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{{about|氮元素|氮氣气体|氮氣}} {{Multiple issues| {{RoughTranslation}}<!-- 致编者:请确定本文没有任何拙劣翻译后再移除本模板--> {{Expand language|1=en|status=yes|time=2021-12-24T12:01:49+00:00}} }} {{Elementbox |name=氮 |enname=nitrogen |number=7 |symbol=N |pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|t|r|ə|dʒ|ə|n}} ㄅ{{restrə-jən}} |left=[[碳]] |right=[[氧]] |above= |below=[[磷]] |series=非金屬 |series comment= |group=15 |period=2 |block=p |series color=a0ffa0 |phase color= |appearance=[[气体]],[[液体]]及[[固体]]均为无色 |image name=Fluessiger Stickstoff.jpg |image size= |image name comment=[[液態氮]] |atomic mass=[14.00643, 14.00728]{{CIAAW2021}} |electron configuration=[[[氦|He]]] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>3</sup> |electrons per shell=2, 5 |color=透明 |phase=氣態 |phase comment= |density gplstp=1.2506<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html|title=Gases - Density|website=The Engineering Toolbox|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=2006-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302054722/https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |density gpcm3nrt= |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3mp= |density gpcm3bp=0.808 |melting point K=63.23<ref name=CRC71>{{cite book | last = Lide | first = David R. | title = CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry | publisher = CRC Press, inc. | edition = 71st | date = 1990–1991 | location = Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston | page = 4-22(这是一页)| language = en}}</ref> |melting point C=−209.86<ref name=CRC71/> |melting point F=−345.75<ref name=CRC71/> |boiling point K=77.36 |boiling point C=−195.79 |boiling point F=−320.33 |triple point K=63.1526 |triple point kPa=12.53 |critical point K=126.19 |critical point MPa=3.3978 |heat fusion=(N<sub>2</sub>)0.72 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=(N<sub>2</sub>)5.56 |heat capacity=(N<sub>2</sub>)<br />29.124 |vapor pressure 1=37 |vapor pressure 10=41 |vapor pressure 100=46 |vapor pressure 1 k=53 |vapor pressure 10 k=62 |vapor pressure 100 k=77 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=六方 |oxidation states= '''−3'''、−2、−1、[[叠氮化物|-1/3]]、0<ref>[[四唑]]環中有一對以[[雙鍵]]鍵結、氧化態為0的氮原子。母體1-''H''-四唑(CH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>)的合成過程參見{{cite journal | last=Henry | first=Ronald A. | last2=Finnegan | first2=William G. | title=An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=76 | issue=1 | year=1954 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja01630a086 | pages=290–291}}.</ref>、+1、+2、'''+3'''、+4、'''+5''' |oxidation states comment=強酸性 |electronegativity=3.04 |number of ionization energies=4 |1st ionization energy=1402.3 |2nd ionization energy=2856 |3rd ionization energy=4578.1 |atomic radius= |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=71±1 |Van der Waals radius=155 |magnetic ordering=抗磁性 |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity=25.83{{e|-3}} |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound=(气态,27 °C)353 |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number=7727-37-9 |isotopes={{infobox nitrogen isotopes}} |isotopes comment= |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovered by=[[丹尼爾·盧瑟福]] |discovery date=1772 |first isolation by= |first isolation date= |named by={{le|讓-安托萬·沙普塔|Jean-Antoine Chaptal}} |named date=1790 |history comment label= |history comment= }} '''氮'''({{langx|en|Nitrogen}},{{langx|fr|azote}},{{langx|de|Stickstoff}})是一種[[化學元素]],[[化學符號]]为'''{{化學式|氮}}''',[[原子序數]]为7。1772年,在[[丹尼尔·卢瑟福]]分離[[空氣]]後第一次被發現。雖然[[卡尔·威廉·舍勒]]及[[亨利·卡文迪什]]也在同一時間独立完成了相关研究,但因為[[丹尼尔·卢瑟福|盧瑟福]]更早公開發表而广受赞誉。1790年,法國化學家{{le|讓-安托萬·沙普塔|Jean-Antoine Chaptal}}提出了氮的命名''nitrogène'',因為氮存在于[[硝酸]]和[[硝酸鹽]]中。由于氮是[[窒息气体]],[[安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡]]提出了另一个命名''azote'',取自希腊语''ἄζωτος'',意思是“没有生命的”。这个名称被多数其它语言使用,例如[[法語]]、[[俄語]]等。 氮是[[元素周期表]]中最輕的[[氮族元素]]。它是[[宇宙]]中常見的元素,在[[銀河系]]和[[太陽系]]中含量大約排第七。在标准温度和压强下,兩個氮[[原子]]可以结合形成氮氣(N<sub>2</sub>)。氮氣是一種無色無味的[[双原子分子|双原子]][[气体]],是[[大氣]]中含量最多的气体,占比约为78%。氮也存在于[[生物]]的[[氨基酸]]、[[蛋白质]]和[[核酸]]中。[[人体]]中氮元素的质量约占3%,仅次於氧、碳和氫。[[氮循环]]是指氮元素從空氣進入[[生物圈]]和[[有機化合物]]中然後再返回大氣的转移過程。 很多工业上重要的化合物都含有氮原子,例如[[氨]]、[[硝酸]]、可用作推進劑或[[炸藥]]的硝酸酯、[[氰化物]]等。氮原子之間会形成非常牢固的氮氮三鍵(N≡N),其强度仅次于[[一氧化碳]](C≡O),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/bond_energies_lengths.html |title=Common Bond Energies (D) and Bond Lengths (r) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515215439/http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/bond_energies_lengths.html |archive-date=2010-05-15 |access-date=2019-06-20 |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>而这影响了氮的化学性质:将氮转化为氮化合物很不容易,而相反的使氮化合物分解產生氮氣可以得到大量的能量。氮化合物[[氨]]和[[硝酸鹽]]是關鍵的工業化[[肥料]]。硝酸鹽肥料是引起水質[[優養化]]的關鍵[[污染物]]。 氮化合物除了作為肥料和能量儲存的功用之外還有多種用途,如作为[[克維拉]]纖維和[[氰基丙烯酸酯]][[強力膠]]等多種材料的組成部分。许多药物也都含有氮元素。 == 名稱和历史 == [[File:Rutherford Daniel.jpg|替代=氮的发现者,卢瑟福的照片|左|缩略图|氮的发现者,[[丹尼尔·卢瑟福|卢瑟福]]]] 氮化合物历史悠久,早在中世纪就广为人知了。[[炼金术师]]知道硝酸,并把它称作''aqua fortis''(强水),也知道一些[[铵盐]]和[[硝酸盐]]。由于硝酸和盐酸的混合物可以溶解[[黄金]](金属之王),因此被称做''aqua regia''([[王水]])。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=406–07}} 氮一般被认为是被[[苏格兰]]物理学家[[丹尼尔·卢瑟福]]在1772年发现的。他发现將生物放入这种气体中时都會[[窒息]]而死,因而将氮气叫作有害气体(noxious air)。<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yS_m3PrVbpgC&pg=PR15|page=15 |title=Elements of chemistry, in a new systematic order: containing all the modern discoveries |author=Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent |authorlink=安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1965|isbn=0-486-64624-6}}</ref><ref name="Weeks">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ed009p215 | title = The discovery of the elements. IV. Three important gases | year = 1932 | last1 = Weeks | first1 = Mary Elvira | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | page = 215|bibcode = 1932JChEd...9..215W }}</ref>虽然他没有认出这是一种新物质,但是他知道这不是约瑟夫·布拉克的[[約瑟夫·布拉克#二氧化碳|固定气体]](二氧化碳)。<ref>Aaron J. Ihde, The Development of Modern Chemistry, New York 1964.</ref>卢瑟福清楚空气中有一种成分不支持[[燃烧]],但不知道那是新元素。当时,[[卡尔·威廉·舍勒]]、[[亨利·卡文迪什]]、[[约瑟夫·普利斯特里]]也都在研究氮气。氮气很不活跃,因此被[[安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡|拉瓦锡]]称为'''有毒气体'''({{langx|fr|''air méphitique''}})或''azote''。azote源于希腊词 {{lang|el|ἄζωτος}} (''azotos''),意思是 "无生命的"。<ref>''Elements of Chemistry'', trans. Robert Kerr (Edinburgh, 1790; New York: Dover, 1965), 52.</ref>在氮气裡,动物死亡,火焰熄灭。拉瓦锡所给的氮气的名字被用于很多种语言(法语、意大利语、波兰语、俄语、阿尔巴尼亚语、等等),并且还处在于英语的一些化合物的常用名字里,比如[[肼]]和[[叠氮化合物]]。 英语单词''nitrogen''(1794)来自于法语单词''nitrogène'',是由法国化学家{{Link-en|让-安托万·沙普塔|Jean-Antoine Chaptal}}將其命名為「Nitrogen」,以希臘文的「硝石」(nitre)與「產生」(genes)合成,意為「硝石生成的物質」。氮气常在[[硝酸]]气体中被发现,沙普塔認為氮气是硝酸的组成部分,是由硝石(nitre)(硝酸钾)产生的。<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nitrogen nitrogen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nitrogen |date=20170702134749 }}. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-26.</ref> [[德文]]中便直接以sticken(導致窒息)和Stoff(物質)組合,命名為Stickstoff(導致窒息的物質),[[日文]]及[[韓文]]便自此將之意譯為「窒素」。19世纪70年代化学家[[徐寿]]将<chem>H</chem>、<chem>O</chem>、<chem>N</chem>、<chem>F</chem>、<chem>Cl</chem>译为轻氣、养氣、淡气、弗气、绿气,直至1933年,化学家[[郑贞文]]在其主持编写出版的《化学命名原则》一书中改成氢、氧、氮、氟、氯,一直沿用到现在。<ref>{{cite journal|author=刘怀乐|title=化学鉴源与略考|journal=化学教育|year=1994|issue=04|url=http://www.hxzxs.cn/html/4295.html|accessdate=2013-02-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213854/http://www.hxzxs.cn/html/4295.html|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref>中文名稱「氮」有沖淡氣體的意思。 最早的在军事,工业和农业上找到用途的氮化合物是硝石([[硝酸钠]]或硝酸钾)的使用,尤其是在[[火药]]中和作为[[肥料]]。1910年,[[約翰·斯特拉特,第三代瑞利男爵|瑞利男爵]]发现在氮气中放电可以产生“活性氮”,一种氮的单原子[[同素异形体]]。由他的仪器中产生的“明黄色的旋转的云”与[[汞]]反应后生成爆炸性的[[氮化汞]]。<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord Rayleigh's Active Nitrogen |url=http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/activen/index.html |publisher=Lateral Science |accessdate=2013-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101100510/http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/activen/index.html |archivedate=2012-11-01 }}</ref> 氮化合物在相当长一段时间内来源有限。它们的自然来源要么是生物,要么是大气反应生成的硝酸盐。对肥料的需求日益增长促进了氮化合物的工业化生产。工业化的固氮过程(如奥斯特瓦尔德法和{{Link-en|氰氨法|Frank-Caro process}})消除了氮化合物的短缺。1910年代[[哈柏法]]的发现和工业化应用彻底改变了氮化合物的供应,对食品生产产生了很大影响,使得养活全世界日益增长的人口成为可能。<ref name="Haber100">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/ngeo325 | title = How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world | year = 2008 | last1 = Erisman | first1 = Jan Willem | last2 = Sutton | first2 = Mark A. | last3 = Galloway | first3 = James | last4 = Klimont | first4 = Zbigniew | last5 = Winiwarter | first5 = Wilfried | journal = Nature Geoscience | volume = 1 | issue = 10 | page = 636|bibcode = 2008NatGe...1..636E }}</ref> == 性质 == [[File:Neon orbitals.png|thumb|upright=1.6|right|图为氮的五个电子轨道,不同颜色区别波函数的不同相位。从左到右分别是:1s、2s(已切开来显示内部构造)、2p<sub>''x''</sub>、2p<sub>''y''</sub>、2p<sub>''z''</sub>轨道。]] 一个氮原子有七粒电子。在基态下,这些电子的[[电子排布]]为1s{{su|p=2}}2s{{su|p=2}}2p{{su|p=1|b=''x''}}2p{{su|p=1|b=''y''}}2p{{su|p=1|b=''z''}}。它的2s和2p轨道有五个[[价电子]],其中位于2p轨道的三个并未成对。氮的[[电负性]]是所有元素第四大的,鲍林标度为3.04,位列[[氯]](3.16)、[[氧]](3.44)和[[氟]](3.98)之下。(更轻的[[惰性气体]][[氦]]、[[氖]]、[[氩]]的电负性很可能比氮高,而在阿莱标度下正是如此。){{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=411–12}}氮的单键[[共价半径]]为71 pm,比[[硼]](84 pm)和[[碳]](76 pm)小,而比氧(66 pm)和氟(57 pm)大,符合元素周期律。[[氮离子]](N<sup>3−</sup>)则要大得多,离子半径为146 pm,与[[氧离子]](O<sup>2−</sup>,140 pm)和[[氟离子]](F<sup>−</sup>,133 pm)相似。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=411–12}}氮的前三级电离能分别是1.402 MJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>、2.856 MJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>、4.577 MJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>,这样高的电离能使氮无法在化学反应中生成简单阳离子。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=550}}2p轨道的性质使得氮、氧、氟和下面的元素相比有异常的性质。2p轨道很小,半径和2s轨道相似,因此容易与它[[杂化]]。此外,原子核和2s、2p轨道的价电子产生的吸引力极大,导致氮极高的电负性。出于同样的原因,氮几乎没有[[超价分子]],因为氮极高的电负性将会强烈吸引电子,难以成为富含电子的[[三中心四电子键]]的中心原子。因此,虽然氮位于氮族元素,但化学性质和更重的氮族元素[[磷]]、[[砷]]、[[锑]]、[[铋]]有显著区别。<ref name="Kaupp">{{cite journal |last=Kaupp |first=Martin |date=1 December 2006 |title=The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table |journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=320–25 |doi=10.1002/jcc.20522 |pmid=17143872 |s2cid=12677737 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 氮不像碳那样容易[[成链]],但和碳一样可以和金属形成化合物。氮也可以[[碳的氮化物|和碳形成化合物]],它们的结构各不相同,有链形的、[[石墨]]形的、以及[[富勒烯]]形的。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=T. S. |last2=Belen |first2= A.|last3= Suter|first3= T. M.|last4= Sella|first4= A.|last5= Corà|first5= A.|last6= McMillan|first6= P. F.|date=2017 |title= Carbon nitrides: synthesis and characterization of a new class of functional materials |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |volume= 19|issue= 24|pages=15613–15638 |doi=10.1039/C7CP02711G|pmid=28594419 |bibcode=2017PCCP...1915613M |doi-access= free}}</ref> 氮和氧一样电负性很高,可以形成[[氢键]],也能通过分享[[孤电子对]]来形成[[配合物]]。氨(NH<sub>3</sub>)和水(H<sub>2</sub>O)的化学性质有些相似,例如都可以接受氢离子,分别生成NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>和H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>;或是释放氢离子,分别生成NH<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>和OH<sup>−</sup>。这四种离子都能产生固体化合物。<ref>{{cite book |last1= House|first1=J. E. |last2=House |first2= K. A.|date=2016 |title=Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry |location= Amsterdam|publisher= Elsevier|page= 198|isbn=978-0-12-804697-5 }}</ref> 和隔壁的碳和氧一样,氮倾向于与其它碳、氮、氧原子形成多重键。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=412–16}}由于更重的氮族元素都较难形成多重键,所以氮可以形成的[[氮氧化物]]、[[亚硝酸盐]]、[[硝酸盐]]、[[硝基化合物]]、[[亚硝基化合物]]、[[偶氮化合物]]、[[重氮化合物]]、[[叠氮化合物]]、[[氰酸盐]]、[[硫氰酸盐]]、[[亚胺]]都难以找到对应的更重氮族元素化合物;反过来说磷能形成各种复杂的含氧酸,但氮不能。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=412–16}} === 同位素 === {{main|氮的同位素}} 已发现的氮的[[同位素]]共有十七种,包括<chem>^10N</chem>至<chem>^25N</chem>,其中只有<chem>^14N</chem>和<chem>^15N</chem>是最稳定的。最常见的是<chem>^14N</chem>(99.634%),是在[[恒星]]的[[碳氮氧循環]]过程中产生的。<ref name="BetheBible">{{cite journal |last=Bethe |first=H. A. |year=1939 |title=Energy Production in Stars |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1939-03-01_55_5/page/n9 |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=434–56 |bibcode=1939PhRv...55..434B |doi= 10.1103/PhysRev.55.434 }}</ref>在其他人工合成的同位素中,<chem>^13N</chem>的半衰期是10分钟,其他的同位素的半衰期都是以秒计或更短。<ref name="NUBASE">{{cite journal|author=Audi, G.; Wapstra, A. H.; Thibault, C.; Blachot, J. and Bersillon, O. |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 }}</ref> 生物介导反应(例如[[同化 (生物学)|同化]],[[硝化反应]]和[[反硝化反应]])牢牢地控制着土壤的氮动力学。这些反应一般会导致基质的<chem>^15N</chem>富集和产物的<chem>^15N</chem>消耗。<ref name="enrich">{{cite book | url = http://books.google.de/books?id=U9y3whFC2DIC&pg=PA74 | pages = 74–75 | title = Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions: Processes and Biological Controls | isbn = 9780080525280 | author1 = Flanagan | first1 = Lawrence B. | last2 = Ehleringer | first2 = James R | last3 = Pataki | first3 = Diane E. | date = 2004-12-15 | access-date = 2013-10-02 | archive-date = 2017-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022507/https://books.google.de/books?id=U9y3whFC2DIC&pg=PA74 | dead-url = no }}</ref> 地球大气中的氮气的一小部分(0.73%)是{{Link-en|同位素体|isotopologue}}<chem>^14N</chem><chem>^15N</chem>,其余的大部分是<chem>^14N2</chem>。<ref>{{cite web | url = http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=N | title = Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for Nitrogen | publisher = NIST | accessdate = 2013-05-22 | archive-date = 2013-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130302103202/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=N | dead-url = no }}</ref> ===同素异形体=== {{main|氮的同素异形体}} 单原子氮是非常活泼的三[[自由基]],有三个不成对电子。它极易和其它元素反应,生成氮化物。两个单原子氮之间的碰撞会产生激发态的N<sub>2</sub>分子,后者的能量之高甚至可以把稳定的[[二氧化碳]]和[[水]]撞成自由基。单原子氮可通过对0.1–2 mmHg的氮气通电而成,并伴随着桃黄色的光。这种光直到结束通电后几分钟才会缓慢消失。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=412–16}} 氮通常以[[氮气|N<sub>2</sub>]]形式存在。它是无色、无臭、无味的[[抗磁性]]气体,熔点−210 °C,沸点−196 °C。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=412–16}}由于N<sub>2</sub>中含有又短(109.76 pm)、键能又高(945.41 kJ/mol),因此很强的氮氮[[三键]],它并不活泼,但仍可和金属[[锂]]和某些[[过渡金属]]配合物反应。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=412–16}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html | title=Universal Industrial Gases, Inc...Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications - Gas and Liquid | access-date=2013-09-30 | archive-date=2013-09-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194449/http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> 氮还有可能形成[[低聚物]]和聚合物。它们如果真的被合成了,将会是能量密度极高的材料,可用作推进剂或炸药。<ref name="Lewars">{{cite book |title=Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel molecules |last=Lewars |first=Errol G. |year=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4020-6972-7 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6973-4 |pages=141–63 }}</ref>在[[金刚石对顶砧]]产生的110万个[[大气压]]的高压和2000 K的高温下,氮会聚合成由单键链接而成的晶体。它的结构与[[钻石]]相似,且都有极强的[[共价键]],因此别名“氮钻石”。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.physorg.com/news693.html|title=Polymeric nitrogen synthesized|publisher=physorg.com|date=5 August 2004|access-date=2009-06-22|archive-date=2012-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124231419/http://www.physorg.com/news693.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Mountainous Shoreline of Sputnik Planum (PIA20198).png|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[冥王星]][[史波尼克高原]](图片右下方)的{{le|固态氮|Solid nitrogen}}]] 在常压下,N<sub>2</sub>会在{{convert|77|K|C}}下[[液化]],在{{convert|63|K|C}}下[[凝固]]成[[六方晶系]]的β相,<ref name="Gray">{{cite book|last=Gray|first=Theodore|title=The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe|date=2009|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-57912-814-2}}</ref>而继续降温到{{convert|35.4|K|C}}则会使N<sub>2</sub>变成[[立方晶系]]的α相。<ref name="schu">{{cite journal|last1=Schuch|first1=A. F.|last2=Mills|first2=R. L.|title=Crystal Structures of the Three Modifications of Nitrogen 14 and Nitrogen 15 at High Pressure|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|date=1970|volume=52|issue=12|pages=6000–08|doi=10.1063/1.1672899|bibcode=1970JChPh..52.6000S}}</ref>[[液氮]]和水一样是无色液体,但其密度(0.808 g/mL)只有水的80.8%,是常用的[[制冷剂]]。<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Iancu | first1 = C. V. | last2 = Wright | first2 = E. R. | last3 = Heymann | first3 = J. B. | last4 = Jensen | first4 = G. J. | title = A comparison of liquid nitrogen and liquid helium as cryogens for electron cryotomography | doi = 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.12.004 | journal = Journal of Structural Biology | volume = 153 | issue = 3 | pages = 231–40 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16427786}}</ref>{{le|固态氮|Solid nitrogen}}有多种晶体结构,是冥王星<ref>{{cite news|title=Flowing nitrogen ice glaciers seen on surface of Pluto after New Horizons flyby|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-25/flowing-nitrogen-ice-glaciers-seen-on-surface-of-pluto/6647636|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=6 October 2015|date=25 July 2015|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929044226/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-25/flowing-nitrogen-ice-glaciers-seen-on-surface-of-pluto/6647636|url-status=live}}</ref>和[[海卫一]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title = Encyclopedia of the Solar System "Triton"|last1 = McKinnon|first1 = William B.|last2 = Kirk|first2 = Randolph L.|publisher = [[Elsevier]]|date = 2014|editor1-first = Tilman|editor1-last = Spohn|editor2-first = Doris|editor2-last = Breuer|editor3-first = Torrence|editor3-last = Johnson|edition = 3rd|location = Amsterdam; Boston|isbn = 978-0-12-416034-7|pages = 861–82|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA861|access-date = 2016-04-30|archive-date = 2016-09-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160903233037/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA861|url-status = live}}</ref>表面的主要成分。即使在那边的低温下,这些固态氮仍具有挥发性,容易[[升华]],形成氮气。这些氮气有的形成大气层,有的形成[[霜]]。在海卫一的极地冰盖,还会有氮气组成的[[间歇泉]]。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Triton |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=September 21, 2007 |title=Neptune: Moons: Triton |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015074425/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Triton |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2025年6月,[[苏州大学]]校友,德国[[吉森大学]]博士生钱伟煜(Weiyu Qian)等人在[[Nature]]上发文,宣布发现了氮的新一种同素异形体:“六氮”(hexanitrogen) N₆分子<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qian |first=Weiyu |last2=Mardyukov |first2=Artur |last3=Schreiner |first3=Peter R. |title=Preparation of a neutral nitrogen allotrope hexanitrogen C2h-N6 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09032-9 |journal=Nature |language=en |date=2025-06 |volume=642 |issue=8067 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09032-9 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=12158757 |pmid=40500322 |access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref> 。该分子可以视为[[叠氮根]] N₃⁻的二聚单质状态,并且可以与[[拟卤素]]类比。 ==化合物== ===氮化物=== 氮可以和大部分元素化合,生成各有不同性质和应用的二元化合物,即[[氮化物]]。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=412–16}}大部分元素都有多种氮化物,例如锰可以形成MnN、Mn<sub>6</sub>N<sub>5</sub>、Mn<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>、Mn<sub>2</sub>N、Mn<sub>4</sub>N、 Mn<sub>''x''</sub>N(9.2 < ''x'' < 25.3)。氮化物可分为离子氮化物、共价氮化物、间隙氮化物及它们之间的混合类型。氮化物可通过金属和氮气或氨气直接反应,或是氨基化物的热分解产生:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=417–20}} :3 Ca + N<sub>2</sub> → Ca<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> :3 Mg + 2 NH<sub>3</sub> → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>(900 °C) :3 Zn(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> → Zn<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> + 4 NH<sub>3</sub> 离子氮化物形式上可看作是N<sup>3−</sup>离子形成的盐,但即使是电正性最强的元素都无法完全分离其电荷。最接近离子化合物的氮化物是[[锂]](更重的[[碱金属]]由于空间位阻,氮化物并不稳定)和[[碱土金属]]的氮化物。重碱金属虽然氮化物不稳定,但它们有较为常见的[[叠氮化物]](如NaN<sub>3</sub>和KN<sub>3</sub>,其中含有线形的{{chem|N|3|-}}离子)。从[[11族元素|11]]到[[16族元素]]的氮化物的离子性较低,有更复杂的结构,受到冲击时会爆炸。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=417–20}} [[File:Borazin Mesomers1.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|upright=1.8|无机苯的各种共振式]] 氮也可以形成共价氮化物,如[[氰]]((CN)<sub>2</sub>)、[[五氮化三磷]](P<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>)、[[二氮化二硫]](S<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>)、[[四氮化四硫]](S<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>)。由于B–N单元和C–C单元是等电子体,且碳的大小约为硼和氮的平均值,一些有机化合物会有相关的硼氮化合物,如和[[苯]]相似的[[无机苯]]。不过,由于硼缺电子,这类化合物更容易被[[亲核试剂]]攻击,此现象在完全由碳组成的环中不会发生。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=417–20}} 氮化物最大的类别是间隙氮化物。在这类化合物中,较小的氮原子会出现在金属原子晶格之间的间隙里。它们不透明、非常硬、化学性质稳定、熔点极高(通常超过2500 °C),也具有金属般的光泽和电导性。它们的水解极慢。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=417–20}} ===氢化物=== [[File:Nitrogen electrode potentials.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|upright=2.3|各种含氮物种的标准电极电势。上图为pH 0时的标准电极电势,而下图为 pH 14时的标准电极电势。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=434–38}}]] [[氨]](NH<sub>3</sub>)是最重要的氮化合物,其工业产量比任何化合物都高。它可以合成[[氮肥]],养活了全球接近一半的人类。<ref>{{cite web |first1=Hannah |last1=Ritchie |title=How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-does-synthetic-fertilizer-feed |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Our World in Data |access-date=4 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904204245/https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-does-synthetic-fertilizer-feed |dead-url=no }}</ref>它是无色、碱性的气体,有特征性的臭味。氨中有[[氢键]],这也使得它有较高的熔点(−78 °C)和沸点(−33 °C)。液氨是很好的非水极性溶剂。氨是弱碱([[酸度系数|p''K''<sub>''b''</sub>]] 4.74),可以接受一个氢离子,生成[[铵根离子]] {{chem|NH|4|+}};也是极弱的酸,可以失去一个氢离子,生成[[氨基负离子]] {{chem|NH|2|-}}。和水类似,氨可以[[自耦电离]],生成铵根离子和氨基负离子。氨在空气或氧气中燃烧会生成氮气,而在氟气中燃烧则会有黄绿色火焰,生成[[三氟化氮]]。氨和其它非金属的反应较复杂,会产生各种产物。氨和金属反应,生成氮化物。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=420–26}} 除了氨以外,氮也可以形成其它氢化物,其中比较重要的是[[肼]](N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)和[[叠氮酸]](HN<sub>3</sub>)。[[羟胺]](NH<sub>2</sub>OH)虽然不是氮的氢化物,但其性质与氨、肼相似。肼是冒烟的无色液体,气味与氨相似,物理性质与水相似(熔点2.0 °C、沸点113.5 °C、密度1.00 g/cm<sup>3</sup>)。虽然肼在热力学上不稳定,但它在动力学上稳定。它在空气中快速燃烧并放出大量热,生成氮气和水蒸气。它可用作还原剂,{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=426–33}}也是火箭推进剂。<ref name="Vieira">{{cite journal | last = Vieira | first = R. |author2=C. Pham-Huu |author3=N. Keller |author4=M. J. Ledoux | year = 2002 | title = New carbon nanofiber/graphite felt composite for use as a catalyst for hydrazine catalytic decomposition | journal = Chemical Communications | issue = 9 | pages = 954–55 | doi = 10.1039/b202032g| pmid = 12123065 }}</ref> 肼通常通过氨和碱性[[次氯酸钠]]在[[明胶]]存在下反应而成:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=426–33}} :NH<sub>3</sub> + OCl<sup>−</sup> → NH<sub>2</sub>Cl + OH<sup>−</sup> :NH<sub>2</sub>Cl + NH<sub>3</sub> → {{chem|N|2|H|5|+}} + Cl<sup>−</sup>(慢) :{{chem|N|2|H|5|+}} + OH<sup>−</sup> → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O(快) 反应添加明胶是为了移除Cu<sup>2+</sup>等金属离子,后者可以催化N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>和NH<sub>2</sub>Cl的反应。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=426–33}} [[叠氮酸]](HN<sub>3</sub>)于1890年通过亚硝酸氧化水合肼首次合成。它极易爆炸,就连稀溶液都是危险的。它具有令人不愉快和刺激性的气味。它是[[叠氮根离子]]的[[共轭酸]],性质与[[氢卤酸]]相似。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=426–33}} ===卤化物及卤氧化物=== [[File:Nitrogen trichloride.JPG|thumb|right|[[三氯化氮]]]] 氮能和四种卤素形成三卤化物,也可以形成混合卤化物和氢卤化物,如NClF<sub>2</sub>、NCl<sub>2</sub>F、NBrF<sub>2</sub>、NF<sub>2</sub>H、[[氟胺|NFH<sub>2</sub>]]、[[二氯胺|NCl<sub>2</sub>H]]、[[氯胺|NClH<sub>2</sub>]]。它们大多不稳定。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}} [[三氟化氮]](NF<sub>3</sub>)于1928年发现,是无色无味的气体,通过[[电解]]熔融的[[氟化铵]][[氟化氢]]溶液产生。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Das Stickstoff-3-fluorid | author = Otto Ruff, Joseph Fischer, Fritz Luft | journal = Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie | year = 1928 | volume = 172 | issue = 1 | pages = 417–425 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.19281720132 }}</ref>和[[四氟化碳]]一样,三氟化氮是稳定的,不与水、稀酸或稀碱反应。只有在加热时,它才会变得活泼,能氟化[[铜]]、砷、锑、铋。[[四氟肼]](N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>)在室温下可以分解成[[二氟化氮]](NF<sub>2</sub>•)自由基,并达成平衡。<ref>{{cite book|title=F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen|series=Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry| volume=4|date=1986| publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-662-06341-5|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpfsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|accessdate=29 August 2015|editor1-last=Koschel|editor1-first=Dieter|last1=Jäger|first1=Susanne|last2=von Jouanne|first2=Jörn|last3=Keller-Rudek|first3=Hannelore|last4=Koschel|first4=Dieter|last5=Kuhn|first5=Peter|last6=Merlet|first6=Peter|last7=Rupecht|first7=Sigrid|last8=Vanecek|first8=Hans|last9=Wagner|first9=Joachim|editor5-first=Joachim|editor5-last=Wagner|editor4-first=Sigrid|editor4-last=Ruprecht|editor3-first=Peter|editor3-last=Merlet|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Kuhn}}</ref>[[叠氮化氟]](FN<sub>3</sub>)不稳定,极易爆炸,其分解产物[[二氟化二氮]](N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>)有顺反异构体。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}} [[三氯化氮]](NCl<sub>3</sub>)是黄色、有挥发性、会爆炸的液体。它的物理性质和[[四氯化碳]]相似,但不同的是三氯化氮会水解,而四氯化碳不会。三氯化氮于1811年由[[皮埃尔·路易·杜隆]]发现,但他也因三氯化氮的爆炸失去了三根手指和一只眼睛。<ref>{{cite journal|year=1813|title=Report on the work of Pierre Louis Dulong|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=86|issue=6|pages=37–43|author=Thénard J. L.|author2=Berthollet C. L.}}</ref>三氯化氮曾用于漂白[[面粉]],<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/jsfa.2740060906| title = Some effects of oxygen on the mixing of bread doughs| journal = Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture| volume = 6| issue = 9| pages = 501–511| year = 1955| last1 = Hawthorn| first1 = J.| last2 = Todd| first2 = J. P.| bibcode = 1955JSFA....6..501H}}</ref>但因为安全问题,现在已被禁用。[[三溴化氮]](NBr<sub>3</sub>)于1975年发现,是深红色、对温度敏感的挥发性固体,即使在−100 °C下也会爆炸。[[三碘化氮]](NI<sub>3</sub>)更不稳定,直到1990年才被发现。它的氨合物的发现时期更早,对冲击极为敏感,一根羽毛、空气气流、甚至是[[α粒子]]都能引爆它。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}}<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Bowden, F. P. | title = Initiation of Explosion by Neutrons, α-Particles, and Fission Products | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A | year = 1958 | volume = 246 | issue = 1245 | pages = 216–19 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1958.0123 | bibcode = 1958RSPSA.246..216B | s2cid = 137728239 }}</ref>因此,高中课堂中常以少量的三碘化氮来演示“化学炸弹”。<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Ford, L. A. | author2 = Grundmeier, E. W. | title = Chemical Magic | publisher = Dover | year = 1993 | page = [https://archive.org/details/chemicalmagic00ford_0/page/76 76] | isbn = 978-0-486-67628-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/chemicalmagic00ford_0/page/76 }}</ref>[[叠氮化氯]](ClN<sub>3</sub>)、[[叠氮化溴]](BrN<sub>3</sub>)和[[叠氮化碘]](IN<sub>3</sub>)都很敏感,容易爆炸。<ref>{{ cite journal |author1=Frierson, W. J. |author2=Kronrad, J. |author3=Browne, A. W. | title = Chlorine Azide, ClN<sub>3</sub>. I | journal = [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] | year = 1943 | volume = 65 | issue = 9 | pages = 1696–1698 | doi = 10.1021/ja01249a012 }}</ref><ref name="solid">{{cite journal|last=Lyhs|first=Benjamin|author2=Bläser, Dieter|author3=Wölper, Christoph|author4=Schulz, Stephan|author5=Jansen, Georg|title=Solid-State Structure of Bromine Azide|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|date=20 February 2012|volume=51|issue=8|pages=1970–1974|doi=10.1002/anie.201108092|pmid=22250068|url=https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00073133/Accepted_Manuscript_Angew_Chem_Int_Ed_2012_51_1970.pdf|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825213503/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00073133/Accepted_Manuscript_Angew_Chem_Int_Ed_2012_51_1970.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bretherick">{{Cite book|last=Urben|first=P. G.|title=Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=1999|isbn=0-7506-3605-X|edition=6th|volume=1}}</ref> 氮有两类卤氧化物,分别是亚硝酰卤(XNO)和硝酰卤(XNO<sub>2</sub>)。前者都是非常活泼的气体,可由卤素和一氧化氮直接反应而成。无色的[[亚硝酰氟]](NOF)是强氟化剂,而黄色的[[亚硝酰氯]](NOCl)也具有类似的性质。[[亚硝酰溴]](NOBr)是红色的。属于硝酰卤的[[硝酰氟]](FNO<sub>2</sub>)和[[硝酰氯]](ClNO<sub>2</sub>)同样是强卤化剂。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}} === 氮氧化物 === {{main|氮氧化物}} [[File:Nitrogen dioxide at different temperatures.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|right|从左到右分别是−196 °C、0 °C、23 °C、35 °C及50 °C下的二氧化氮。红棕色的{{chem|NO|2}}在低温下二聚成无色的四氧化二氮({{chem|N|2|O|4}}),高温下又分解成{{chem|NO|2}}。]] 氮有许多氧化物,如[[一氧化二氮]](N<sub>2</sub>O)、[[一氧化氮]](NO)、[[三氧化二氮]](N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)、[[二氧化氮]](NO<sub>2</sub>)、[[四氧化二氮]](N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)、[[五氧化二氮]](N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)、[[叠氮化亚硝酰]](N<sub>4</sub>O)、{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=443–58}}[[三硝基胺]](N(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahm |first1=Martin |last2=Dvinskikh |first2=Sergey V. |last3=Furó |first3=István |last4=Brinck |first4=Tore |date=23 December 2010 |title=Experimental Detection of Trinitramide, N(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1145–48 |doi=10.1002/anie.201007047|pmid=21268214 |s2cid=32952729 }}</ref>它们在热力学上都不稳定,会分解成氮气和氧气。 一氧化二氮(N<sub>2</sub>O)俗称笑气,可由熔融的[[硝酸铵]]在250 °C下热分解而成。它常用作推进剂,还可以打发奶泡,也曾被用作麻醉剂。虽然化学式类似,但因为[[连二次硝酸]](H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)无法通过一氧化二氮与水的反应产生,所以不能把一氧化二氮看作是其[[酸酐]]。<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">{{cite book|first1=Egon |last1=Wiberg |first2=Arnold Frederick |last2=Holleman |date=2001 |title=Inorganic Chemistry |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=0-12-352651-5}}</ref>一氧化二氮不活泼,但在加热时会变得活泼。它会和卤素、碱金属或[[臭氧]]反应。一氧化二氮分子不对称,结构为N–N–O(N≡N<sup>+</sup>O<sup>−</sup>↔<sup>−</sup>N=N<sup>+</sup>=O),超过600 °C时会断裂N–O键并分解。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=443–58}}一氧化氮(NO)是最简单的稳定[[奇电子分子]]。它是哺乳动物,包括人类重要的[[信号分子]]。<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=10390607|year=1999|last1=Hou|first1=Y. C.|last2=Janczuk|first2=A.|last3=Wang|first3=P. G.|title=Current trends in the development of nitric oxide donors|volume=5|issue=6|pages=417–41|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|doi=10.2174/138161280506230110111042 }}</ref>一氧化氮是无色、顺磁性的气体,可由氨气催化氧化制得。它在热力学上不稳定,1100–1200 °C下分解成氮气和氧气。它和氧气反应生成红棕色的二氧化氮,而和卤素反应则生成亚硝酰卤。一氧化氮也能和过渡金属化合物反应,生成大多呈深色的亚硝基配合物。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=443–58}} 蓝色的三氧化二氮(N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)在熔点以上会快速分解成一氧化氮、二氧化氮和四氧化二氮。后两者由于一直处于平衡,较难单独研究。二氧化氮(NO<sub>2</sub>)是有刺激性气味的红棕色腐蚀性气体,而四氧化二氮(N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)则是无色气体,在[[相对电容率]]较高的介质中会理解成[[亚硝𬭩离子]]和[[硝酸根]]。它们都可通过无水金属硝酸盐分解而成,且都与水反应,生成[[硝酸]]。四氧化二氮可用于制备无水金属硝酸盐和硝酸根配合物,也可作为火箭推进剂。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=443–58}} 五氧化二氮(N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)是[[硝酸]]的酸酐,呈无色晶体,非常活泼、有强氧化性和[[吸湿性]]、且对光敏感,可由硝酸和[[五氧化二磷]]反应而成,能合成炸药。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Talawar, M. B.|title=Establishment of Process Technology for the Manufacture of Dinitrogen Pentoxide and its Utility for the Synthesis of Most Powerful Explosive of Today – CL-20|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|year= 2005| volume =124|issue=1–3| pages =153–64|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.04.021|pmid=15979786|display-authors=etal}}</ref>固态的五氧化二氮是结构为[NO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>[NO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−</sup>的离子化合物,而气态或非极性溶液中的五氧化二氮则以O<sub>2</sub>N–O–NO<sub>2</sub>分子形式存在。五氧化二氮极易水解成硝酸,和[[过氧化氢]]也能产生类似反应,生成[[过氧硝酸]](HOONO<sub>2</sub>)。气态的五氧化二氮通过以下反应分解:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=443–58}} :N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> {{eqm}} NO<sub>2</sub> + NO<sub>3</sub> → NO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> + NO :N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + NO {{eqm}} 3 NO<sub>2</sub> ===含氧酸、含氧酸根、含氧酸盐=== 氮有多种[[含氧酸]],但它们大多不稳定,只能以水溶液或盐的形式存在。[[连二次硝酸]](H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)是弱二元酸(p''K''<sub>a1</sub> 6.9、p''K''<sub>a2</sub> 11.6),其结构为HON=NOH。它的酸性溶液稳定,pH超过4时会被碱催化分解成一氧化二氮和氢氧根离子。含有{{chem|N|2|O|2|2-}}离子的[[连二次硝酸盐]]是还原剂,为[[氮循环]]中氨被氧化成亚硝酸盐中的反应中间体。连二次硝酸根是二齿配体。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} 目前还未分离出纯的[[亚硝酸]](HNO<sub>2</sub>)。它的水溶液是重要的试剂,可由[[亚硝酸盐]]溶液在低温下酸化产生。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ethyl Glycidate from (S)-Serine: Ethyl (R)-(+)-2,3-Epoxypropanoate|authors=Y. Petit, M. Larchevêque|journal=Org. Synth.|year=1998|volume=75|page=37|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.075.0037}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Synthesis of 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine by a Negishi Cross-coupling Strategy: 5-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine|authors=Adam P. Smith, Scott A. Savage, J. Christopher Love, Cassandra L. Fraser|journal=Org. Synth.|year=2002|volume=78|page=51|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.078.0051}}</ref>它是弱酸(p''K''<sub>''a''</sub> 3.35)、不稳定,在室温下会歧化成[[硝酸盐]]和一氧化氮。它可被[[高锰酸盐]]氧化成硝酸盐,也能被[[二氧化硫]]还原成一氧化氮和一氧化二氮。亚硝酸和[[锡]](II)反应生成连二次硝酸,和[[硫化氢]]反应则生成氨。它也能合成羟胺以及把芳香伯胺[[重氮化]]:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} :ArNH<sub>2</sub> + HNO<sub>2</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> → [ArNN]<sup>+</sup> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O [[亚硝酸钠]]有毒,[[半数致死量]]为180 mg/kg,但少量的亚硝酸钠可以腌肉。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lerfall J, Østerlie M |title=Use of sodium nitrite in salt-curing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) – Impact on product quality |journal=Food Chemistry|date=February 2011 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=759–766 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.092}}</ref>亚硝酸根是[[键合异构|两可配体]],可用氮原子或氧原子与金属配合,其中用氮原子配合产生的配合物较稳定。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} [[File:Fuming nitric acid 40ml.jpg|thumb|right|含有黄色二氧化氮的发烟硝酸]] [[硝酸]](HNO<sub>3</sub>)于13世纪由炼金术师发现,是氮的含氧酸中最稳定、最重要的。硝酸主要通过[[奥斯特瓦尔德法]]生产。[[美国]]每年生产超过七百万吨的硝酸,它们大多用于合成硝酸盐,而硝酸盐又用于生产肥料和炸药。<ref>{{Ullmann| first1 = Wolfgang | last1 = Laue | first2 = Michael | last2 = Thiemann | first3 = Erich | last3 = Scheibler | first4 = Karl Wilhelm | last4 = Wiegand | name-list-style = vanc | title= Nitrates and Nitrites |year = 2006 | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a17_265 | isbn = 978-3527306732 }}</ref>无水硝酸可通过浓硝酸和五氧化二磷反应而成。它只能以固态存在,熔化后会自发分解。液态纯硝酸的[[自耦电离]]程度远比其它共价液体高。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} :2 HNO<sub>3</sub> {{eqm}} {{chem|H|2|NO|3|+}} + {{chem|NO|3|-}} {{eqm}} H<sub>2</sub>O + [NO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> + [NO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−</sup> 硝酸是强酸,浓硝酸有强氧化性,它有两种可以结晶的水合物,分别是HNO<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O和HNO<sub>3</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O。硝酸和浓[[硫酸]]混合会产生[[硝𬭩离子]],它是硝化芳香化合物的亲电试剂:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} :HNO<sub>3</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> {{eqm}} {{chem|NO|2|+}} + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + 2 {{chem|HSO|4|-}} [[硝酸盐]]有不同的分解方法,有些分解成亚硝酸盐(如[[硝酸钠]]和[[硝酸钾]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate and of the Reaction between Potassium Nitrite and Oxygen|author=Eli S. Freeman|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|year=1957|volume=79|pages=838–842|doi=10.1021/ja01561a015|issue=4}}</ref>)、有些分解成氧化物(如[[硝酸铅]])、有些直接分解成金属单质(如[[硝酸银]])。硝酸根也是常见的配体。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} 虽然结构类似[[正磷酸]]的[[正硝酸]](H<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>)未被发现,但相关的{{chem|NO|4|3-}}离子已有钠盐和钾盐。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}}它们可通过硝酸盐和氧化物在高温<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crystal Structure of Na<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English|date=1979-08-31|volume=18|issue=9|pages=698–699|doi=10.1002/anie.197906982|last=Jansen|first=Martin}}</ref>高压<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quesada Cabrera|first1=R.|last2=Sella|first2=A.|last3=Bailey|first3=E.|last4=Leynaud|first4=O.|last5=McMillan|first5=P.F.|title=High-pressure synthesis and structural behavior of sodium orthonitrate Na<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>|journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry|date=April 2011|volume=184|issue=4|pages=915–920|doi=10.1016/j.jssc.2011.02.013|bibcode=2011JSSCh.184..915Q|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/99/30/61/PDF/Na3NO4_May2010.pdf}}</ref>下反应而成: :NaNO<sub>3</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>O → Na<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>4</sub> 它们是白色晶体,对空气中的水蒸气和二氧化碳很敏感:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=459–72}} :Na<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> → NaNO<sub>3</sub> + NaOH + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> ===有机氮化合物=== 氮是[[有机化学]]常见的元素,许多有机[[官能团]]都含有[[碳-氮键]],如[[酰胺]](RCONR<sub>2</sub>)、[[胺]](R<sub>3</sub>N)、[[亚胺]])RC(=NR)R)、[[酰亚胺]]((RCO)<sub>2</sub>NR)、[[有机叠氮化物|叠氮化合物]](RN<sub>3</sub>)、[[偶氮化合物]](RN<sub>2</sub>R)、[[氰酸酯]](ROCN)、[[异氰酸酯]](RNCO)、[[硝酸酯]](RONO<sub>2</sub>)、[[腈]](RCN)、[[异腈]](RNC)、[[亚硝酸酯]](RONO)、[[硝基化合物]](RNO<sub>2</sub>)、[[亚硝基化合物]](RNO)、[[肟]](RCR=NOH)。碳-氮键中的电子偏向氮。有机氮化合物中的氮通常呈三价(在[[季铵盐]] R<sub>4</sub>N<sup>+</sup>中呈四价),有一对能接受氢离子、使化合物带有碱性的孤电子对。一些有机氮化合物因其它原因而碱性较弱,例如酰胺因为其孤对电子在羰基上离域,不接受氢离子,难以表现碱性(不过在强酸性环境下,酰胺可以被质子化);而[[吡咯]]的孤电子对是[[芳香环]]的一部分,难以接受氢离子,因此碱性也较弱。<ref name="Jerry">{{JerryMarch}}</ref>物质中氮的含量可通过[[凯氏定氮法]]测定。<ref>{{cite book|year=2008|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_9066|isbn=978-1-4020-6753-2|title=Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics|page=1063|chapter=Kjeldahl Method|last1=Rédei|first1=George P}}</ref>所有[[核酸]]、[[氨基酸]]、[[蛋白质]]以及储存能量的[[三磷酸腺苷]]都含氮,因此地球上所有生命都含氮。<ref name="Jerry" /> ==生产== 氮气是[[工业气体]],通过[[分馏]]{{le|液态空气|liquid air}}或是{{le|变压吸附法|pressure swing adsorption}}(PSA)生产。使用变压吸附法的氮气生成器的价格和能耗都比瓶装氮气低。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parkern2.com/_literature_176619/A_Sustainable_Approach_to_the_Supply_of_Nitrogen|title=A Sustainable Approach to the Supply of Nitrogen|last=Froehlich|first=Peter|date=May 2013|website=www.parker.com|publisher=Parker Hannifin Corporation|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316190914/http://www.parkern2.com/_literature_176619/A_Sustainable_Approach_to_the_Supply_of_Nitrogen|url-status=live}}</ref>商品级氮气通常是提取空气中的[[氧气]]后的副产物。这些氮气被压缩后都用黑色钢瓶装,常被称为OFN(无氧氮气),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi= 10.1021/ie50569a032|title=Nitrogen Purfication. Pilot Plant Removal of Oxygen|year=1957|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume= 49|pages= 869–73|issue= 5|last1= Reich|first1= Murray|last2= Kapenekas|first2= Harry}}</ref>含有的氧气杂质至多为20 ppm。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=409–11}} 在实验室里,氮气可由[[氯化铵]]溶液和[[亚硝酸钠]]反应而成。<ref name="labProduction">{{Cite journal| last1 = Bartlett |first1 = J. K.| title = Analysis for nitrite by evolution of nitrogen: A general chemistry laboratory experiment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1967-08_44_8/page/475 | doi = 10.1021/ed044p475 | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 44 | issue = 8 | page = 475 | year = 1967 | bibcode = 1967JChEd..44..475B}}</ref> :NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + NaNO<sub>2</sub> → N<sub>2</sub> + NaCl + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O 反应中会产生少量的NO和HNO<sub>3</sub>杂质,可通过把气体通入含[[重铬酸钾]]的硫酸去除。<ref name="labProduction" />极纯的氮气则能通过[[叠氮化钡]]或[[叠氮化钠]]热分解而成。<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Eremets | first1 = M. I. | last2 = Popov | first2 = M. Y. | last3 = Trojan | first3 = I. A. | last4 = Denisov | first4 = V. N. | last5 = Boehler | first5 = R. | last6 = Hemley | first6 = R. J. | doi = 10.1063/1.1718250 | title = Polymerization of nitrogen in sodium azide | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 120 | issue = 22 | pages = 10618–23 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15268087|bibcode = 2004JChPh.12010618E }}</ref> :2 NaN<sub>3</sub> → 2 Na + 3 N<sub>2</sub> ==用途== 由于氮化合物很多,用途更多,所以此章节只讲氮单质本身的用途。 ===氮气=== 氮气主要用作保护气体,避免氧气导致火灾、爆炸或氧化。氮气的用途包括:{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=409–11}} *填充到包装食品中避免[[酸败]]和其它[[氧化]]过程,使其新鲜。氮气是食品添加剂,[[E编码]] E941。<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvm-sqd90-oC&pg=PA591 | page = 591 | title = Food Additives in Europe 2000 | isbn = 978-92-893-0829-8 | year = 2002 | last1 = Ministers | first1 = Nordic Council of | access-date = 2015-12-20 | archive-date = 2016-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205191759/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvm-sqd90-oC&pg=PA591 | url-status = live }}</ref> *成为[[白炽灯]]里[[氩气]]便宜的替代品。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA90|isbn=978-0-85404-690-4|editor=Harding, Charlie|date=2002|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=Cambridge|title=Elements of the p Block|access-date=2020-08-24|archive-date=2021-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001035604/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}</ref> *用于[[气体灭火|灭火]]。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=409–11}} *制造[[不锈钢]]。<ref>{{Cite book|title=High nitrogen steels: structure, properties, manufacture, applications|author=Gavriliuk, V. G.|author2=Berns, Hans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eF4AfEwF4YC&pg=PA338|publisher=Springer|date=1999|isbn=978-3-540-66411-6|access-date=2020-08-24|archive-date=2021-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001035605/https://books.google.com/books?id=6eF4AfEwF4YC&pg=PA338|url-status=live}}</ref> *通过[[渗氮]]对钢[[表面硬化]]。<ref name="Duplex">{{cite journal|doi=10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000098|last1=Meka|first1=S. R.|last2=Chauhan|first2=A.|last3=Steiner|first3=T.|last4=Bischoff|first4=E.|last5=Ghosh|first5=P. K.|last6=Mittemeijer|first6=E. J.|year=2015|title=Generating duplex microstructures by nitriding; nitriding of iron based Fe–Mn alloy|page=1743284715Y.000|journal=Materials Science and Technology|volume=32 |issue=9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> *由于空气中的水蒸气和氧气的[[氧化]]会导致不均匀的涨缩,{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=409–11}}所以氮气成为了赛车和飞机[[轮胎]]的填充气体。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question594.htm|title=Why don't they use normal air in race car tires?|publisher=Howstuffworks|access-date=2006-07-22|date=2001-03-16|archive-date=2011-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712225925/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question594.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===液氮=== {{main|液氮}} [[File:Nitrogen.ogv|thumb|浸入液氮的气球]] [[File:A cylinder container, containing liquid nitrogen.jpg|thumb|装有液氮的容器]] 液氮是外观像[[水]]的[[低温]]液体。它可用[[杜瓦瓶]]储存和运输。<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01136404|title=Vessels for the storage and transport of liquid oxygen and nitrogen|author=Kaganer, M. G.|author2=Kozheurov, V.|author3=Levina, Zh. L.|name-list-style=amp|journal=Chemical and Petroleum Engineering|volume=3|issue=12|year=1967|pages=918–22|s2cid=96762552}}</ref>和[[干冰]]一样,液氮主要用于创造低温。液氮可以[[深低温保存|保存]][[血液]]、[[精子]]、[[卵子]]等生物样品。在{{le|冷疗手术|Cryosurgery}}中,液氮可以冻结和移除皮肤的囊肿和疣。<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11359389|volume=144|issue=5|title=Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of common warts: cryo-spray vs. cotton wool bud|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-dermatology_2001-05_144_5/page/1006|date=May 2001|journal=Br. J. Dermatol.|pages=1006–09|author=Ahmed I|author2=Agarwal S|author3=Ilchyshyn A|author4=Charles-Holmes S|author5=Berth-Jones J|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04190.x|s2cid=221325640}}</ref>实验室的{{le|冷阱|cold trap}}和{{le|低温泵|cryopump}}也会使用液氮。它还可以冷却{{le|红外探测器|infrared detector}}和{{le|X射线探测器|X-ray detector}}等热敏电子产品。液氮通常用于使东西的温度变得像它那样低,但由于液氮价格便宜,所以即使不需要它那么低的温度,它也被用于冷冻各种东西,如食物。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=409–11}} ==危害== ===氮气=== 虽然氮气无毒,但它在封闭环境中可以取代氧气,使人窒息。由于人体[[颈动脉体]]对缺氧较不敏感,所以不容易感觉到氮气导致的窒息。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/internal/bio-sci/bbsafe/asphyx.htm |title=Biology Safety – Cryogenic materials. The risks posed by them |publisher=University of Bath |access-date=2007-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206095504/http://www.bath.ac.uk/internal/bio-sci/bbsafe/asphyx.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2007 }}</ref>在[[STS-1]]发射不久前的1981年3月19日,两位技术人员因氮气窒息而死。<ref>{{cite news| title = Space Shuttle Columbia Fast Facts| url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/30/us/space-shuttle-columbia-fast-facts| date = September 30, 2013| publisher = CNN| access-date = January 20, 2016| archive-date = February 2, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202181327/http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/30/us/space-shuttle-columbia-fast-facts| url-status = live}}</ref> 吸入高[[气体分压]](压强超过4[[巴]],或是[[水肺潜水]]超过30米处)的氮气会导致[[氮醉]],其症状类似吸入[[笑气]]之后的症状。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fowler|first1=B.|last2=Ackles|first2=K. N.|last3=Porlier|first3=G.|title=Effects of inert gas narcosis on behavior – a critical review|journal=Undersea Biomed. Res.|volume=12|issue=4|pages=369–402|year=1985|pmid=4082343|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3019|access-date=2008-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225052236/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3019|archive-date=2010-12-25|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rogers, W. H.|author2=Moeller, G.|title=Effect of brief, repeated hyperbaric exposures on susceptibility to nitrogen narcosis|journal=Undersea Biomed. Res.|volume=16|issue=3|pages=227–32|year=1989|oclc=2068005|pmid=2741255|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2522|access-date=2008-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020853/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2522|archive-date=2009-09-01|url-status=usurped}}</ref> 氮气可溶于[[血液]]和脂肪。快速减压(例如潜水员上浮过快)会使氮气气泡在人体各处形成,引起可致命的[[减压症]]。<ref name="DCShx">{{Cite journal|last=Acott|first=C.|title=A brief history of diving and decompression illness|journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal|volume=29|issue=2|year=1999|oclc=16986801|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004|access-date=2008-09-21|archive-date=2011-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905152645/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Kindwall">{{Cite journal|last1=Kindwall|first1=E. P.|last2=Baz|first2=A.|last3=Lightfoot|first3=E. N.|last4=Lanphier|first4=E. H.|last5=Seireg|first5=A.|title=Nitrogen elimination in man during decompression|journal=Undersea Biomed. Res.|volume=2|issue=4|pages=285–97|year=1975|oclc=2068005|pmid=1226586|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2741|access-date=2008-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727224419/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2741|archive-date=2011-07-27|url-status=usurped}}</ref>除了二氧化碳和氧气以外的其它气体都会导致减压症,所以把{{le|呼吸气体|breathing gas}}中的氮气替换成其它气体只能防止氮醉,不能防止减压症。<ref name="usn1">{{Cite book|title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision|date=2006|publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command|location=United States|url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9|access-date=2008-04-24|archive-date=2008-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9|url-status=live}}</ref> ===液氮=== 液氮温度极低,虽然[[莱顿弗罗斯特效应]]能提供极短(约一秒)的保护,但在这之后继续接触液氮会造成[[冻伤]]。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Jearl|title=Boiling and the Leidenfrost Effect|journal=Fundamentals of Physics|pages=1–4|url=http://www.wiley.com/college/phy/halliday320005/pdf/leidenfrost_essay.pdf|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213010916/https://www.wiley.com/college/phy/halliday320005/pdf/leidenfrost_essay.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>喝下液氮会造成严重的内脏损伤。2012年,英国有人喝了用液氮制成的鸡尾酒,结果她的胃被切除了。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19878511 |title=Liquid nitrogen cocktail leaves teen in hospital|date=2012-10-08|publisher=BBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412232656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19878511|archivedate=2017-04-12 }}</ref> 液氮容易蒸发成氮气,所以氮气的危害液氮也有。<ref name="BCGACOPCP30">British Compressed Gases Association (2000) BCGA Code of Practice CP30. {{cite web|url=http://www.bcga.co.uk/preview/products.php?g1=3ff921&n=2 |title=The Safe Use of Liquid nitrogen Dewars up to 50 litres.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718050900/http://www.bcga.co.uk/preview/products.php?g1=3ff921&n=2 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |issn=0260-4809}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov/assets/1/19/Valero_Case_Study.pdf |title=Confined Space Entry – Worker and Would-be Rescuer Asphyxiated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922022123/http://www.csb.gov/assets/1/19/Valero_Case_Study.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-22 |publisher= Valero Refinery Asphyxiation Incident Case Study.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/484813.stm |title=Inquiry after man dies in chemical leak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107063950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/484813.stm |archive-date=2017-01-07|publisher=BBC News|date=1999-10-25}}</ref>有液氮的地方都会有{{le|氧气传感器|oxygen sensor}},避免里面的人因为液氮产生的氮气窒息。<ref name="usn">{{Cite book |title=Liquid Nitrogen – Code of practice for handling |year=2007 |publisher=Birkbeck, University of London |location=United Kingdom |url=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/so/policies/liqn2 |access-date=2012-02-08 |archive-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141434/http://www.bbk.ac.uk/so/policies/liqn2 |url-status=live }}</ref> 装液氮的容器可以[[液氧|液化空气中的氧气]]。由于液氧的沸点是−183 °C,比液氮高,所以容器内的液氮蒸发,液氧开始富集,剧烈氧化有机物。<ref>{{Cite web|title = Liquid Nitrogen Safety|author = Levey, Christopher G.|publisher = Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth|url = http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/microeng/ln2.html|access-date = 2016-11-23|archive-date = 2016-03-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020126/http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/microeng/ln2.html|url-status = live}}</ref> == 参见 == *[[氮族元素]] *{{le|活性氮类|Reactive nitrogen species}} *[[土壤气体]] ==参考文献== {{reflist|2}} ==延伸阅读== *{{Cite_book|author=Greenwood, N. N.|author2=Earnshaw, A.|year=1997|title=''Chemistry of the Elements''|edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann|ISBN=0-7506-3365-4|ref=CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997}} == 外部链接 == {{commons category|Nitrogen|氮}} {{Elements.links|氮}} * [http://www.balashon.com/2008/07/neter-and-nitrogen.html Etymology of Nitrogen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.balashon.com/2008/07/neter-and-nitrogen.html |date=20140410171935 }} * [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem99/chem99306.htm Why high nitrogen density in explosives?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem99/chem99306.htm |date=20130526130452 }} * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html It's Elemental – Nitrogen] {{Wayback|url=http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html |date=20130520084422 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp Chemistry in its element podcast] (MP3) from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]'s [[Chemistry World]]: [http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_nitrogen_48k_tcm18-125306.mp3 Nitrogen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_nitrogen_48k_tcm18-125306.mp3 |date=20120726030611 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822221243/http://www.sunysccc.edu/academic/mst/ptable/n.html Schenectady County Community College – Nitrogen] * [http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html |date=20130928194449 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070824125642/http://www.2spi.com/catalog/instruments/nitrodew-supp.html Handling procedures for liquid nitrogen] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926183809/http://www.safety.vanderbilt.edu/pdf/hcs_msds/NitrogenCryo_G103_06_04.pdf Material Safety Data Sheet] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYB2BZZ1tqc 氮元素的介紹影片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYB2BZZ1tqc |date=20151122081923 }} {{化学元素|[[氮族元素]]|markele=氮,磷,砷,銻,铋,镆}} {{氮族元素}} {{Diatomicelements}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:氮| ]] [[Category:化学元素|2]] [[Category:氮族元素]] [[Category:反应性非金属元素]] [[Category:双原子非金属元素]] [[Category:冷冻剂]] [[Category:激光增益介质]] [[Category:介质气体]] [[Category:工业气体]] [[Category:生命化学元素]]
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