已經演化出蚊子的始祖<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soghigian |first1=John |last2=Sither |first2=Charles |last3=Justi |first3=Silvia Andrade |last4=Morinaga |first4=Gen |last5=Cassel |first5=Brian K. |last6=Vitek |first6=Christopher J. |last7=Livdahl |first7=Todd |last8=Xia |first8=Siyang |last9=Gloria-Soria |first9=Andrea |last10=Powell |first10=Jeffrey R. |last11=Zavortink |first11=Thomas |last12=Hardy |first12=Christopher M. |last13=Burkett-Cadena |first13=Nathan D. |last14=Reeves |first14=Lawrence E. |last15=Wilkerson |first15=Richard C. |last16=Dunn |first16=Robert R. |last17=Yeates |first17=David K. |last18=Sallum |first18=Maria Anice |last19=Byrd |first19=Brian D. |last20=Trautwein |first20=Michelle D. |last21=Linton |first21=Yvonne-Marie |last22=Reiskind |first22=Michael H. |last23=Wiegmann |first23=Brian M. |title=Phylogenomics reveals the history of host use in mosquitoes |journal=Nature Communications |date=2023-10-06 |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-41764-y}}</ref>。而最早的[[化石]]證據則發現於约1.3亿年前[[白堊紀]]早期的琥珀中<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=D |last2=Nel |first2=A |last3=Huang |first3=D |last4=Engel |first4=MS |title=The earliest fossil mosquito. |journal=Current biology : CB |date=2023-12-04 |volume=33 |issue=23 |pages=5240-5246.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.047 |pmid=38052162}}</ref>。最初演化出蚊子的區域是在現今的[[南美洲]]，接著逐漸往北遷徙到[[勞亞古陸]]，接著再度往南遷徙到熱帶地區。蚊子的祖先大約有現存種類的三倍大，與[[幽蚊科]]（''Chaoboridae''）有密切的關係。

== 蚊與健康 ==
在世界中大部分的地區，蚊是嚴重的公共衛生問題。蚊子传播的疾病可达80多种<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Onen |first1=H |last2=Luzala |first2=MM |last3=Kigozi |first3=S |last4=Sikumbili |first4=RM |last5=Muanga |first5=CK |last6=Zola |first6=EN |last7=Wendji |first7=SN |last8=Buya |first8=AB |last9=Balciunaitiene |first9=A |last10=Viškelis |first10=J |last11=Kaddumukasa |first11=MA |last12=Memvanga |first12=PB |title=Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles. |journal=Insects |date=2023-02-23 |volume=14 |issue=3 |doi=10.3390/insects14030221 |pmid=36975906}}</ref>。估計每年約有7億人被蚊子傳染各種疾病，且每十七人中，就有1人死於被蚊子傳染的各種疾病。<ref>Taubes G. A mosquito bites back. The New York Times Magazine. 1977; 24 Aug:40-6</ref>蚊子每年殺死70萬人<ref>{{Cite web|title=蚊子是人类的顶级掠食者|url=https://www.solidot.org/story?sid=61610|accessdate=2019-08-26|author=|date=|format=|work=www.solidot.org|publisher=|language=|quote=蚊子每年殺死了 70 萬人。在現代人類 20 多萬年的歷史中，總共有 1080 億人類在地球上生活過，其中近半是被蚊子殺死的。|archive-date=2019-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826091805/https://www.solidot.org/story%3Fsid%3D61610|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Hobart |last2=Halverson |first2=Sara |last3=Ezinwa |first3=Ngozi |title=Mosquito-Borne Diseases |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |date=2018-09 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=393–407 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2018.05.001 |url=https://www.primarycare.theclinics.com/article/S0095-4543(18)30038-1/abstract |accessdate=2024-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franklinos |first1=LHV |last2=Jones |first2=KE |last3=Redding |first3=DW |last4=Abubakar |first4=I |title=The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease. |journal=The Lancet. Infectious diseases |date=2019-09 |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=e302-e312 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30161-6 |pmid=31227327}}</ref>。尤其是在熱帶地區，多種[[傳染病]]常藉由蚊子傳染給人類。但在大多數溫帶國家，例如[[美國]]、[[英國]]、[[紐西蘭]]、[[日本]]，被蚊子咬通常只會發癢，而不至於被傳染疾病。[https://web.archive.org/web/20081230090846/http://www.slu.edu/colleges/sph/csbei/emerginginfections/wnv/key_ref/acp_asim_1.pdf]
=== 傳染疾病的機制 ===
雌蚊在吸血時，若叮咬的對象是病人，則病原可能藉由這個動作進入蚊子體內，並藉著蚊子的叮咬傳播。但不是每一種蚊子都可以傳播每一種病毒。只有特定種類的蚊子（稱為'''病媒蚊'''），可以傳播特定種類的病毒。若病毒被非病媒蚊的蚊子吸取，則會在蚊子的[[消化系統]]中被[[酵素]]破壞，失去傳染力。<ref>蚊子傳播登革病毒的機制，陳維鈞，「科學發展」第368期，2003年8月</ref>由於只有雌蚊會吸血，所以只有雌蚊會傳染疾病。

蚊子對狗會間接傳染[[犬心絲蟲]]及[[立克次體]]的疾病。

=== 瘧蚊與瘧疾 ===
{{main|瘧疾}}
蚊科之下的一個屬，[[瘧蚊屬]]（''Anopheles''），是單細胞[[原生生物|原生生物界]][[瘧原蟲]]的中介[[寄主]]；其雌蚊吸血姿態呈傾斜倒立狀，頭部非常靠近皮膚，非常好辨認。全世界瘧蚊屬的成員有400種，其中85種能傳播瘧疾。瘧原蟲造成的[[瘧疾]]是全球人類主要的死因之一，尤其是五歲以下的孩童，更容易受到瘧疾的感染而死亡。瘧疾每年約造成3百萬人死亡，<ref>Shell ER. Resurgence of a deadly disease. The Atlantic Monthly. 1997;Aug: 45-60</ref>會傳染瘧疾的瘧蚊分布在[[中美洲|中]][[南美洲]]、[[非洲]]、[[大洋洲]]和[[中亞]]，尤以非洲最為嚴重。在非洲，平均每30秒就有一個兒童死於瘧疾。<ref>Global Malaria Programme (GMP),WHO</ref>
[[File: AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg |thumb|甘比亞瘧蚊（''Anopheles Gambiae''），瘧蚊的一種]]

=== 其他疾病 ===
大部分種類的蚊子都能夠傳染[[絲蟲病]]（由[[線蟲]]導致）。這種疾病會導致[[橡皮腫]]（gumma）使外生殖器及大腿異常腫大。在全球，約有120萬人感染絲蟲病。[https://web.archive.org/web/20060601015700/http://www.filariasis.org/index.pl] 大部分品種的蚊子會傳染[[病毒]]性的疾病，包括[[黃熱病]]、[[登革熱]]、[[日本腦炎]]、[[聖路易腦炎]]、[[多發性關節炎]]、[[裂谷熱]]（Rift Valley fever）、[[契昆根亞熱]]及[[西尼羅河熱]]。

一般情况下，[[愛滋病]]'''不會'''藉由蚊子叮咬而傳染。

=== 叮咬與免疫反應 ===
蚊子使用口針（stylets），六根針狀、類似抽血用針的構造來刺進人類的[[皮膚]]，吸取血液攝食。其中前两个带小锯齿的口针用于初步针刺，后两根针用于排除障碍从而寻找血管，而中间的一根针则用于释放含酶的化学物质注入叮咬物体内，从而起到麻醉效果<ref>{{Cite news |title=1.3亿年前，它就在吸血！如何精准拍死蚊子 {{!}} 南都新知 |url=https://m.mp.oeeee.com/a/BAAFRD0000202507301107779.html |author=刘苗 |work=南方都市报 |date=2025-07-31 |access-date=2025-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115165205/https://m.mp.oeeee.com/a/BAAFRD0000202507301107779.html |archive-date=2025-11-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>。當蚊子叮咬人類時，會從[[口器]]輸出[[唾液]]。其唾液含有[[蟻酸]]、[[抗凝血劑|抗凝血化合物]]及目前成分不明的[[蛋白質]]（目前已知至少含15種），其中酸性物質是用來溶解皮膚表層的[[角質層]]；抗凝血化合物則是避免在蚊子吸食血液時，血液突然[[血液凝固|凝固]]。第一次被咬時，身體不會有任何特殊反應。但從第二次開始，人體[[免疫系統]]的[[肥大细胞]]會釋放出[[組織胺]]，以便對抗蚊子所帶來的外來物質，造成皮膚發癢和紅腫。這種刺激性感覺，乃是被叮咬者對蚊子唾液的一種[[過敏]]反應。

== 分類 ==
本科包括了約3,200種，40屬<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullen |first1=Gary Richard |last2=Durden |first2=Lance A. |title=Medical and veterinary entomology |publisher=Academic press, an imprint of Elsevier |location=London |isbn=978-0-12-814043-7 |edition=3rd |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128140437/medical-and-veterinary-entomology |pages=261-325 |doi=10.1016/C2017-0-00210-0 |language=en |access-date=2024-09-10 |archive-date=2024-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918074950/https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128140437/medical-and-veterinary-entomology |dead-url=no }}</ref>。又分成：[[瘧蚊亞科]]（Anophelinae）及[[家蚊亞科]]（Culicinae，包括了80%以上的種類）两个亚科；旧分类法原有的[[巨蚊亞科]]（Toxorhynchitinae）现被归为[[家蚊亚科]]的一个[[族 (生物)|族]]，即[[巨蚊族]]（Toxorhynchitini）。以下僅列出較重要的數個屬。

[[File:Mosquito GSACS.jpg|thumb|白線斑蚊''Aedes albopictus'']]
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
||Abraedes |Zavortink, 1970
||Acalleomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Acallyntrum |Stone, 1948
||Acartomyia |Theobald, 1903
||Aedeomyia |Theobald, 1901
|斑蚊屬 |Aedes |Meigen, 1818，伊蚊
||Aedimorphus |Theobald, 1903
||Aedinus |Lutz, 1905
||Aetheapnomyia |Harbuch & Greenwalt, 2012
||Afroculex |Danilov, 1989
||Afrorhynchus |Ribeiro, 1991
||Aioretomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Alanstonea |Mattingly, 1960
||Albuginosus |Reinert, 1987
||Aldrichinella |Theobald, 1910
||Allimanta |Casal & Garcia, 1968
||Andersonia |Strickland, 1911
||Aniella |Enderlein, 1923
||Anisocheleomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Ankylorhynchus |Lutz, 1904
|疟蚊属 |Anopheles |Meigen, 1818，（按蚊）
||Apicomyia |Shannon, 1922
||Aporoculex |Theobald, 1907
||Archaeoculicus
|叢蚊屬 |Armigeres |Theobald, 1901，阿蚊
||Arribalzagia |Theobald, 1903
||Arthuromyia |Ayroza |Galvão, 1941
||Asioculicus |Hong, 1976
||Austromansonia |Belkin, 1968
||Austrotheobaldia |Dobrotworsky, 1954
||Ayurakitia |Thurman, 1954
||Aztecaedes |Zavortink, 1972
||Bancroftia |Lutz, 1904
||Banksinella |Theobald, 1907
||Barraudius |Edwards, 1921
||Barraudius |Linnaeus, 1758
||Bathosomyia |Theobald, 1909
||Belkinius |Reinert, 1982
||Belkinomyia |Adames & Galindo, 1973
||Bifidistylus |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2009
||Binotia |Blanchard, 1904
||Bironella |Theobald, 1905
||Bolbodeomyia |Theobald, 1910
||Borichinda |Rattanarithikul & Harbach, 2007
||Bothaella |Reinert, 1973
||Boycia |Newstead, 1907
||Brachiosoma |Theobald, 1901
||Brevirhynchus |Theobald, 1908
||Burmaculex |Borkent & Grimaldi, 2004
||Cacomyia |Coquillett, 1906
||Caenocephalus |Taylor, 1914
||Caenomyiella |Harbach & Peyton, 1990
||Calladimyia |Dyar, 1919
||Carrollia |Lutz, 1905
||Catageiomyia |Theobald, 1904
||Catatassomyia |Dyar & Shannon, 1925
||Cellia |Theobald, 1902
||Chaetocruiomyia |Theobald, 1910
||Chaetomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Chagasia |Cruz, 1906
||Chilomyia |Shannon, 1922
||Christya |Theobald, 1903
||Chrysoconops |Goeldi, 1905
||Cleobonnea |Dyar, 1919
||Collessius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Colonemyia |Leicester, 1908
||Conchyliastes |Howard, 1901
||Conopomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Conopostegus |Dyar, 1925
|苛蚊屬 |Coquillettidia |Dyar, 1905（軻蚊） 
||Coquillettidia |Edwards, 1923
|家蚊屬 |Culex |Linnaeus, 1758（庫蚊）
||Culicada |Felt, 1904
||Culicella |Felt, 1904
||Culicelsa |Felt, 1904
||Culiselsa |Felt, 1904
|絨蚊屬 |Culiseta |Felt, 1904（脈毛蚊）
||Cyathomyia |Meijere, 1910
||Cycloleppteron |Theobald, 1901
||Dahliana |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2007
||Danielsia |Theobald, 1904
||Dasymyia |Leicester, 1908
||Decamyia |Dyar, 1919
||Deinocerites |Theobald, 1901
||Desvoidya |Blanchard, 1901
||Diceromyia |Felt, 1918
||Diceromyia |Theobald, 1911
||Dinanamesus |Dyar & Knab, 1909
||Dinomimetes |Knab, 1907
||Diphalangarpe |Dyar, 1919
||Dixapuella |Dyar & Shannon, 1924
||Dixomyia |Taylor, 1914
||Dobrotworskyius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Downsiomyia |Vargas, 1950
||Dunnius |Edwards, 1930
||Duttonia |Newstead, 1907
||Dyarina |Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1921
||Ecculex |Felt, 1904
||Ekrinomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Elpeytonius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2009
||Eoaedes |Harbuch & Greenwalt, 2012
||Eretmapodites |Theobald, 1901
||Etorleptiomyia |Theobald, 1904
||Eubonnea |Dyar, 1919
||Eumelanomyia |Theobald, 1909
||Exallomyia |Harbach & Peyton, 1991
||Feltidia |Dyar, 1905
||Feltinella |Theobald, 1907
|費蚊屬 |Ficalbia |Theobald, 1903
||Finlaya |Theobald, 1903
||Fredwardsius |Reinert, 2000
||Galindomyia |Stone & Barreto, 1969
||Geitonomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Georgecraigius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Gilesia |Theobald, 1903
||Gilesius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Gnophodeomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Grabhamia |Theobald, 1903
||Grassia |Theobald, 1902
||Gualteria |Lutz, 1904
||Gymnometopa |Coquillett, 1905
||Haemagogus |Williston, 1896
||Halaedes |Belkin, 1962
||Harbachius |Reinert, 1999
||Heizmannia |Ludlow, 1905
||Heliconiamyia |Dyar, 1919
||Heptaphlebomyia |Theobald, 1903
||Heteronycha |Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
||Himalaius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Hispidimyia |Theobald, 1910
|霍蚊屬 |Hodgesia |Theobald, 1904
||Hopkinsius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2008
||Howardia |Theobald, 1902
||Howardina |Theobald, 1903
||Huaedes |Huang, 1968
||Hulecoeteomyia |Theobald, 1904
||Hyloconops |Lutz, 1904
||Hystatomyia |Dyar, 1919
||Indusius |Barraud, 1934
||Insulalutzia |Tanaka, 2003
||Isoaedes |Reinert, 1979
||Isostomyia |Coquillett, 1906
||Janthinosoma |Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
||Jarnellius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Jihlienius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Joblotia |Blanchard, 1901
||Johnbelkinia |Zavortink, 1979
||Kenknightia |Reinert, 1990
||Kerteszia |Theobald, 1905
||Kimia |Vu Duc Huong & Harbach, 2007
||Kingia |Theobald, 1910
||Kitzmilleria |Danilov, 1989
||Kompia |Aitken, 1941
||Kummyia |Vargas, 1950
||Lasioconops |Theobald, 1903
||Leicesteria |Theobald, 1904
||Leicesteriomyia |Brunetti, 1912
||Leipidotomyia |
||Lemmamyia |Dyar, 1919
||Lepiothauma |Enderlein, 1923
||Leptosomatomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Leslieomyia |Christophers, 1911
||Lesticocampa |Dyar & Knab, 1906
||Levua |Stone & Bohart, 1944
||Libanoculex |
* ''Libanoculex intermedius'' Azar, Nel, Huang & Engel, 2023<ref>Dany Azar, André Nel, Diying Huang and Michael S. Engel. 2023. The Earliest Fossil Mosquito. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.047</ref>
||Limatus |Theobald, 1901
||Lophoceraomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Lophoscelomyia |Theobald, 1904
||Lorrainea |Belkin, 1962
||Ludlowia |Theobald, 1907
||Luius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2008
||Lutzia |Theobald, 1903
||Luzonus |Stone & Bohart, 1944
||Lynchiella |Lahille, 1904
||Macleaya |Theobald, 1903
||Maillotia |Theobald, 1907
|芋蚊屬 |Malaya |Leicester, 1908（鉤蚊）
||Manguinhosia |Cruz, 1908
|沼蚊屬 |Mansonia |Blanchard, 1902（曼蚊）
||Mansonioides |Theobald, 1907
||Maorigoeldia |Edwards, 1930
||Mattinglyia |Lien, 1968
||Megaculex |Theobald, 1907
||Melanoconion |Theobald, 1903
||Menolepis |Lutz, 1908
||Metalutzia |Tanaka, 2003
||Miamyia |Dyar, 1919
||Micraedes |Coquillett, 1905
||Microculex |Theobald, 1907
||Mimeteculex |Theobald, 1908
||Mimeteomyia |Theobald, 1910
||Mimetomyia |
||Mimomyia |Theobald, 1903
||Missirolimyia |Vargas, 1950
||Mochlostyrax |Dyar & Knab, 1906
||Molpemyia |Theobald, 1910
||Mucidus |Theobald, 1901
||Myxosquamus |Theobald, 1909
||Myzomyia |Blanchard, 1902
||Myzorhynchella |Theobald, 1907
||Myzorhynchus |Blanchard, 1902
||Neobironella |Tenorio, 1977
||Neocellia |Theobald, 1907
||Neochaoborus |Edwards, 1930
||Neoculex |Dyar, 1905
||Neoculicites |Evenhuis, 1994
||Neomacleaya |Theobald, 1907
||Neomelanoconion |Theobald, 1907
||Neomyzomyia |Theobald, 1910
||Neopecomyia |Theobald, 1909
||Neosquamomyia |Taylor, 1914
||Neotheobaldia |Dobrotworsky, 1958
||Nicaromyia |Broche & Rodriguez, 2001
||Nothoskusea |Dumbleton, 1962
||Nyctomyia |
||Nyssorhynchus |Blanchard, 1902
||Nyssorrhynchus |
||Ochlerotatus |Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1891
||Oculeomyia |Theobald, 1907
||Onirion |Peyton & Harbach, 2000
||Opifex |Hutton, 1902
|直蚊屬 |Orthopodomyia |Theobald, 1904（直腳蚊）
||Paleoculicis |Poinar, Zavortink, Pike & Johnston, 2000
||Paraedes |Edwards, 1934
||Pardomyia |Theobald, 1907
||Patmarksia |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Pecomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Pectinopalpus |Theobald, 1909
||Pentemyia |Dyar, 1919
||Petermattinglyius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2009
||Phagomyia |Edwards, 1905
||Phagomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Phalangomyia |Dyar & Knab, 1914
||Phenacomyia |Harbach & Peyton, 1992
||Philodendromyia |Theobald, 1907
||Phoniomyia |Theobald, 1903
||Pneumaculex |Dyar, 1905
||Polylepidomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Polyleptiomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Popea |Ludlow, 1905
||Priscoculex |Poinar et al., 2019
||Prosopolepis |Lutz, 1905
||Protoculex |Felt, 1904
||Protomacleaya |Theobald, 1907
||Protomelanoconion |Theobald, 1909
||Pseudarmigeres |Stone & Knight, 1956
||Pseudocarrollia |Theobald, 1910
||Pseudoculex |Dyar, 1905
||Pseudoficalbia |Theobald, 1912
||Pseudograbhamia |Theobald, 1905
||Pseudograhamia |Theobald, 1910
||Pseudoheptaphlebomyia |Ventrillon, 1905
||Pseudohowardina |Theobald, 1907
||Pseudoskusea |Theobald, 1907
||Pseudotaeniorhynchus |Theobald, 1911
||Pseudotheobaldia |Theobald, 1907
||Pseudouranotaenia |Theobald, 1905
|鱗蚊屬 |Psorophora |Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827
||Pyretophorus |Blanchard, 1902
||Quasistegomyia |Theobald, 1906
||Rachionotomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Rachisoura |Theobald, 1910
||Radioculex |Theobald, 1908
||Rampamyia |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Ravenalites |Doucet, 1950
||Reedomyia |Ludlow, 1905
||Rossia |Theobald, 1902
||Runchomyia |Theobald, 1903
||Russellia |Vargas, 1943
||Sabethes |Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827
||Sabethinus |Lutz, 1904
||Sabethoides |Theobald, 1903
||Scutomyia |Theobald, 1904
||Shannonesia |Fonseca & Silva Ramos, 1940
||Shannoniana |Lane & Cerqueira, 1942
||Shannoniella |Fonseca & Silva Ramos, 1940
||Simondella |Simond & Laveran, 1902
||Sinoaedes |Gong & Lu, 1991
||Skeiromyia |Leicester, 1908
||Skusea |Theobald, 1903
||Squamomyia |Theobald, 1910
||Stegoconops |Lutz, 1905
||Stegomyia |Theobald, 1901
||Stenoscutus |Theobald, 1909
||Stethomyia |Theobald, 1902
||Suaymyia |Thurman, 1959
||Taeniorhynchus |Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
||Tanakaius |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2004
||Teromyia |Leicester, 1908
||Tewarius |Reinert, 2006
||Thaiomyia |Bram, 1966
||Theobaldinella |Blanchard, 1905
||Thomasina |Newstead & Carter, 1911
||Tinolestes |Coquillett, 1905
|土蚊屬 |Topomyia |Leicester, 1908（局限蚊）
|巨蚊屬 |Toxorhynchites |Theobald, 1901
||Triamyia |Dyar, 1919
||Tricholeptomyia |Dyar & Shannon, 1925
||Trichopronomyia |Theobald, 1905
||Trichoprosopon |Theobald, 1901
||Trichorhynchomyia |Brunetti, 1912
||Trichorhynchus |Theobald, 1905
|翠蚊屬 |Tripteroides |Giles, 1904（杵蚊）
|尤蚊屬 |Udaya |Thurman, 1954
|小蚊屬 |Uranotaenia |Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891（藍帶蚊）
||Vansomerenis |Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
||Verrallina |Theobald, 1903
||Worcesteria |Banks, 1906
||Wyeomyia |Theobald, 1901
||Zavortinkius |Reinert, 1999
||Zeugnomyia |Leicester, 1908
||Zinzala |Zavortink, 1986
}}

== 灭蚊 ==
* 设法降低室内空气湿度，尽量控制室内相对湿度在50%左右最为理想<ref>{{Cite web
 |title=如何預防蚊子
 |publisher=中部害蟲管理中心（公司）
 |date=2013-04-12
 |url=http://pest.ao.com.tw/show_41.htm
 |accessdate=2013-07-27
 |archive-date=2020-09-20
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920161330/http://pest.ao.com.tw/show_41.htm
 |dead-url=no
 }}</ref>。
* 用空酒瓶装上糖水或[[啤酒]]放在阴暗处，蚊子闻到甜酒味就会往瓶子-{zh:里; zh-hans:里; zh-tw:裡}-钻，会被糖水或啤酒粘住致死。<ref>{{Cite web
 |title = 養生常識：天然驅蚊法！蚊子最怕6種味道
 |publisher   = 新華網
 |date = 2013-07-05
 |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2013-07/05/c_124961504_8.htm
 |accessdate  = 2013-07-27
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130709133240/http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2013-07/05/c_124961504_8.htm
 |archivedate = 2013-07-09
 |df          = 
}}</ref>{{vc|date=2022年7月}}
* 让蚊子绝育。中国科学家向登革热疫情严重的广州[[沙仔岛]]和[[大刀沙]]释放了 2 亿失去生育能力的雄性[[亚洲虎蚊]]，幾乎消灭了岛屿上的蚊群。研究报告发表在《自然》期刊上。透過短暂的暴露蚊子在[[伽玛射线]]下，这些蚊子感染三种不同的[[沃尔巴克氏体细菌]]而失去了繁殖能力。两年的实验之后野生蚊群幾乎消失。岛民被蚊子叮咬的记录下降了96%。<ref>{{cite web |title=中国科学家释放 2 亿不育蚊子消灭了两个岛屿的蚊群 |url=https://www.solidot.org/story?sid=61419 |website=科技行者 |accessdate=2019-07-19 |archive-date=2019-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929055546/https://www.solidot.org/story?sid=61419 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

== 相册 ==
<gallery>
File:Mosquito Tasmania crop.jpg|正在吸血的蚊子。
File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|正在吸血的[[疟蚊]]，尾部的一滴[[血]]是营养被吸收的血。
File:Anopheles larve.jpg|[[疟蚊]]的[[幼虫]]。
File:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|[[绒蚊属|绒蚊]]的细节。
</gallery>

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist}}

== 参见 ==
* [[蚊香]]
* [[除虫菊]]

== 延伸阅读 ==
{{Wikisource further reading}}
{{Wikispecies|Culicidae|蚊科}}
{{commons category|Culicidae}}

== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.guokr.com/article/277875/ 蚊子，你知道多少种？] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/277875/ |date=20200927020248 }},果壳网。
* [https://foziie.com/prevent-mosquito/ 蚊子這麼多，怎麼有效的預防?] {{Wayback|url=https://foziie.com/prevent-mosquito/ |date=20230323020248 }},佛系案內所。
* {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Mosquitoes/}}
* [http://npic.orst.edu/pest2.htm#mosquitoes Mosquito Pest Control Information - National Pesticide Information Center]{{Wayback|url=http://npic.orst.edu/pest2.htm#mosquitoes |date=20071022031233 }}
* [http://npic.orst.edu/wnv/ West Nile Virus Resource Guide - National Pesticide Information Center] {{Wayback|url=http://npic.orst.edu/wnv/ |date=20090202054409 }}
* [http://insects.entomology.wisc.edu/Diptera/Culicidae/index.html Mosquitoes of Wisconsin ]{{Wayback|url=http://insects.entomology.wisc.edu/Diptera/Culicidae/index.html |date=20080516204108 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ Biological Database for Anopheline Mosquitoes]
* [http://www.vectorbase.org Database for Disease Vectors]{{Wayback|url=http://www.vectorbase.org/ |date=20171028150633 }}
* [http://www.cirrusimage.com/flies_Aedes_vexans_mosquito.htm Inland Floodwater mosquito ''Aedes vexans'' diagnostic photographs and taxonomy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cirrusimage.com/flies_Aedes_vexans_mosquito.htm |date=20210127003943 }}
* {{PDF|[http://www.slu.edu/colleges/sph/csbei/emerginginfections/wnv/key_ref/acp_asim_1.pdf Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician’s guide]|151 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 154651 bytes -->}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7367}}
{{normdaten}}

[[Category:蚊科|*]]
[[Category:寄生虫学|C]]
[[Category:模式生物|C]]
[[Category:害蟲|C]]